An Evaluation of the Correlation between Criminal Intelligence Management and Security Operations in Benue State, Nigeria.
Article Sidebar
Published
Jul 31, 2023
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study examined the correlation between criminal intelligence management and security operations in Benue State, North Central Nigeria. The study adopted the qualitative method, semi-structured Key Information Interview (KII) technique and review of relevant literature in its investigations. Based on its earlier findings, the following conclusions were reached by the study. A sample size of 21 (n-21) was determined for the study. Findings of the study showed that the way the key tools/agents used for collection of intelligence information for production of criminal intelligence, including informants, surveillance, technologies (ICTs), and community policing, has significant correlation with the outcome of security operations by the Joint Task Force and other outfits involved in the fight against crime in Benue State. Secondly, this study also found that how criminal intelligence analysis phase of the intelligence cycle (process) is managed has significant relationship with the outcome of security operations by the Joint Task Force and other outfits involved in the fight against the rising wave of crime in Benue State. Furthermore, it was also the finding of this study that the way dissemination/sharing of criminal intelligence products among sister anti-crime outfits is managed has significant correlation with the outcome of security operations involved in the fight against crime in Benue State. Another recommendation of the study was adequate provision of operational logistics to the Intelligence Units of various law enforcement agencies, including patrol vehicles, telephones, and other communication equipment, arms and ammunition, and cameras, among others. The study also recommended great efforts at enhancing the capacities of the community policing approach to fighting crime by way of adequate provision of operational logistics, enhanced remuneration, and regular training of volunteers in the various vigilante groups operating across various local and urban neighbourhoods in Nigeria, including the Livestock Guards in Benue State.
Article Details
How to Cite
Featherstone, Clairmont. 2023. “An Evaluation of the Correlation Between Criminal Intelligence Management and Security Operations in Benue State, Nigeria.”. Indonesian Journal of Counter Terrorism and National Security 2 (2). https://doi.org/10.15294/ijctns.v2i2.74628.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
References
Achumba, I. C, Igbomereho, O. S. & Akpan-Robaro, M. O. (2013). Security challenges in Nigeria and the implementation for business activities and sustainable development. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 4 (2), 79-99.
Adzande, P. (2021), Crime and built environment: A look at Makurdi, Nigeria. Social Science Research Council, Brooklyn, USA, https.//www.items.ssrc.org.
Alemika, E. E. O. (2012). Intelligence-led policing in the 21st Century, in CLEEN Foundation (ed), Operationalizing Intelligence-led policing in Nigeria (Monograph Series No. 17). Lagos: CLEEN Foundation.
Amaechina, O.A. (2015). Intelligence-Led policing in Nigeria: A way forward. In CLEEN Foundation (ed), op cit.
Anasi, I. B (2010), Youth, unemployment and insecurity in Nigeria, Journal of Social Living, 4 (14), Pp. 72-98)
Angwe, B. (2012). Collaborative intelligence production and public-police partnership: Human rights perspective at a policing Executive Forum on Intelligence-led Policing in Nigeria in CLEEN Foundation (ed).
Astra Academy (2021). Sources of intelligence information: The intelligence enablers. Kuwait Journal of Security Studies, 19 (), 129-149
Beland, D. (2005). The political construction of collective insecurity. From moral panic of blame avoidance and organized irresponsibility. Centre for European Studies, Working Paper, Series 126
Benotman, H. & Malik, N. (2006). Children of the Islamic State. London: Quillam Foundation
Boba, R. (2009).Crime analysis with crime mapping. 2nd ed. Los Angeles: Sage Publications
Chukwuma, I. (2015). Improving Police-Community relations in Nigeria: Issues at stake, Paper Presented at a Workshop on Prevention of violation of Human Rights in Nigeria Organized by the Nigeria Police Force at the Sheraton Hotels and Towers, Abuja, August 18-19.
CIA (2011). Style manual & writer's guide for intelligence publication, Langley: CIA.
Clark, R. (2003). Intelligence analysis. Washington D.C: CQ Press
CLEEN Foundation (2012). Operationalizing intelligence-led policing in Nigeria (Monograph Series No. 17). Lagos: CLEEN Foundation.
