Analysis of Men’s Rights as Equality Movement in 21st Century
Article Sidebar
Published
Jun 30, 2023
Main Article Content
Abstract
Men's problems and interests have been neglected and marginalized primarily because of feminism's political and cultural domination. The novelty of this study is that it provides a current perspective on men's rights in the twenty-first century. The qualitative design of the research relied on semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis was performed on the data, which included 548 participants from Australia, Indonesia, and the United Kingdom that were classified in Affiliation, ethnicity, status, and gender. The data was collected from Quora as the major source and other platforms (Reddit, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter) as supplementary sources. The purpose of this study is not to define anti-feminism. Instead, it describes men's rights, which may be used in any scenario where gender equality is a concern. As a result, supporters of men's rights are concerned about a wide range of issues, some of which have spawned their own organizations or movement, such as the fathers' rights movement, which is particularly concerned with divorce and child custody issues. Gender roles are at the heart of many issues concerning men's rights. In conclusion, men's rights should be treated equally with women's rights to achieve gender equality, and the terms "ladies first" and "Hercules syndrome" should be abolished.
Article Details
How to Cite
Suroyo, S., & Putra, B. M. (2023). Analysis of Men’s Rights as Equality Movement in 21st Century. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education, 5(2), 195-220. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijicle.v5i2.69578
Section
Research Article
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The copyrights of the article in Indonesian J. Int'l Clinical Leg. Educ. is on the Author(s), however, before publishing, it is required to obtain written confirmation from Author(s) in order to ensure the originality (Author Statement of Originality). The statement is to be signed by at least one of the authors who have obtained the assent of the co-author(s) where applicable. This work licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). All writings published in this journal are personal views of the authors and do not represent the views of this journal and the author's affiliated institutions.
References
Allen, J., & Smith, J. L. (2011). The influence of sexuality stereotypes on men’s experience of gender-role incongruence. Psychology. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 12(1), 77–96.
Amos, N., & McCabe, M. (2015). The importance of feeling sexually attractive: Can it predict an individual’s experience of their sexuality and sexual relationships across gender and sexual orientation? International Union of Psychological Science., 52(5), 354–363. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12225
Angouri, J., & Baxter, J. (2021). The routledge handbook of language, gender, and sexuality.
Avci, M., & Keven Akliman, C. (2018). Gender Differences in Perception of Body, Expressions of Body Image and Body Image Coping Strategies among Turkish Adolescents. International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, 10(2), 30–44.
Baker, A., & Blanchard, C. (2018). Men’s Body Image: The Effects of an Unhealthy Body Image on Psychological, Behavioral, and Cognitive Health. In Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75187
Balthazar, G. D. S., & Marcello, F. D. A. (2018). Body, Gender and Image: Challenges and Possibilities To Feminist Studies in Education. Revista Brasileira de Educacao, 23(2018), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-24782018230047
Beattie, S., & Hutchins, H. (2014). Shelters for abused women in Canada, 2012. Juristat, 35(1), 1–12.
Behre, K. A. (2015). Digging Beneath the Equality Language: The Influence of the Fathers Rights Movement on Intimate Partner Violence Public Policy Debates and Family Law Reform. William and Mary Journal of Women and The Law, 21, 525–602.
Bowcott, O., & Davies, C. (2020). Johnny Depp’s defeat in libel case hailed by domestik violence charities. Https://Www.Theguardian.Com/Film/2020/Nov/02/Johnny-Depps-Defeat-in-Libel-Case-Hailed-by-Domestic-Violence-Charities, p. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/nov/02/johnn. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/nov/02/johnny-depps-defeat-in-libel-case-hailed-by-domestic-violence-charities
Burrell, S. R., Ruxton, S., & Westmarland, N. (2019). Changing gender norms: Engaging with men and boys.
CNN. (2021). Accompanied By KPI, Men MS Officially Reports Cases Of Alleged Sexual Harassment To Central Jakarta Police. Https://Voi.Id/En/News/81334/Accompanied-by-Kpi-Men-Ms-Officially-Reports-Cases-of-Alleged-Sexual-Harassment-to-Central-Jakarta-Police. Retrieved from Accompanied By KPI, Men MS Officially Reports Cases Of Alleged Sexual Harassment To Central Jakarta Police
Cross, E. J., Overall, N. C., & McNulty, J. K. (2019). An interdependence account of sexism and power: Men’s hostile sexism, biased perceptions of low power, and relationship aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117(2), 338–368. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000167
Dolan, C. (2014). Into the Mainstream: Addressing Sexual Violence against Men and Boys in Conflict.
