Political Direction of Environmental Management Law in Indonesia
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Jan 31, 2023
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Abstract
This paper examines the political trajectory shaping environmental management law in Indonesia. With its rich biodiversity and rapid industrialization, Indonesia faces complex challenges in balancing economic development with environmental conservation. The analysis begins with an overview of the historical context, tracing the evolution of environmental legislation from the colonial era to the present day. It explores how political dynamics, including shifts in governance structures, power relations, and socio-economic priorities, have influenced the development and enforcement of environmental regulations. The paper highlights key legislative milestones, such as the enactment of the Environmental Management Act in 1997 and subsequent revisions, as well as the establishment of agencies like the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. It also discusses the role of international treaties and agreements in shaping Indonesia's environmental legal framework. Furthermore, the paper evaluates the effectiveness of environmental laws in practice, considering challenges related to enforcement, capacity-building, and coordination among various stakeholders. It examines the role of civil society, the media, and grassroots movements in advocating for stronger environmental protection measures. Drawing on current trends and future projections, the paper concludes with an analysis of potential directions for Indonesian environmental management law. It considers the implications of political, social, and environmental factors, including the need for greater transparency, public participation, and adaptive governance mechanisms in addressing emerging environmental issues such as climate change, deforestation, and marine pollution.
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Saputra, M. A. B., Mahardika, E. R., & Kariim, S. A. (2023). Political Direction of Environmental Management Law in Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Law and Sustainable Development, 2(1), 33-68. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijel.v2i1.66100
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References
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Daly, Herman E. Beyond growth: the economics of sustainable development. Beacon Press, 2014.
Djidin, Des Alwi. "The political economy of Indonesia's new economic policy." Journal of Contemporary Asia 27.1 (1997): 14-36.
Elliott, Jennifer. An Introduction to Sustainable Development. Routledge, 2012.
Feiock, Ronald C., and Christopher Stream. "Environmental protection versus economic development: A false trade‐off?." Public Administration Review 61.3 (2001): 313-321.
Hakim, Dani Amran. "Politik Hukum Lingkungan Hidup di Indonesia Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 Tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup." Fiat Justisia: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 9.2 (2015).
Hidayanti, Sugina, Indra Koswara, and Yopie Gunawan. "The land legal system in Indonesia and land rights according to the basic agrarian law (UUPA)." Legal Brief 11.1 (2021): 366-378.
Holzhacker, Ronald L., Rafael Wittek, and Johan Woltjer. "Decentralization and governance for sustainable society in Indonesia." Decentralization and governance in Indonesia. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015, pp. 3-29.
ICEL. "Catatan Akhir Tahun 2016 Indonesian Center for Environmental Law: Tahun Kelam Kebijakan dan Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan di Indonesia”. Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia 3.2 (2017): 141-170.
Jahja, Rusfadia Saktiyanti. "Developing environmental education model based on local wisdom." Komunitas 8.1 (2016): 135-144.
Jänicke, Martin, and Helge Jörgens. "New approaches to environmental governance." The Ecological Modernisation Reader. Routledge, 2020, pp. 156-189.
Kahpi, Ashabul. "Jaminan konstitusional terhadap hak atas lingkungan hidup di Indonesia." Al Daulah: Jurnal Hukum Pidana dan Ketatanegaraan 2.2 (2016): 143-159.
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Kurniawan, Robert, et al. "Eco-environment vulnerability assessment using remote sensing approach in East Kalimantan, Indonesia." Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 27 (2022): 100791.
Laraswati, Dwi, et al. "Nongovernmental organizations as interest groups and their roles in policy processes: Insights from Indonesian forest and environmental governance." Forest and Society 6.2 (2022): 570-589.
Lee Peluso, Nancy, Suraya Afiff, and Noer Fauzi Rachman. "Claiming the grounds for reform: agrarian and environmental movements in Indonesia." Journal of Agrarian Change 8.2‐3 (2008): 377-407.
Lewis, Peter. Growing apart: Oil, politics, and economic change in Indonesia and Nigeria. University of Michigan Press, 2009.
Luttrell, Cecilia, et al. "The political context of REDD+ in Indonesia: Constituencies for change." Environmental Science & Policy 35 (2014): 67-75.
