THE AWARENESS AND REALIZATION OF GRICE’S COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLES IN THE CONVERSATIONS AMONG NON-NATIVE ENGLISH SPEAKERS
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##
Abstract
Pragmatics gives different interpretation of meaning even when it is not said or written. This study was using descriptive qualitative approach. The objects of the study were non-native English speakers at the fourth semester of post-graduate program (S2) majoring English Education of Semarang State University in the academic year 2012/2013. The unit of analysis of this study were utterances which contain the observance and non-observance of Grice’s cooperative principle. Furthermore, to know how they were aware of those principles, a pragmatic awareness test was given to each participant. Based on the test, most participants were aware enough of Grice’s cooperative principle. From all utterances, most participants appeared to observe the maxim of relation. It can be inferred that they tried to answer the question with relevant answer. The realization of non-observance of Grice’s cooperative principle was mostly shown in flouting the maxim of quantity that they gave more or less information than it was needed. Moreover, we can infer that non-native English speakers who were aware of Grice’s cooperative principle would be easier to realize it in their conversations because they understood the concept of how to create successful, effective and efficient communication.
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##
How to Cite
Retnowaty, R. (1). THE AWARENESS AND REALIZATION OF GRICE’S COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLES IN THE CONVERSATIONS AMONG NON-NATIVE ENGLISH SPEAKERS. English Education Journal, 3(2). Retrieved from http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/eej/article/view/2709
References
Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Bardovi-Harlig, K.
Armstrong, S.J. 2007. Grice’s Cooperative Principle at work in an ESL Classroom: a case for teaching implicature. Journal of Inquiry and Research, Vol. 8, pp. 77-95. Available online at http://opac.kansaigaidai.ac.jp/cgi-bin/retrieve/sr_bookview.cgi/U_CHARSET.UTF-8/DB00000202/Body/r086_05.pdf. Downloaded on 20 October 2012.
Brown, G & Yule, G. 1983. Discourse Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Walter, E, et al. 2008. Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary. 3rd Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Creswell, J.W. 2007. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design - Second Edition:Choosing among Five Approaches. California: Sage Publications, Inc.
Cutting, J. 2002. Pragmatics and Discourse: a Resource Book for Students. London: Routledge.
Eggins, S & Slade, D. 1997. Analysing Casual Conversation. London: Cassel.
Davies, B. 2000. Grice’s Cooperative Principle: Getting the Meaning Across. Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 8, pp. 1-26. Available online at https://www.leeds.ac.uk/linguistics/WPL/WP2000/Davies.pdf. Downloaded on 20 September 2012.
Fakharzadeh, M & Rasekh, A.E. 2010. On the Applicability or Non-Applicability of the Gricean Maxims to Nursery Rhymes. Journal of Linguistics and Language Teaching, Vol. 1 (1), pp. 37 – 73. Available online at: https://sites.google.com/site/linguisticsandlanguageteaching/. Downloaded on 01 July 2012.
Grice, H.P. 1975. Logic and Conversation.[In: Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 3, Speech Acts, ed. by Peter Cole and Jerry L. Morgan. New York: Academic Press 1975, 41–58]
Grundy, P. 2000. Doing Pragmatics: Second Edition. London: Arnold.
Haugh, M. 2002. The Intuitive Basis Of Implicature: Relevance Theoretic Implicitness Versus Gricean Implying. Pragmatics, Vol. 12 (2), pp. 117-134. Available online at: http://elanguage.net/journals/pragmatics/article/download/317/250. Downloaded on 01 July 2012.
Khosravizadeh, P & Sadehvandi, N. 2011. Some Instances of Violation and Flouting of the Maxim of Quantity by the Main Characters (Barry & Tim) in Dinner for Schmucks. International Conference on Languages, Literature and Linguistics, Vol. 26, pp. 122-127. Available online at: http://sharif.ir/~khosravizadeh/linkfile/violation.pdf. Downloaded on 01 July 2012.
Leech, G.N. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. New York: Longman Inc.
Levinson, S.C. 1983. Pragmatics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Masykuri, E.S. 2011. Non Observance of Cooperative Principle in English Comic Strip The Adventure of Tintin; the Black Island. Semarang: Universitas Negeri Semarang Thesis (unpublished).