Cope, N. (2004) Intelligence-led policing or police-led intelligence? British Journal of Criminology, 44, 188-2003.
Crenshaw, M. (2007), The logic of terrorism. In S. Mahan & P. L. Griset (eds). Terrorism in perspective (pp. 24-34). London: Sage Publication
Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) (2006). DCAF Backgrounder. Geneva: DCAF, op cit.
Department of Criminal Justice Service (DCJS) (20l3). Review of intelligence-led policing model. Virginia: DCJS.
Docobo, J. (2005). Community policing as the primary prevention strategy for homeland security at the local law enforcement level. Homeland Security Affairs, 1 (2).
Dulles, A. (1965). The craft of intelligence. NY: Signet Books.
Ejekwonyilo, A. (2021). Special report: How killings in Benue toll on Nigeria’s food security. Premium Times Newspaper, November 17.
Eme, O. I. & A. Onyish, (2011), The challenge of insecurity in Nigeria. A thematic exposition. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3 (8), 172-184.
Eweton, O. O. (2014). Insecurity and socio-economic development: A perspective on the Nigerian experience. Lecture delivered at St. Timothy Anglican Church, Sango-Otta, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Federal Government of Nigeria (1999). 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria as Amended. Abuja: Federal Government Press.
Federal Government of Nigeria (2014) Police Act, Laws of the Federation, Abuja: Federal Government Press.
Friser, J. (2013). Forensic investigation. In Tilley, N, and Neyroud, P. (eds) Dictionary of Policing, Willan Publishing, Cullompton. Devon
Gadi-Vincent, A. P (2017). Intelligence and evidence gathering in India: Assessing the impact of the quality of HUMINT. Indian Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 14 (2), 159-175.
Grossman, M. & Barolsky, V. (2019). Reintegrating children, woman, and families returning to Australia from foreign conflict zones. The role of community support. Victoria, Australia: Deakin University Press.
Gurr, T.R. (1970). Why men rebel. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Gurr, T.R. (1993). Why minority rebel: A global analysis of communal
Harris, D. R. & Drexel, G. (1971). The basic elements of intelligence Washington, DC: Government Printing Office
Hazen, J. M. & Herner, J. (2007). Small arms, armed violence and insecurity in Nigeria. The Niger Delta in perspective. Switzerland Small Arms Survey, 3 (14). 189-211.
Heuer, R. (1999), Psychology of intelligence analysis. Langley, CA: CIA center for study of intelligence.
Hutton, L. (2009), Secrets, spies and security. In L. Hutton (ed), To Spy or Not to Spy. Intelligence and democracy in South Africa. Pretoria: Institute of Security Studies.
International Association of Chief of Police Summit (2003). The National criminal intelligence sharing plan. New York: United States Department of Justice. http://www.theiac.org/documents/pdf.
International Association of Law Enforcement Intelligence Analysts Inc (2012). Law enforcement analytic standards. New Jersey: IALEIA.
International Crisis Group (ICG) (2018), Stopping Nigeria’s spirally farmers-herders violence, ICG Report 5 July 28.
International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2020). Migration Tracking index. Geneva: 10m
Johnson, R. (2005). Analytic culture in the US intelligence community. Langley: Center for the Study of Intelligence.
Johnson, W. A, Johnson, J., and Ifedayo, T. E. (201,). Evaluation of the structures and operations of the Nigeria Police Public Relations Department. Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 2 (11).
Kahn, D. (1995). Toward a theory of intelligence, Military History Quarterly 7 (2): 92-97.
Kayode-Adedeji, Y. (2012). Legal framework for regulating intelligence-led policing. in Nigeria. CLEEN Foundation (ed).
Lowenthal, M. (2003). Intelligence: From secrets to policy. Washington D.C. CQ Press.
Lowenthal, M. (2006), Intelligence. 3rd Washington DC: CQ Press.
mobilization and conflicts since 1945. International Political Science Review, 14(2), 161-201.
Morchouse, B. (2000). The role of criminal intelligence in law enforcement. In Marilyn B. Peterson, Bob Morehouse and Richard Wright (eds), Intelligence 2000: Revising the basic elements. Sacramento, CA: IALEA
Morgan, R. and S. Smith (eds) (2009), Coming to terms with policing. London: Routledge.