Mahardika, Ega Rijal, and Muhammad Azhary Bayu. "Legal Politics of Indonesian Environmental Management: Discourse Between Maintaining Environmental Sustainability and Economic Interests." Indonesian Journal of Environmental Law and Sustainable Development 1.1 (2022): 1-28.
Maruf, Arifin. "Legal aspects of environment in Indonesia: An efforts to prevent environmental damage and pollution." Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 1.1 (2021).
McCarthy, John F. "Changing to gray: Decentralization and the emergence of volatile socio-legal configurations in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia." World development 32.7 (2004): 1199-1223.
McCarthy, John F., and Carol Warren. "Communities, environments and local governance in Reform Era Indonesia." Community, environment and local governance in Indonesia. Routledge, 2012, pp. 1-21.
Mitlin, Diana. "Sustainable development: A guide to the literature." Environment and Urbanization 4.1 (1992): 111-124.
Muhdar, Muhamad, Mohamad Nasir, and Rosdiana Rosdiana. "Implikasi Hukum Terhadap Praktik Pinjam Pakai Kawasan Hutan untuk Kegiatan Pertambangan Batubara." Hasanuddin Law Review 1.3 (2015): 430-451.
Najicha, F. Ulfatun, and Sapto Hermawan. "Law in the Globalization and its influence on economic development and environmental preservation based on pancasila and the Indonesian Constitution of 1945." 3rd International Conference on Globalization of Law and Local Wisdom (ICGLOW 2019). Atlantis Press, 2019.
Nasikhin, Rodhatul, Muhammad Akib, and Agus Triono. "Sustainable development goals and environmentally sound infrastructure development in Indonesia." Asian Journal of Legal Studies 1.1 (2022): 7-13.
Niessen, Nicole. "Decentralized environmental management." Environmental Law in Development (2006): 143.
Niessen, Nicole. Environmental law in development: lessons from the Indonesian experience. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2006.
Nikolakis, William, and John L. Innes, eds. The wicked problem of forest policy: a multidisciplinary approach to sustainability in forest landscapes. Cambridge University Press, 2020.
Novita, Asti Amelia. "Environmental Governance and Climate Change Adaptation in Indonesia." Jurnal Ilmiah Administrasi Publik 7.1 (2021): 46-55.
Nurmardiansyah, Eko. "Eco-Philosophy dan Implikasinya dalam Politik Hukum Lingkungan di Indonesia." Melintas 30.1 (2014): 70-104.
Nusantara, Hakim Garuda. Politik Hukum Indonesia. Jakarta: YLBHI, 1988.
Parker, Lyn, Kelsie Prabawa-Sear, and Wahyu Kustiningsih. "How young people in Indonesia see themselves as environmentalists: Identity, behaviour, perceptions and responsibility." Indonesia and the Malay World 46.136 (2018): 263-282.
Parris, Thomas M., and Robert W. Kates. "Characterizing and measuring sustainable development." Annual Review of Environment and Resources 28.1 (2003): 559-586.
Peluso, Nancy Lee. "A look at environmental discourses and politics in Indonesia." Nature in the Global South: Environmental Projects in South and Southeast Asia, ed. P. Greenough and AL Tsing (2003): 231-252.
Purdy, Jedediah. "The Politics of Nature: Climate Change, Environmental Law, and Democracy." The Yale Law Journal (2010): 1122-1209.
Rachman, Irfan Nur. "Politik Hukum Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam Menurut Pasal 33 UUD 1945." Jurnal Konstitusi 13.1 (2016): 195-212.
Rahmat, Mamat. "Alokasi Pendapatan dari Jasa Pengurangan Emisi Melalui Pencegahan Deforestasi: Sebuah Tinjauan Alokasi Benefit dan Kerangka Hukum Fiskal (Alocation of Benefit from Emission Reduction Service Through Deforestation Avoided: an Overview of Benefit)." Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan 17.2 (2010): 98-102.
Rees, William E. "Economic development and environmental protection: an ecological economics perspective." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 86 (2003): 29-45.
Riggs, Rebecca Anne, et al. "Governing the landscape: potential and challenges of integrated approaches to landscape sustainability in Indonesia." Landscape Ecology 36 (2021): 2409-2426.