Mey, J.L. 1993. Pragmatics: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Morris, C. (1938). Foundations of the Theory of Signs. International Encyclopedia of Unified Science 1:2, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Murray, JC. 2011. Do Bears Fly? Revisiting Conversational Implicature in Instructional Pragmatics. The Electronic Journal for English as a Second Language, Vol. 15 (2) pp. 1-30. Available online at http://www.tesl-ej.org/pdf/ej58/a4.pdf. Accessed on April, 27th 2012.
Nanda, et al. 2012. Conversational Implicature of the Presenters in Take Me Out Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, Vol. 1 (2), pp. 120-138. Available online at: http://jurnal.upi.edu/file/Sheila-final_120-138.pdf. Downloaded on 01 July 2012.
Pajarwati, E. 2012. The Grician Cooperative Principle in Native and Non-Native Communication Breakdowns. Semarang: Universitas Negeri Semarang Thesis (unpublished).
Pham, D.T. 2010. The Cooperative Principle: Does Grice’s Framework Fit Vietnamese Language Culture?. Journal of Linguistics and Language Teaching, Vol. 1 (2), pp. 197 – 219. Available online at: https://sites.google.com/site/linguisticsandlanguageteaching/. Downloaded on 01 July 2012.
Pop, A. 2010. Implicatures derived through Maxim Flouting in Print Advertising: A Contrastive Empirical Approach. Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics (TWPL), Vol. 33, pp. 1-8. Available online at: http://twpl.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/twpl/article/viewFile/6653/9342. Downloaded on 01 July 2012.
Searle, J. R. 1969. Speech Acts: An Essay in the philosophy of Language. Cambridge: University Press.
Sedivy, J.C. 2007. Implicature During Real Time Conversation: A View from Language Processing Research. Philosophy Compass, Vol. 2 (3), pp. 475–496. Available online at: http://semantics.uchicago.edu/kennedy/classes/s09/experimentalsemantics/sedivy07.pdf. Downloaded on 01 July 2012.
Sihai, W. 2008. Study on Teaching the Interpretation of Conversational Implicature in Listening Comprehension. CELEA Journal, Vol. 31 (2), pp. 66-74. Available online at: http://www.celea.org.cn/teic/79/080801_66.pdf. Downloaded on 04 September 2012.
Sperber, D. & Wilson, D. 1986. Relevance: Communication & Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell Publisher Ltd.
Thomas, J. 1995. Meaning in Interaction: an Introduction to Pragmatics. New York: Addison Wesley Longman Publishing.
Wang, H. 2011. Conversational Implicature in English Listening Comprehension. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 2 (5), pp. 1162-1167. Available online at: http://ojs.academypublisher.com/index.php/jltr/article/view/5542. Downloaded on 01 July 2012.
Yule, G. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Armstrong, S.J. 2007. Grice’s Cooperative Principle at work in an ESL Classroom: a case for teaching implicature. Journal of Inquiry and Research, Vol. 8, pp. 77-95. Available online at http://opac.kansaigaidai.ac.jp/cgi-bin/retrieve/sr_bookview.cgi/U_CHARSET.UTF-8/DB00000202/Body/r086_05.pdf. Downloaded on 20 October 2012.
Brown, G & Yule, G. 1983. Discourse Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Walter, E, et al. 2008. Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary. 3rd Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Creswell, J.W. 2007. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design - Second Edition:Choosing among Five Approaches. California: Sage Publications, Inc.
Cutting, J. 2002. Pragmatics and Discourse: a Resource Book for Students. London: Routledge.
Eggins, S & Slade, D. 1997. Analysing Casual Conversation. London: Cassel.
Davies, B. 2000. Grice’s Cooperative Principle: Getting the Meaning Across. Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 8, pp. 1-26. Available online at https://www.leeds.ac.uk/linguistics/WPL/WP2000/Davies.pdf. Downloaded on 20 September 2012.
Fakharzadeh, M & Rasekh, A.E. 2010. On the Applicability or Non-Applicability of the Gricean Maxims to Nursery Rhymes. Journal of Linguistics and Language Teaching, Vol. 1 (1), pp. 37 – 73. Available online at: https://sites.google.com/site/linguisticsandlanguageteaching/. Downloaded on 01 July 2012.