National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) (2018). Displacements in North-east Nigeria: New Challenges, 2018 Report, Abuja: NEMA.
Nte, N.D., Eke, P. and Anele, K. (2010). "Rural Intelligence Gathering and the Challenges of Counter Insurgency: Views from the Niger Delta." Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology 7, No. 1 (2010): 21-32.
Nte, N. D. (2011). “The Changing patterns of Small and Light Weapons (SALW) Proliferation and the Challenges of National Security in Nigeria”. International Security Journal, Issue 1. No. 1: 5-23.
Nte, N. D. (2012). ‘Exploring the Benefits of Interagency Collaboration and Community Partnership for Public Safety and National Security : Lessons for Nigeria’s Security Agencies’, Studies of Changing Societies: Comparative and Interdisciplinary Focus Vol. 2'(4).
Nte, N. D. (2013). “An Analysis of Intelligence Support to Security Operations in Nigeria”, A Review of Some Joint Task Force Operations, Peace and Security Review Vol.5, No.9, First Quarter
Nte, N. D., Teru, V. A. and Putri, N. M. (2022). “Intelligence Education for National Security and Public Safety Policy: A Comparative Analysis of Nigeria, South Africa, and Indonesia”. Lex Scientia Law Review 6, No. 1 (2022): 187-218. https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v6i1.54431.
Ogunloye, G. (2018). OPWS makes new arrest. Arise News, December 18.
Ojewale, O. (2021), What is driving violence in Nigeria’s North Central Region, Being Doctorate Degree Dissertation submitted to the Department of Sociology & Anthropology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria.
Ojukwu, E.C.S. (2011). Discovering the police. Ibadan: Gold Press Ltd.
Ojukwu, E.C.S. (2011). Intelligence-led policing in Nigeria: a way forward. In CLEEN Foundation, op cit.
Okon, I, Agorye, A. O. & Aov, K (2921). Mopping the incidence of crime in Makurdi Metroplis, Benue State, North Central Nigeria. Open Access Library Journal, 8 (8).
Olowolagba, R. (2019). Coordinate Joint security operations in Benue gear up. Daily Post newspaper, December 23.
Omotola, J. O., Olarewaju, O. & Alabi, S. (2010). Impact of informants and intelligence and evidence gathering techniques on crime fighting efforts in Ibadan, South-west Nigeria. European Journal of Security and Intelligence Studies, 8 (8), 200-214.
Owodage, R. (2018). OWS, armed herdsmen, and militia groups in Benue attacks. Business Day. May 18
Pepper, J, (2013). Not science, not support forensic solution to investigative problems. Science & Justice, 40. 127-30
Peterson, M. (1994). Applications in criminal analysis. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Ratcliffe, J. (2007). Integrated intelligence and crime analysis: Enhanced Information Management for Law Enforcement Leaders. New Jersey: Sage
Ratcliffe, J. H. and Guideth, B. (2008), State police investigative structure and the adoption of intelligence-led policing. An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 31 (1), PP. 109-128
Rineheat, J. (2010). Counterterrorism ad counterinsurgency. Perceptive Terrorism, 4 (5) , 31-47.
Robertson, S. (1997), Intelligence-led policing: A European Union View, in Smith A. (ed), op cit.
Rotberg, R. (2007). Nigeria: Elections and continuing challenges. In Lyman Princeton & Patricia Dorff (eds). Beyond humanitarianism: What you need to know about Africa and why it matters. How York: Brooklyn
Sano, H. O. (2010). Development an human rights: The necessary, but partial integration of human right and development. Human Right Quarterly, 22 (3). 734-758.
Schmidt, A. P. (2005). Termism as psychological warfare. Democracy and security, 1 (2), 137-146.
Smith, A. (1999), Intelligence-led policing: international perspectives on policing in the 21st century, New Jersey: Lawrenceville.
Stelfox, D. (2014).Crime scene investigation as a patrol function, Law & Order, 51 (11), 70-85
Tanko, A. (2021), Nigeria’s security crises – five different threats. BBC News Research (14) June.