Sachs, Jeffrey D. The Age of Sustainable Development. Columbia University Press, 2015.
Sachs, Jeffrey D., and Andrew M. Warner. "The curse of natural resources." European Economic Review 45.4-6 (2001): 827-838.
Sakir, Ahmad Rosandi, et al. Politik Hukum Indonesia. CV. Gita Lentera, 2023.
Santoso, Wahyu Yun, and Adrianto Dwi Nugroho. "Pemanfaatan penerimaan negara bukan pajak di bidang kehutanan dalam melestarikan fungsi lingkungan." Mimbar Hukum 21.3 (2009): 554-574.
Satmaidi, Edra. "Politik Hukum Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup di Indonesia Setelah Perubahan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945." Jurnal Konstitusi 4.1 (2011).
Sembiring, Raynaldo G. “Indonesia Environmental Law Outlook 2022: Menata Kembali Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia”, Report, February 2, 2022. Available online at.
Setiawan, Bakti, and Sudharto P. Hadi. "Regional autonomy and local resource management in Indonesia." Asia Pacific Viewpoint 48.1 (2007): 72-84.
Siagian, Tiodora Hadumaon, et al. "Social vulnerability to natural hazards in Indonesia: Driving factors and policy implications." Natural Hazards 70 (2014): 1603-1617.
Silalahi, Daud. Hukum Lingkungan: Dalam Sistem Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia. Bandung: Alumni, 1996.
Soedarso, Bambang Prabowo. "Perspektif keadilan lingkungan dalam penyelenggaraan tata kelola hutan dan moratorium kehutanan." Jurnal Hukum dan Bisnis (Selisik) 1.1 (2015): 55-75.
Steiner, Achim, Lee A. Kimball, and John Scanlon. "Global governance for the environment and the role of Multilateral Environmental Agreements in conservation." Oryx 37.2 (2003): 227-237.
Sudarmadi, Sigit, et al. "A survey of perception, knowledge, awareness, and attitude in regard to environmental problems in a sample of two different social groups in Jakarta, Indonesia." Environment, Development and Sustainability 3 (2001): 169-183.
Sutrisno, Shaula Fitriasih. "Pembangunan Berkelanjutan dalam Undang-undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 Tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Perspektif Politik Hukum dalam Tinjauan Hukum Islam." Thesis. Yogyakarta: Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2018.
Tacconi, Luca, Rafael J. Rodrigues, and Ahmad Maryudi. "Law enforcement and deforestation: Lessons for Indonesia from Brazil." Forest Policy and Economics 108 (2019): 101943.
Wati, Evi Purnama. "Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup dalam Pembangunan yang Berkelanjutan." Bina Hukum Lingkungan 3.1 (2018): 119-126.
Wibawa, I. Putu Sastra. "Politik Hukum Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Menuju Ekokrasi Indonesia." Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 18.1 (2016): 51-68.
Wibowo, Adi, and Supriatna Supriatna. "Coastal Environmental Vulnerability on Coastal Cities in Indonesia." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis 3.2 (2011).
Wibowo, Suyanto Edi. "Memahami Makna Pasal 33 Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 Perihal Penguasaan oleh Negara Terhadap Sumber Daya Alam [Comprehend The Meaning of Article 33 of The 1945 Constitution of The Republic of Indonesia on State Authority Over Natural Resources]." Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia 12.4 (2018): 1-57.
Zon, Fadli, Muhammad Iskandar, and Susanto Zuhdi. "Tinjauan Sejarah Hukum Pasal 33 UUD 1945 sebagai Ideologi Ekonomi (The Legal History Review of Article 33 UUD 1945 as Economic Ideology)." Negara Hukum: Membangun Hukum untuk Keadilan dan Kesejahteraan 7.1 (2017): 111-125.
Aminah, Aminah. "Implikasi Konsep Utilitarianisme dalam Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Hutan Terhadap Masyarakat Adat." Masalah-Masalah Hukum 43.2 (2014): 172-178.
Ananta, Aris, Mulyana Soekarni, and Sjamsul Arifin, eds. The Indonesian economy: Entering a new era. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2011.
Anderson, Patrick, Asep Firdaus, and Avi Mahaningtyas. "Big commitments, small results: environmental governance and climate change mitigation under Yudhoyono." The Yudhoyono Presidency: Indonesia’s Decade of Stability and Stagnation, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore (2015): 258-273.
