Beyond Freedom of Expression: Nigerian Press and National Interest in Boko Haram Terrorism Coverage
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Jul 31, 2023
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Abstract
Boko Haram terrorism which caused the death and displacement of several thousand citizens, as well as the destruction of properties worth billions USD in the Lake Chad countries, has created a general sense of hopelessness in the populace; traumatizing not only Nigerian army but its concerned politicians, among other stakeholders. In this cloud of anxiety and confusion, a respectable Nigerian newspaper, Daily Trust, revealed in a leading front page story that Nigerian army, navy and air force were assembling weapons to launch a massive, collaborative attacks to reclaim some strategic towns from the insurgents. This led to the military invasion of the newspaper’s headquarters and confiscation of some computers. This research therefore analysed the text of the article that led to the invasion; its possible motivation and implications in the war against the insurgency. And aware of the historical adversarial relationship between the press and Nigerian army, the research also sought to find out how the leading national dailies framed the siege in their reportage and commentary. Thus content analysis (both quantitative and qualitative strands) as well as Goffman’s framing theory undergirded the exploration methodologically. Findings from the study revealed that these dailies (and their sources) largely condemned (52.5%) the invasion, with few others justifying it (17.5%). On the other hand, citing evidences from the text of the controversial story, the research extrapolates that such a story provides unintended intelligence to the terrorists who, capitalizing on the credibility of the sources, they leverage to ambush the military combatants or political office holders with precision. The story in question albeit most conspicuous and daring in revelation, is not an exception in the Nigerian press coverage of Boko Haram insurgency. This is, arguably, resorted to for economic expediency – an attempt at “product differentiation” with scoop which occasionally leads to a goof. Both the report and the military reaction to it, it is further argued, portend some danger to public safety and democracy, and projects the two institutions as working at cross-purposes. Thus the research recommends caution in framing stories in such circumstances so as not to provide the much needed ‘oxygen’ for the sustenance of terrorism. Collaboration among institutions and training in conflict-sensitive journalism for reporters and editors can facilitate the process of peace and resettlement of displaced communities, inter alia.
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Bukar, Abubakar. 2023. “Beyond Freedom of Expression: Nigerian Press and National Interest in Boko Haram Terrorism Coverage”. Indonesian Journal of Counter Terrorism and National Security 2 (2). https://doi.org/10.15294/ijctns.v2i2.72187.
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References
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Mazrui, A. A. (2014) Resurgent Islam and the Politics of Identity. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
Mbah, P. & Nwangwu, C. (2014). Sub-ethnic identity and conflict in Nigeria: The policy option for the resolution of the conflict between Ezza and Ezillo in Ebonyi state. Mediterranean Journal of Social Science, 2 (5), 681-688
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Modood, T. (2015). In remembering the Charlie Hebdo attack we must not forget the responsibility that goes with free speech. European Sociologist, Issue 37, no no. , p. 9
Mohammed, K. (2014). The message and method of Boko Haram. In M. P. de Montclos (Ed.). Boko Haram: Islamism, Politics, Security and the State in Nigeria (9-32). Leiden: ASC
Mosco, V. (2008). Current trends in the political economy of communication. Global Media Journal 1(1), 45-63.
Mu’azu, A. & Ibrahim, M. (2016). Media and the challenges of peace building in the period of insurgency. In International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention,(5)10, 1-9
Mu’azu, A. & Ibrahim, M. (2016). Media and the challenges of peace building in period of insurgency. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 5 (10),1 – 9
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Ngige, C. V., Badekale, A. F. & HammanJoda, I. (2016). The Media and Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria: A Content Analysis and Review. In International Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies (3), 1, 1-10
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Ogbondah, C. W. (2003). State-Press Relations in Nigeria (1993-1998), Human Rights and Democratic Development. Ubkidan: Spectrum Books Limited.
Ogbondah, C. W. (2011). A Critical Analysis of State-Press Relations in Nigeria, 1999-2005. In Oso, L. & Pate, U. (eds). Mass Media and Society in Nigeria. Lagos: Malthouse Press Limited.
Ogunlesi, T. (2015,March 25). Nigeria’s internal struggle. In New York Times. Available at www.nytimes.com
Ogunrotifa, A. B. (2013). Class theory of terrorism: A study of Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 3 (1), 27-59.
Okpoko, J. (2014). Mass media and (sic) search for sustainable democracy in Nigeria. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press Ltd.
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Powell, K. A. (2018). Framing Islam/creating fear: An analysis of U.S. media coverage of terrorism from 2011-2016. Religions, 9 (257) 1-15.
Prabhakar, M. (2017). Hinduism’s proactive prescription against terrorism: Principles of tolerance and dutiful action. In M. Masaeli & R. Sneller (Eds.). The Root Cause of Terrorism: A Religious Perspective. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
Raza, M. R., Jan, R., Sultan, K. & Aziz, S. F. (2012). Portrayal of war on terrorism in Pakistani print media: exploring peace framing in daily nation and business recorder. In Asian Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities 1, (4), 93-113. Retrieved from www.jmc.edu.pk
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Said, E. W. (1988). The essential terrorist. In E. W. Said & C. Hitchens (Eds.). Blaming the Victims Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question (pp. 149-158). London: Verso
Saygin, A. U. (2016). Peace journalism or war journalism: Representation of refugees in Turkish media. In Eroglu, D., Cohen, J. H., & Sirkeci, I. (Eds.). Turkish Migration 2016 Selected Papers. London:TPL
Shanahan, T. (2016). The definition of terrorism. In R. Jackson (Ed.). Routledge Handbook of Critical Terrorism (pp. 223-246). London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis
Shehu, A. (2014). Press Coverage Of The Boko Haram Insurgency And Its Implications For Conflict-Sensitive Journalism In Nigeria. An M. Sc Dissertation submitted to the Department of Mass Communication, Faculty of Social Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
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Siraj, S. A. (2007). War or Peace Journalism in Elite US Newspapers: Exploring News Framing in Pakistan-India Conflict. Acessed from https://www.researchgate.net>links on 22nd Dec., 2016
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Tehranian, M. (2002). Peace Journalism: Negotiating Global Media Ethics. Presented at the PCC: Peace Culture and Communication Commission, Korea
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Thurston, A. (2016). ‘The disease is unbelief’: Boko Haram’s religious and political worldview. Analysis, no. 22
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Tolstoy, L. (1948). The law of love and the love of violence. Ohio: Rudolph Field
Unaegbu, L. N. (2016). Conflict reporting in Nigeria: How gender balance. In B. Lippe & R. Ottosen (Eds.). Gendering War & Peace Reporting: Some Insights – Some Missing Links. (pp. 63-74).Goteborg: Nordicom.
Wakili, H. (2009). The press and ethno-religious conflicts in metropolitan Kano, 1991-2001. In Yoroms, J. G. & Mu’azu, A. (Eds.). Conflict Management and the Media in Nigeria. Kano: Center for Research and Documentation
Wasko, J. (2014). The study of the political economy of the media in the twenty-first century. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, 10 (3), 259-275.
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Tehranian, M. (2002). Peace Journalism: Negotiating Global Media Ethics. Presented at the PCC: Peace Culture and Communication Commission, Korea
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Wakili, H. (2009). The press and ethno-religious conflicts in metropolitan Kano, 1991-2001. In Yoroms, J. G. & Mu’azu, A. (Eds.). Conflict Management and the Media in Nigeria. Kano: Center for Research and Documentation
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