UNDP (2019). Migration, displacement and sustainable development in developing countries. New York: UNDP
Urshie, E. & Eweton, O. O. (2014), Insecurity and socio-economic development in Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development Studies, 5 (1), 10-63.
U.S. Department of Justice (2005). Intelligence-led policing: The New Architecture. New York: DOJ. .
U.S. Department of Justice (2009). Law enforcement intelligence: A guide for state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies, 2nd ed. New York: DOJ.
U.S. Department of Justice (2010). Common competencies for state, local, and tribal intelligence analysts. New York: JOJ.
Vold, D. (2017), There are various types of kidnapping. Knowing them can be tremendously useful in life: http://fabiosa.com.Retrieved October 10, 2021.
Wirtz, J. J. (2009). The American approach to intelligence studies. in L.K. Johnson (ed), Handbook of Intelligence, Oxford: Routledge.
Wright, R. (2002). Management of the intelligence unit. In Marilyn B. Peterson et al. (eds). Ibid.
Achumba, I. C, Igbomereho, O. S. & Akpan-Robaro, M. O. (2013). Security challenges in Nigeria and the implementation for business activities and sustainable development. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 4 (2), 79-99.
Adzande, P. (2021), Crime and built environment: A look at Makurdi, Nigeria. Social Science Research Council, Brooklyn, USA, https.//www.items.ssrc.org.
Alemika, E. E. O. (2012). Intelligence-led policing in the 21st Century, in CLEEN Foundation (ed), Operationalizing Intelligence-led policing in Nigeria (Monograph Series No. 17). Lagos: CLEEN Foundation.
Amaechina, O.A. (2015). Intelligence-Led policing in Nigeria: A way forward. In CLEEN Foundation (ed), op cit.
Anasi, I. B (2010), Youth, unemployment and insecurity in Nigeria, Journal of Social Living, 4 (14), Pp. 72-98)
Angwe, B. (2012). Collaborative intelligence production and public-police partnership: Human rights perspective at a policing Executive Forum on Intelligence-led Policing in Nigeria in CLEEN Foundation (ed).
Astra Academy (2021). Sources of intelligence information: The intelligence enablers. Kuwait Journal of Security Studies, 19 (), 129-149
Beland, D. (2005). The political construction of collective insecurity. From moral panic of blame avoidance and organized irresponsibility. Centre for European Studies, Working Paper, Series 126
Benotman, H. & Malik, N. (2006). Children of the Islamic State. London: Quillam Foundation
Boba, R. (2009).Crime analysis with crime mapping. 2nd ed. Los Angeles: Sage Publications
Chukwuma, I. (2015). Improving Police-Community relations in Nigeria: Issues at stake, Paper Presented at a Workshop on Prevention of violation of Human Rights in Nigeria Organized by the Nigeria Police Force at the Sheraton Hotels and Towers, Abuja, August 18-19.
CIA (2011). Style manual & writer's guide for intelligence publication, Langley: CIA.
Clark, R. (2003). Intelligence analysis. Washington D.C: CQ Press
CLEEN Foundation (2012). Operationalizing intelligence-led policing in Nigeria (Monograph Series No. 17). Lagos: CLEEN Foundation.
Cope, N. (2004) Intelligence-led policing or police-led intelligence? British Journal of Criminology, 44, 188-2003.
Crenshaw, M. (2007), The logic of terrorism. In S. Mahan & P. L. Griset (eds). Terrorism in perspective (pp. 24-34). London: Sage Publication
Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) (2006). DCAF Backgrounder. Geneva: DCAF, op cit.
Department of Criminal Justice Service (DCJS) (20l3). Review of intelligence-led policing model. Virginia: DCJS.
Docobo, J. (2005). Community policing as the primary prevention strategy for homeland security at the local law enforcement level. Homeland Security Affairs, 1 (2).
Dulles, A. (1965). The craft of intelligence. NY: Signet Books.
Ejekwonyilo, A. (2021). Special report: How killings in Benue toll on Nigeria’s food security. Premium Times Newspaper, November 17.
Eme, O. I. & A. Onyish, (2011), The challenge of insecurity in Nigeria. A thematic exposition. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3 (8), 172-184.