Grice, H.P. 1975. Logic and Conversation.[In: Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 3, Speech Acts, ed. by Peter Cole and Jerry L. Morgan. New York: Academic Press 1975, 41–58]
Grundy, P. 2000. Doing Pragmatics: Second Edition. London: Arnold.
Haugh, M. 2002. The Intuitive Basis Of Implicature: Relevance Theoretic Implicitness Versus Gricean Implying. Pragmatics, Vol. 12 (2), pp. 117-134. Available online at: http://elanguage.net/journals/pragmatics/article/download/317/250. Downloaded on 01 July 2012.
Khosravizadeh, P & Sadehvandi, N. 2011. Some Instances of Violation and Flouting of the Maxim of Quantity by the Main Characters (Barry & Tim) in Dinner for Schmucks. International Conference on Languages, Literature and Linguistics, Vol. 26, pp. 122-127. Available online at: http://sharif.ir/~khosravizadeh/linkfile/violation.pdf. Downloaded on 01 July 2012.
Leech, G.N. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. New York: Longman Inc.
Levinson, S.C. 1983. Pragmatics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Masykuri, E.S. 2011. Non Observance of Cooperative Principle in English Comic Strip The Adventure of Tintin; the Black Island. Semarang: Universitas Negeri Semarang Thesis (unpublished).
Mey, J.L. 1993. Pragmatics: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Morris, C. (1938). Foundations of the Theory of Signs. International Encyclopedia of Unified Science 1:2, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Murray, JC. 2011. Do Bears Fly? Revisiting Conversational Implicature in Instructional Pragmatics. The Electronic Journal for English as a Second Language, Vol. 15 (2) pp. 1-30. Available online at http://www.tesl-ej.org/pdf/ej58/a4.pdf. Accessed on April, 27th 2012.
Nanda, et al. 2012. Conversational Implicature of the Presenters in Take Me Out Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, Vol. 1 (2), pp. 120-138. Available online at: http://jurnal.upi.edu/file/Sheila-final_120-138.pdf. Downloaded on 01 July 2012.
Pajarwati, E. 2012. The Grician Cooperative Principle in Native and Non-Native Communication Breakdowns. Semarang: Universitas Negeri Semarang Thesis (unpublished).
Pham, D.T. 2010. The Cooperative Principle: Does Grice’s Framework Fit Vietnamese Language Culture?. Journal of Linguistics and Language Teaching, Vol. 1 (2), pp. 197 – 219. Available online at: https://sites.google.com/site/linguisticsandlanguageteaching/. Downloaded on 01 July 2012.
Pop, A. 2010. Implicatures derived through Maxim Flouting in Print Advertising: A Contrastive Empirical Approach. Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics (TWPL), Vol. 33, pp. 1-8. Available online at: http://twpl.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/twpl/article/viewFile/6653/9342. Downloaded on 01 July 2012.
Searle, J. R. 1969. Speech Acts: An Essay in the philosophy of Language. Cambridge: University Press.
Sedivy, J.C. 2007. Implicature During Real Time Conversation: A View from Language Processing Research. Philosophy Compass, Vol. 2 (3), pp. 475–496. Available online at: http://semantics.uchicago.edu/kennedy/classes/s09/experimentalsemantics/sedivy07.pdf. Downloaded on 01 July 2012.
Sihai, W. 2008. Study on Teaching the Interpretation of Conversational Implicature in Listening Comprehension. CELEA Journal, Vol. 31 (2), pp. 66-74. Available online at: http://www.celea.org.cn/teic/79/080801_66.pdf. Downloaded on 04 September 2012.
Sperber, D. & Wilson, D. 1986. Relevance: Communication & Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell Publisher Ltd.
Thomas, J. 1995. Meaning in Interaction: an Introduction to Pragmatics. New York: Addison Wesley Longman Publishing.
Wang, H. 2011. Conversational Implicature in English Listening Comprehension. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 2 (5), pp. 1162-1167. Available online at: http://ojs.academypublisher.com/index.php/jltr/article/view/5542. Downloaded on 01 July 2012.
Yule, G. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.