Elkin, M. (2018). Domestic abuse: findings from the Crime Survey for England and Wales - Appendix tables. Office for National Statistics, (March 2018), 1–27. Retrieved from https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/datasets/domesticabusefindingsfromthecrimesurveyforenglandandwalesappendixtables
Fawkner, H., & McMurray, N. (2002). Body Image in Men: Self-Reported Thoughts, Feelings, and Behaviors in Response to Media Images. International Journal of Men’s Health, 1(2), 137–162. https://doi.org/10.3149/jmh.0102.137
Flood, MG. (2004). Backlash: Angry men’s movements. In The Battle and Backlah Rage On: Why Feminism Cannot be Obsolete (p. 261). Retrieved from http://arrow.latrobe.edu.au:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/latrobe:28669
Flood, Michael. (2010). “ Fathers ’ Rights ” and the Defense of Paternal Authority in Australia. Violence Against Women, 16(3), 328–347. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801209360918
Gotell, L., & Dutton, E. (2016). Sexual violence in the “manosphere”: Antifeminist men’s rights discourses on rape. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 5(2), 65–80. https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v5i2.310
Gul, P., & Kupfer, T. R. (2019). Benevolent Sexism and Mate Preferences: Why Do Women Prefer Benevolent Men Despite Recognizing That They Can Be Undermining? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(1), 146–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218781000
Haydock, S. (2019). I stayed with my abisive girlfriend out of fear she would kill me. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/81a8f303-5849-45b8-85a0-e8532b5d948b
Kaya, A., Iwamoto, D. K., Brady, J., Clinton, L., & Grivel, M. (2019). The role of masculine norms and gender role conflict on prospective well-being among men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 20(1), 142–147. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000155
Kimmel, M. S. (1999). “what about the boys?” What the current debates tell us - and don’t tell us - about boys in school. Michigan Feminist Studies, 14, 1–3.
Ma, J., Ng, N., & Lee, I. (2020). Face off: Should feminism focus more on men’s rights? Retrieved from https://www.scmp.com/yp/discover/your-voice/opinion/article/3070549/face-should-feminism-focus-more-mens-rights
Maddison, S. (1999). Private Men, Public Anger: The Men’s Rights Movement in Australia. Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies: JIGS, 4(2), 39–51.
Melching, K., Green, M., O’Neal, E., & Renfroe, L. (2016). Body Image Dissatisfaction: Responses Between Male and Female Exercisers and Non-Exercisers. International Journal of Exercise Science, 9(3), 249–257.
Messner, M. A. (2016). Forks in the road of men’s gender politics: Men’s rights Vs feminist allies. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 5(2), 6–20. https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v5i2.301
National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2015). Male victim of intimate partner violence. In National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/ipvav9311.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/cdc_nisvs_ipv_report_2013_v17_single_a.pdf.
Olivardia, R., Pope, H. G., Borowiecki, J. J., & Cohane, G. H. (2004). Biceps and body image: The relationship between muscularity and self-esteem, depression, and eating disorder symptoms. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 5(2), 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.5.2.112
Rafail, P., & Freitas, I. (2019). Grievance Articulation and Community Reactions in the Men’s Rights Movement Online. Social Media + Society, 5(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119841387
Ragonese, C., Shand, T., & Barker, G. (2018). Masculine Norms And Men’s Health: Making The Connections. In Promundo-US. Retrieved from https://promundoglobal.org/resources/masculine-norms-and-mens-health-making-the-connections-executive-summary/%0Awww.promundoglobal.org
Reny, T. T. (2020). Masculine Norms and Infectious Disease: The Case of COVID-19. Politics and Gender, 16(4), 1028–1035. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X20000380
Salter, M. (2016). Men’s rights or men’s needs? Anti-feminism in Australian men’s health promotion. Canadian Journal of Women and the Law, 28(1), 69–90. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjwl.28.1.69
Schmitz, R. M., & Kazyak, E. (2016). Masculinities in cyberspace: An analysis of portrayals of manhood in men’s rights activistwebsites. Social Sciences, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci5020018
Silva, M. A. I., Pereira, B., Mendonça, D., Nunes, B., & de Oliveira, W. A. (2013). The involvement of girls and boys with bullying: An analysis of gender differences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(12), 6820–6831. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10126820
Sivakumaran, S. (2010). Lost in translation: UN responses to sexual violence against men and boys in situations of armed conflict. International Review of the Red Cross, 92(877), 259–277. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383110000020
Sterba, W. F. (with S. S. and J. P. (2007). Does Feminism Discriminate Against Men? Oxford University Press, Incorporated.