Eweton, O. O. (2014). Insecurity and socio-economic development: A perspective on the Nigerian experience. Lecture delivered at St. Timothy Anglican Church, Sango-Otta, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Federal Government of Nigeria (1999). 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria as Amended. Abuja: Federal Government Press.
Federal Government of Nigeria (2014) Police Act, Laws of the Federation, Abuja: Federal Government Press.
Friser, J. (2013). Forensic investigation. In Tilley, N, and Neyroud, P. (eds) Dictionary of Policing, Willan Publishing, Cullompton. Devon
Gadi-Vincent, A. P (2017). Intelligence and evidence gathering in India: Assessing the impact of the quality of HUMINT. Indian Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 14 (2), 159-175.
Grossman, M. & Barolsky, V. (2019). Reintegrating children, woman, and families returning to Australia from foreign conflict zones. The role of community support. Victoria, Australia: Deakin University Press.
Gurr, T.R. (1970). Why men rebel. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Gurr, T.R. (1993). Why minority rebel: A global analysis of communal
Harris, D. R. & Drexel, G. (1971). The basic elements of intelligence Washington, DC: Government Printing Office
Hazen, J. M. & Herner, J. (2007). Small arms, armed violence and insecurity in Nigeria. The Niger Delta in perspective. Switzerland Small Arms Survey, 3 (14). 189-211.
Heuer, R. (1999), Psychology of intelligence analysis. Langley, CA: CIA center for study of intelligence.
Hutton, L. (2009), Secrets, spies and security. In L. Hutton (ed), To Spy or Not to Spy. Intelligence and democracy in South Africa. Pretoria: Institute of Security Studies.
International Association of Chief of Police Summit (2003). The National criminal intelligence sharing plan. New York: United States Department of Justice. http://www.theiac.org/documents/pdf.
International Association of Law Enforcement Intelligence Analysts Inc (2012). Law enforcement analytic standards. New Jersey: IALEIA.
International Crisis Group (ICG) (2018), Stopping Nigeria’s spirally farmers-herders violence, ICG Report 5 July 28.
International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2020). Migration Tracking index. Geneva: 10m
Johnson, R. (2005). Analytic culture in the US intelligence community. Langley: Center for the Study of Intelligence.
Johnson, W. A, Johnson, J., and Ifedayo, T. E. (201,). Evaluation of the structures and operations of the Nigeria Police Public Relations Department. Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 2 (11).
Kahn, D. (1995). Toward a theory of intelligence, Military History Quarterly 7 (2): 92-97.
Kayode-Adedeji, Y. (2012). Legal framework for regulating intelligence-led policing. in Nigeria. CLEEN Foundation (ed).
Lowenthal, M. (2003). Intelligence: From secrets to policy. Washington D.C. CQ Press.
Lowenthal, M. (2006), Intelligence. 3rd Washington DC: CQ Press.
mobilization and conflicts since 1945. International Political Science Review, 14(2), 161-201.
Morchouse, B. (2000). The role of criminal intelligence in law enforcement. In Marilyn B. Peterson, Bob Morehouse and Richard Wright (eds), Intelligence 2000: Revising the basic elements. Sacramento, CA: IALEA
Morgan, R. and S. Smith (eds) (2009), Coming to terms with policing. London: Routledge.
National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) (2018). Displacements in North-east Nigeria: New Challenges, 2018 Report, Abuja: NEMA.
Nte, N.D., Eke, P. and Anele, K. (2010). "Rural Intelligence Gathering and the Challenges of Counter Insurgency: Views from the Niger Delta." Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology 7, No. 1 (2010): 21-32.
Nte, N. D. (2011). “The Changing patterns of Small and Light Weapons (SALW) Proliferation and the Challenges of National Security in Nigeria”. International Security Journal, Issue 1. No. 1: 5-23.
Nte, N. D. (2012). ‘Exploring the Benefits of Interagency Collaboration and Community Partnership for Public Safety and National Security : Lessons for Nigeria’s Security Agencies’, Studies of Changing Societies: Comparative and Interdisciplinary Focus Vol. 2'(4).