Andriansyah, Andriansyah, Endang Sulastri, and Evi Satispi. "The role of government policies in environmental management." Research Horizon 1.3 (2021): 86-93.
Anisah, Bintan Rahayu. "Eksistensi Investasi Hijau dalam Poros Pembangungan Ekonomi sebagai Bentuk Manifestasi Perlindungan atas Lingkungan Hidup." Padjadjaran Law Review 8.1 (2020): 127-142.
Austin, Kemen G., et al. "What causes deforestation in Indonesia?." Environmental Research Letters 14.2 (2019): 024007.
Basiago, Andrew D. "Sustainable development in Indonesia: A case study of an indigenous regime of environmental law and policy." The International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 2.3 (1995): 199-211.
Brown, Lester R. Building a Sustainable Society. WW Norton & Company, Inc., New York, 1981.
Brundtland, Gro Harlem, and Mansour Khalid. Our common future. Oxford University Press, Oxford, GB, 1987.
Brundtland, Gro Harlem. "Our common future—Call for action." Environmental Conservation 14.4 (1987): 291-294.
Brundtland, Gro Harlem. "What is sustainable development." Our Common Future 8.9 (1987).
Cahyani, Ferina Ardhi. "Upaya peningkatan daya dukung lingkungan melalui penerapan prinsip sustainable development berdasarkan Undang-Undang nomor 32 tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup." Indonesian State Law Review 2.2 (2020): 168-179.
Daly, Herman E. Beyond growth: the economics of sustainable development. Beacon Press, 2014.
Djidin, Des Alwi. "The political economy of Indonesia's new economic policy." Journal of Contemporary Asia 27.1 (1997): 14-36.
Elliott, Jennifer. An Introduction to Sustainable Development. Routledge, 2012.
Feiock, Ronald C., and Christopher Stream. "Environmental protection versus economic development: A false trade‐off?." Public Administration Review 61.3 (2001): 313-321.
Hakim, Dani Amran. "Politik Hukum Lingkungan Hidup di Indonesia Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 Tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup." Fiat Justisia: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 9.2 (2015).
Hidayanti, Sugina, Indra Koswara, and Yopie Gunawan. "The land legal system in Indonesia and land rights according to the basic agrarian law (UUPA)." Legal Brief 11.1 (2021): 366-378.
Holzhacker, Ronald L., Rafael Wittek, and Johan Woltjer. "Decentralization and governance for sustainable society in Indonesia." Decentralization and governance in Indonesia. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015, pp. 3-29.
ICEL. "Catatan Akhir Tahun 2016 Indonesian Center for Environmental Law: Tahun Kelam Kebijakan dan Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan di Indonesia”. Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia 3.2 (2017): 141-170.
Jahja, Rusfadia Saktiyanti. "Developing environmental education model based on local wisdom." Komunitas 8.1 (2016): 135-144.
Jänicke, Martin, and Helge Jörgens. "New approaches to environmental governance." The Ecological Modernisation Reader. Routledge, 2020, pp. 156-189.
Kahpi, Ashabul. "Jaminan konstitusional terhadap hak atas lingkungan hidup di Indonesia." Al Daulah: Jurnal Hukum Pidana dan Ketatanegaraan 2.2 (2016): 143-159.
Karjoko, Lego, et al. "Indonesia's Sustainable Development Goals Resolving Waste Problem: Informal to Formal Policy." International Journal of Sustainable Development & Planning 17.2 (2022).
Keraf, A. Sonny, Rosalia Retno, and Dwi Koratno. Krisis & Bencana Lingkungan Hidup Dlobal. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2010.
Keraf, A. Sonny. Etika Lingkungan Hidup. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas, 2010.
Kurniawan, Robert, et al. "Eco-environment vulnerability assessment using remote sensing approach in East Kalimantan, Indonesia." Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 27 (2022): 100791.
Laraswati, Dwi, et al. "Nongovernmental organizations as interest groups and their roles in policy processes: Insights from Indonesian forest and environmental governance." Forest and Society 6.2 (2022): 570-589.
