HEDGES USED IN THE UNITED STATES PRESIDENTIAL SPEECHES
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Abstract
This study attempts to describe the used hedges in the United States Presidential Speeches. This study is intends to identify the types of hedges and the reason for choosing hedges in the Three United States Presidential Speeches by Salager-Meyer’s theory (1997). They are President Bill Clinton, George W Bush, and Barrack Obama. This study used qualitative descriptive approach the data collected by The Three Unites States Presidential Speech in inauguration speech result find out they are mostly used the types of hedges is approximates degree. They used approximate degree is to anticipate or minimize the mistake in starting confirmation in the proposition. Finally, the reasons choosing hedges in the three United States Presidential speechesgenerally used to show the confusion and vagueness. The point is the speaker may hope the strength of statement that should be claims and would not be justify by experimental data present, choosing instead to remain vague in their statement. In addition, in the three United States Presidential Speeches used few or less reasons choosing hedges to show the positive or negative positive politeness.
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How to Cite
Kusumaningroem, I., Rukmini, D., & Yuliasri, I. (1). HEDGES USED IN THE UNITED STATES PRESIDENTIAL SPEECHES. English Education Journal, 5(1). Retrieved from http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/eej/article/view/6840
References
Anna Prokofieva and Julia Hirschberg. (2010). Hedging and Speaker Commitment, Columbia: Columbia University.
Banks, D. (1993). Hedges and how to trim them. In Brekke M., O. Anderson, T. Dahl and J. Myking (ed.) . 9th European Symposium of LPS p. 589-92. University of Bergen
Brown, P. and Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fraenkel,Jack & Wallen Norman. (1993). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. Amazon.com
Howgen and Bloomfield. (1998). Language as a Human Problem. W.W Norton Company
Hyland, Ken. (2005). Metadiscourse: Exploring interaction in writing. Oxford: Continum
Issac, S. And W.R. Michael, 1993. Handbook in research and Evaluation. San Diego: California
Lakoff, R. (1975). Language and Woman’s Place. New York: Harper and Row
Maharani, Widiarsih. (2013). Hedges In the Texts of The Opinion Column of The Jakarta Post. Thesis of Semarang State University
Munir, Misbakhul. (2011). The Hedges In The English Thesis Abstracts Written By Students of Semarang State University Graduation Program. Thesis of Semarang State University
Noorian, M and R. Biria. 2010. Interpersonal metadiscourse in persuasive journalism: A study of text by American and Iriania EFL Columnist. Journal of Modern Languages 20: 64-79.
Paltridge, B,e Starfied, S. (2007). Thesis and Disertation Writing in a Second Language. New York. Routledge
Salager-Meyer. 1994. Hedges and textual communicative function in medical English wrriten discourse. English for Specific Purposes 13/2: Pg. 149-70
Salager-Meyer, F. 1997. I Think that perhaps You Should: A study of hedges in written scientific discourse. In T. Miller (ed.) Functional Approaches to Wrriten Text: Classroom Applications. Washington, D.C: United States Information Agency. Pg.105-118.
Salager-Meyer. (1998). Research and discourse note: language is not physical object. English for specific Purpose. Pg.271-288.
Banks, D. (1993). Hedges and how to trim them. In Brekke M., O. Anderson, T. Dahl and J. Myking (ed.) . 9th European Symposium of LPS p. 589-92. University of Bergen
Brown, P. and Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fraenkel,Jack & Wallen Norman. (1993). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. Amazon.com
Howgen and Bloomfield. (1998). Language as a Human Problem. W.W Norton Company
Hyland, Ken. (2005). Metadiscourse: Exploring interaction in writing. Oxford: Continum
Issac, S. And W.R. Michael, 1993. Handbook in research and Evaluation. San Diego: California
Lakoff, R. (1975). Language and Woman’s Place. New York: Harper and Row
Maharani, Widiarsih. (2013). Hedges In the Texts of The Opinion Column of The Jakarta Post. Thesis of Semarang State University
Munir, Misbakhul. (2011). The Hedges In The English Thesis Abstracts Written By Students of Semarang State University Graduation Program. Thesis of Semarang State University
Noorian, M and R. Biria. 2010. Interpersonal metadiscourse in persuasive journalism: A study of text by American and Iriania EFL Columnist. Journal of Modern Languages 20: 64-79.
Paltridge, B,e Starfied, S. (2007). Thesis and Disertation Writing in a Second Language. New York. Routledge
Salager-Meyer. 1994. Hedges and textual communicative function in medical English wrriten discourse. English for Specific Purposes 13/2: Pg. 149-70
Salager-Meyer, F. 1997. I Think that perhaps You Should: A study of hedges in written scientific discourse. In T. Miller (ed.) Functional Approaches to Wrriten Text: Classroom Applications. Washington, D.C: United States Information Agency. Pg.105-118.
Salager-Meyer. (1998). Research and discourse note: language is not physical object. English for specific Purpose. Pg.271-288.