Torregrosa, M., Molpeceres, M. A., & Tomás, J. M. (2017). The Relationship of Sexism and Gender Ideology to Self-Concept and Self-Esteem in Persons with Spinal Cord Injury. Anales de Psicología, 33, 225–234. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2WwvGPx
UNHCR. (2017). Sexual Violence against men and bouys in the Syria crisis. (D. S. Chynoweth, ed.).
Wong, Y. J., Ho, M. H. R., Wang, S. Y., & Miller, I. S. K. (2017). Meta-analyses of the relationship between conformity to masculine norms and mental health-related outcomes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(1), 80–93. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000176
Zalis, S. (2019). The Future Of Masculinity: Overcoming Stereotypes. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/shelleyzalis/2019/01/22/the-future-of-masculinity-overcoming-stereotypes/?sh=3144707e1af3
Zuccotti, C. V. (2018). Does ethnic concentration influence gender role views? : a study across ethnic groups in England and Wales.
Amos, N., & McCabe, M. (2015). The importance of feeling sexually attractive: Can it predict an individual’s experience of their sexuality and sexual relationships across gender and sexual orientation? International Union of Psychological Science., 52(5), 354–363. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12225
Angouri, J., & Baxter, J. (2021). The routledge handbook of language, gender, and sexuality.
Avci, M., & Keven Akliman, C. (2018). Gender Differences in Perception of Body, Expressions of Body Image and Body Image Coping Strategies among Turkish Adolescents. International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, 10(2), 30–44.
Baker, A., & Blanchard, C. (2018). Men’s Body Image: The Effects of an Unhealthy Body Image on Psychological, Behavioral, and Cognitive Health. In Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75187
Balthazar, G. D. S., & Marcello, F. D. A. (2018). Body, Gender and Image: Challenges and Possibilities To Feminist Studies in Education. Revista Brasileira de Educacao, 23(2018), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-24782018230047
Beattie, S., & Hutchins, H. (2014). Shelters for abused women in Canada, 2012. Juristat, 35(1), 1–12.
Behre, K. A. (2015). Digging Beneath the Equality Language: The Influence of the Fathers Rights Movement on Intimate Partner Violence Public Policy Debates and Family Law Reform. William and Mary Journal of Women and The Law, 21, 525–602.
Bowcott, O., & Davies, C. (2020). Johnny Depp’s defeat in libel case hailed by domestik violence charities. Https://Www.Theguardian.Com/Film/2020/Nov/02/Johnny-Depps-Defeat-in-Libel-Case-Hailed-by-Domestic-Violence-Charities, p. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/nov/02/johnn. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/nov/02/johnny-depps-defeat-in-libel-case-hailed-by-domestic-violence-charities
Burrell, S. R., Ruxton, S., & Westmarland, N. (2019). Changing gender norms: Engaging with men and boys.
CNN. (2021). Accompanied By KPI, Men MS Officially Reports Cases Of Alleged Sexual Harassment To Central Jakarta Police. Https://Voi.Id/En/News/81334/Accompanied-by-Kpi-Men-Ms-Officially-Reports-Cases-of-Alleged-Sexual-Harassment-to-Central-Jakarta-Police. Retrieved from Accompanied By KPI, Men MS Officially Reports Cases Of Alleged Sexual Harassment To Central Jakarta Police
Cross, E. J., Overall, N. C., & McNulty, J. K. (2019). An interdependence account of sexism and power: Men’s hostile sexism, biased perceptions of low power, and relationship aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117(2), 338–368. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000167
Dolan, C. (2014). Into the Mainstream: Addressing Sexual Violence against Men and Boys in Conflict.
Elkin, M. (2018). Domestic abuse: findings from the Crime Survey for England and Wales - Appendix tables. Office for National Statistics, (March 2018), 1–27. Retrieved from https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/datasets/domesticabusefindingsfromthecrimesurveyforenglandandwalesappendixtables
Fawkner, H., & McMurray, N. (2002). Body Image in Men: Self-Reported Thoughts, Feelings, and Behaviors in Response to Media Images. International Journal of Men’s Health, 1(2), 137–162. https://doi.org/10.3149/jmh.0102.137
Flood, MG. (2004). Backlash: Angry men’s movements. In The Battle and Backlah Rage On: Why Feminism Cannot be Obsolete (p. 261). Retrieved from http://arrow.latrobe.edu.au:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/latrobe:28669
Flood, Michael. (2010). “ Fathers ’ Rights ” and the Defense of Paternal Authority in Australia. Violence Against Women, 16(3), 328–347. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801209360918
Gotell, L., & Dutton, E. (2016). Sexual violence in the “manosphere”: Antifeminist men’s rights discourses on rape. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 5(2), 65–80. https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v5i2.310
Gul, P., & Kupfer, T. R. (2019). Benevolent Sexism and Mate Preferences: Why Do Women Prefer Benevolent Men Despite Recognizing That They Can Be Undermining? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(1), 146–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218781000
Haydock, S. (2019). I stayed with my abisive girlfriend out of fear she would kill me. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/81a8f303-5849-45b8-85a0-e8532b5d948b
Kaya, A., Iwamoto, D. K., Brady, J., Clinton, L., & Grivel, M. (2019). The role of masculine norms and gender role conflict on prospective well-being among men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 20(1), 142–147. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000155
Kimmel, M. S. (1999). “what about the boys?” What the current debates tell us - and don’t tell us - about boys in school. Michigan Feminist Studies, 14, 1–3.