Lee Peluso, Nancy, Suraya Afiff, and Noer Fauzi Rachman. "Claiming the grounds for reform: agrarian and environmental movements in Indonesia." Journal of Agrarian Change 8.2‐3 (2008): 377-407.
Lewis, Peter. Growing apart: Oil, politics, and economic change in Indonesia and Nigeria. University of Michigan Press, 2009.
Luttrell, Cecilia, et al. "The political context of REDD+ in Indonesia: Constituencies for change." Environmental Science & Policy 35 (2014): 67-75.
Mahardika, Ega Rijal, and Muhammad Azhary Bayu. "Legal Politics of Indonesian Environmental Management: Discourse Between Maintaining Environmental Sustainability and Economic Interests." Indonesian Journal of Environmental Law and Sustainable Development 1.1 (2022): 1-28.
Maruf, Arifin. "Legal aspects of environment in Indonesia: An efforts to prevent environmental damage and pollution." Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 1.1 (2021).
McCarthy, John F. "Changing to gray: Decentralization and the emergence of volatile socio-legal configurations in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia." World development 32.7 (2004): 1199-1223.
McCarthy, John F., and Carol Warren. "Communities, environments and local governance in Reform Era Indonesia." Community, environment and local governance in Indonesia. Routledge, 2012, pp. 1-21.
Mitlin, Diana. "Sustainable development: A guide to the literature." Environment and Urbanization 4.1 (1992): 111-124.
Muhdar, Muhamad, Mohamad Nasir, and Rosdiana Rosdiana. "Implikasi Hukum Terhadap Praktik Pinjam Pakai Kawasan Hutan untuk Kegiatan Pertambangan Batubara." Hasanuddin Law Review 1.3 (2015): 430-451.
Najicha, F. Ulfatun, and Sapto Hermawan. "Law in the Globalization and its influence on economic development and environmental preservation based on pancasila and the Indonesian Constitution of 1945." 3rd International Conference on Globalization of Law and Local Wisdom (ICGLOW 2019). Atlantis Press, 2019.
Nasikhin, Rodhatul, Muhammad Akib, and Agus Triono. "Sustainable development goals and environmentally sound infrastructure development in Indonesia." Asian Journal of Legal Studies 1.1 (2022): 7-13.
Niessen, Nicole. "Decentralized environmental management." Environmental Law in Development (2006): 143.
Niessen, Nicole. Environmental law in development: lessons from the Indonesian experience. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2006.
Nikolakis, William, and John L. Innes, eds. The wicked problem of forest policy: a multidisciplinary approach to sustainability in forest landscapes. Cambridge University Press, 2020.
Novita, Asti Amelia. "Environmental Governance and Climate Change Adaptation in Indonesia." Jurnal Ilmiah Administrasi Publik 7.1 (2021): 46-55.
Nurmardiansyah, Eko. "Eco-Philosophy dan Implikasinya dalam Politik Hukum Lingkungan di Indonesia." Melintas 30.1 (2014): 70-104.
Nusantara, Hakim Garuda. Politik Hukum Indonesia. Jakarta: YLBHI, 1988.
Parker, Lyn, Kelsie Prabawa-Sear, and Wahyu Kustiningsih. "How young people in Indonesia see themselves as environmentalists: Identity, behaviour, perceptions and responsibility." Indonesia and the Malay World 46.136 (2018): 263-282.
Parris, Thomas M., and Robert W. Kates. "Characterizing and measuring sustainable development." Annual Review of Environment and Resources 28.1 (2003): 559-586.
Peluso, Nancy Lee. "A look at environmental discourses and politics in Indonesia." Nature in the Global South: Environmental Projects in South and Southeast Asia, ed. P. Greenough and AL Tsing (2003): 231-252.
Purdy, Jedediah. "The Politics of Nature: Climate Change, Environmental Law, and Democracy." The Yale Law Journal (2010): 1122-1209.
Rachman, Irfan Nur. "Politik Hukum Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam Menurut Pasal 33 UUD 1945." Jurnal Konstitusi 13.1 (2016): 195-212.
Rahmat, Mamat. "Alokasi Pendapatan dari Jasa Pengurangan Emisi Melalui Pencegahan Deforestasi: Sebuah Tinjauan Alokasi Benefit dan Kerangka Hukum Fiskal (Alocation of Benefit from Emission Reduction Service Through Deforestation Avoided: an Overview of Benefit)." Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan 17.2 (2010): 98-102.