Nte, N. D. (2013). “An Analysis of Intelligence Support to Security Operations in Nigeria”, A Review of Some Joint Task Force Operations, Peace and Security Review Vol.5, No.9, First Quarter
Nte, N. D., Teru, V. A. and Putri, N. M. (2022). “Intelligence Education for National Security and Public Safety Policy: A Comparative Analysis of Nigeria, South Africa, and Indonesia”. Lex Scientia Law Review 6, No. 1 (2022): 187-218. https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v6i1.54431.
Ogunloye, G. (2018). OPWS makes new arrest. Arise News, December 18.
Ojewale, O. (2021), What is driving violence in Nigeria’s North Central Region, Being Doctorate Degree Dissertation submitted to the Department of Sociology & Anthropology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria.
Ojukwu, E.C.S. (2011). Discovering the police. Ibadan: Gold Press Ltd.
Ojukwu, E.C.S. (2011). Intelligence-led policing in Nigeria: a way forward. In CLEEN Foundation, op cit.
Okon, I, Agorye, A. O. & Aov, K (2921). Mopping the incidence of crime in Makurdi Metroplis, Benue State, North Central Nigeria. Open Access Library Journal, 8 (8).
Olowolagba, R. (2019). Coordinate Joint security operations in Benue gear up. Daily Post newspaper, December 23.
Omotola, J. O., Olarewaju, O. & Alabi, S. (2010). Impact of informants and intelligence and evidence gathering techniques on crime fighting efforts in Ibadan, South-west Nigeria. European Journal of Security and Intelligence Studies, 8 (8), 200-214.
Owodage, R. (2018). OWS, armed herdsmen, and militia groups in Benue attacks. Business Day. May 18
Pepper, J, (2013). Not science, not support forensic solution to investigative problems. Science & Justice, 40. 127-30
Peterson, M. (1994). Applications in criminal analysis. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Ratcliffe, J. (2007). Integrated intelligence and crime analysis: Enhanced Information Management for Law Enforcement Leaders. New Jersey: Sage
Ratcliffe, J. H. and Guideth, B. (2008), State police investigative structure and the adoption of intelligence-led policing. An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 31 (1), PP. 109-128
Rineheat, J. (2010). Counterterrorism ad counterinsurgency. Perceptive Terrorism, 4 (5) , 31-47.
Robertson, S. (1997), Intelligence-led policing: A European Union View, in Smith A. (ed), op cit.
Rotberg, R. (2007). Nigeria: Elections and continuing challenges. In Lyman Princeton & Patricia Dorff (eds). Beyond humanitarianism: What you need to know about Africa and why it matters. How York: Brooklyn
Sano, H. O. (2010). Development an human rights: The necessary, but partial integration of human right and development. Human Right Quarterly, 22 (3). 734-758.
Schmidt, A. P. (2005). Termism as psychological warfare. Democracy and security, 1 (2), 137-146.
Smith, A. (1999), Intelligence-led policing: international perspectives on policing in the 21st century, New Jersey: Lawrenceville.
Stelfox, D. (2014).Crime scene investigation as a patrol function, Law & Order, 51 (11), 70-85
Tanko, A. (2021), Nigeria’s security crises – five different threats. BBC News Research (14) June.
UNDP (2019). Migration, displacement and sustainable development in developing countries. New York: UNDP
Urshie, E. & Eweton, O. O. (2014), Insecurity and socio-economic development in Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development Studies, 5 (1), 10-63.
U.S. Department of Justice (2005). Intelligence-led policing: The New Architecture. New York: DOJ. .
U.S. Department of Justice (2009). Law enforcement intelligence: A guide for state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies, 2nd ed. New York: DOJ.
U.S. Department of Justice (2010). Common competencies for state, local, and tribal intelligence analysts. New York: JOJ.
Vold, D. (2017), There are various types of kidnapping. Knowing them can be tremendously useful in life: http://fabiosa.com.Retrieved October 10, 2021.
Wirtz, J. J. (2009). The American approach to intelligence studies. in L.K. Johnson (ed), Handbook of Intelligence, Oxford: Routledge.
Wright, R. (2002). Management of the intelligence unit. In Marilyn B. Peterson et al. (eds). Ibid.