Ma, J., Ng, N., & Lee, I. (2020). Face off: Should feminism focus more on men’s rights? Retrieved from https://www.scmp.com/yp/discover/your-voice/opinion/article/3070549/face-should-feminism-focus-more-mens-rights
Maddison, S. (1999). Private Men, Public Anger: The Men’s Rights Movement in Australia. Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies: JIGS, 4(2), 39–51.
Melching, K., Green, M., O’Neal, E., & Renfroe, L. (2016). Body Image Dissatisfaction: Responses Between Male and Female Exercisers and Non-Exercisers. International Journal of Exercise Science, 9(3), 249–257.
Messner, M. A. (2016). Forks in the road of men’s gender politics: Men’s rights Vs feminist allies. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 5(2), 6–20. https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v5i2.301
National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2015). Male victim of intimate partner violence. In National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/ipvav9311.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/cdc_nisvs_ipv_report_2013_v17_single_a.pdf.
Olivardia, R., Pope, H. G., Borowiecki, J. J., & Cohane, G. H. (2004). Biceps and body image: The relationship between muscularity and self-esteem, depression, and eating disorder symptoms. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 5(2), 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.5.2.112
Rafail, P., & Freitas, I. (2019). Grievance Articulation and Community Reactions in the Men’s Rights Movement Online. Social Media + Society, 5(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119841387
Ragonese, C., Shand, T., & Barker, G. (2018). Masculine Norms And Men’s Health: Making The Connections. In Promundo-US. Retrieved from https://promundoglobal.org/resources/masculine-norms-and-mens-health-making-the-connections-executive-summary/%0Awww.promundoglobal.org
Reny, T. T. (2020). Masculine Norms and Infectious Disease: The Case of COVID-19. Politics and Gender, 16(4), 1028–1035. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X20000380
Salter, M. (2016). Men’s rights or men’s needs? Anti-feminism in Australian men’s health promotion. Canadian Journal of Women and the Law, 28(1), 69–90. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjwl.28.1.69
Schmitz, R. M., & Kazyak, E. (2016). Masculinities in cyberspace: An analysis of portrayals of manhood in men’s rights activistwebsites. Social Sciences, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci5020018
Silva, M. A. I., Pereira, B., Mendonça, D., Nunes, B., & de Oliveira, W. A. (2013). The involvement of girls and boys with bullying: An analysis of gender differences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(12), 6820–6831. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10126820
Sivakumaran, S. (2010). Lost in translation: UN responses to sexual violence against men and boys in situations of armed conflict. International Review of the Red Cross, 92(877), 259–277. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383110000020
Sterba, W. F. (with S. S. and J. P. (2007). Does Feminism Discriminate Against Men? Oxford University Press, Incorporated.
Torregrosa, M., Molpeceres, M. A., & Tomás, J. M. (2017). The Relationship of Sexism and Gender Ideology to Self-Concept and Self-Esteem in Persons with Spinal Cord Injury. Anales de Psicología, 33, 225–234. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2WwvGPx
UNHCR. (2017). Sexual Violence against men and bouys in the Syria crisis. (D. S. Chynoweth, ed.).
Wong, Y. J., Ho, M. H. R., Wang, S. Y., & Miller, I. S. K. (2017). Meta-analyses of the relationship between conformity to masculine norms and mental health-related outcomes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(1), 80–93. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000176
Zalis, S. (2019). The Future Of Masculinity: Overcoming Stereotypes. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/shelleyzalis/2019/01/22/the-future-of-masculinity-overcoming-stereotypes/?sh=3144707e1af3
Zuccotti, C. V. (2018). Does ethnic concentration influence gender role views? : a study across ethnic groups in England and Wales.