Rees, William E. "Economic development and environmental protection: an ecological economics perspective." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 86 (2003): 29-45.
Riggs, Rebecca Anne, et al. "Governing the landscape: potential and challenges of integrated approaches to landscape sustainability in Indonesia." Landscape Ecology 36 (2021): 2409-2426.
Sachs, Jeffrey D. The Age of Sustainable Development. Columbia University Press, 2015.
Sachs, Jeffrey D., and Andrew M. Warner. "The curse of natural resources." European Economic Review 45.4-6 (2001): 827-838.
Sakir, Ahmad Rosandi, et al. Politik Hukum Indonesia. CV. Gita Lentera, 2023.
Santoso, Wahyu Yun, and Adrianto Dwi Nugroho. "Pemanfaatan penerimaan negara bukan pajak di bidang kehutanan dalam melestarikan fungsi lingkungan." Mimbar Hukum 21.3 (2009): 554-574.
Satmaidi, Edra. "Politik Hukum Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup di Indonesia Setelah Perubahan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945." Jurnal Konstitusi 4.1 (2011).
Sembiring, Raynaldo G. “Indonesia Environmental Law Outlook 2022: Menata Kembali Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia”, Report, February 2, 2022. Available online at
Setiawan, Bakti, and Sudharto P. Hadi. "Regional autonomy and local resource management in Indonesia." Asia Pacific Viewpoint 48.1 (2007): 72-84.
Siagian, Tiodora Hadumaon, et al. "Social vulnerability to natural hazards in Indonesia: Driving factors and policy implications." Natural Hazards 70 (2014): 1603-1617.
Silalahi, Daud. Hukum Lingkungan: Dalam Sistem Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia. Bandung: Alumni, 1996.
Soedarso, Bambang Prabowo. "Perspektif keadilan lingkungan dalam penyelenggaraan tata kelola hutan dan moratorium kehutanan." Jurnal Hukum dan Bisnis (Selisik) 1.1 (2015): 55-75.
Steiner, Achim, Lee A. Kimball, and John Scanlon. "Global governance for the environment and the role of Multilateral Environmental Agreements in conservation." Oryx 37.2 (2003): 227-237.
Sudarmadi, Sigit, et al. "A survey of perception, knowledge, awareness, and attitude in regard to environmental problems in a sample of two different social groups in Jakarta, Indonesia." Environment, Development and Sustainability 3 (2001): 169-183.
Sutrisno, Shaula Fitriasih. "Pembangunan Berkelanjutan dalam Undang-undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 Tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Perspektif Politik Hukum dalam Tinjauan Hukum Islam." Thesis. Yogyakarta: Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2018.
Tacconi, Luca, Rafael J. Rodrigues, and Ahmad Maryudi. "Law enforcement and deforestation: Lessons for Indonesia from Brazil." Forest Policy and Economics 108 (2019): 101943.
Wati, Evi Purnama. "Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup dalam Pembangunan yang Berkelanjutan." Bina Hukum Lingkungan 3.1 (2018): 119-126.
Wibawa, I. Putu Sastra. "Politik Hukum Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Menuju Ekokrasi Indonesia." Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 18.1 (2016): 51-68.
Wibowo, Adi, and Supriatna Supriatna. "Coastal Environmental Vulnerability on Coastal Cities in Indonesia." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis 3.2 (2011).
Wibowo, Suyanto Edi. "Memahami Makna Pasal 33 Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 Perihal Penguasaan oleh Negara Terhadap Sumber Daya Alam [Comprehend The Meaning of Article 33 of The 1945 Constitution of The Republic of Indonesia on State Authority Over Natural Resources]." Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia 12.4 (2018): 1-57.
Zon, Fadli, Muhammad Iskandar, and Susanto Zuhdi. "Tinjauan Sejarah Hukum Pasal 33 UUD 1945 sebagai Ideologi Ekonomi (The Legal History Review of Article 33 UUD 1945 as Economic Ideology)." Negara Hukum: Membangun Hukum untuk Keadilan dan Kesejahteraan 7.1 (2017): 111-125.