Regional Rights, Environmental Wrongs: Unpacking the Paradox of Autonomy in Indonesia's Environmental Governance
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Jan 31, 2024
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Abstract
This paper delves into the complex interplay between regional autonomy and environmental governance in Indonesia, shedding light on the paradoxical outcomes that arise from decentralized decision-making. It examines how the delegation of power to local authorities has both empowered and challenged efforts to enforce environmental regulations and protect natural resources. Through a comprehensive analysis, the paper elucidates the ways in which regional autonomy has led to divergent approaches to environmental management across Indonesia's diverse regions. While some local governments have demonstrated commendable commitment to environmental conservation, others have prioritized economic interests at the expense of environmental sustainability, leading to widespread degradation and ecological harm. Drawing on case studies and empirical evidence, the paper unpacks the factors contributing to this paradox, including varying levels of institutional capacity, political dynamics, and socio-economic pressures. It highlights instances where regional autonomy has resulted in regulatory loopholes, weak enforcement mechanisms, and conflicts of interest, exacerbating environmental challenges and undermining national conservation efforts. Furthermore, the paper explores potential pathways for reconciling the tension between regional rights and environmental wrongs in Indonesia. It advocates for a holistic approach to environmental governance that integrates principles of subsidiarity with national environmental priorities, fostering collaboration between central and local authorities, and promoting community engagement and empowerment. In conclusion, the paper underscores the imperative of addressing the paradox of autonomy in Indonesia's environmental governance.
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Sagita, G. D., & Budi, E. R. (2024). Regional Rights, Environmental Wrongs: Unpacking the Paradox of Autonomy in Indonesia’s Environmental Governance. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Law and Sustainable Development, 3(1), 191-228. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijel.v3i1.78890
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References
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Kurniawan, Robi, and Shunsuke Managi. "Economic growth and sustainable development in Indonesia: an assessment." Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 54.3 (2018): 339-361.
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López-Gamero, María D., Jose F. Molina-Azorin, and Enrique Claver-Cortés. "Environmental uncertainty and environmental management perception: A multiple case study." Journal of Business Research 64.4 (2011): 427-435.
López-Gamero, María D., José F. Molina-Azorín, and Enrique Claver-Cortés. "The potential of environmental regulation to change managerial perception, environmental management, competitiveness and financial performance." Journal of Cleaner Production 18.10-11 (2010): 963-974.
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McCarthy, John F., and Carol Warren. "Communities, environments and local governance in Reform Era Indonesia." Community, environment and local governance in Indonesia. Routledge, 2012, pp. 1-21.
Mina, Risno. "Desentralisasi perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup sebagai alternatif menyelesaikan permasalahan lingkungan hidup." Arena Hukum 9.2 (2016): 149-165.
Mustaghfiroh, Umi, et al. "Implementasi Prinsip Good Environmental Governance dalam Pengelolaan Sampah di Indonesia." Bina Hukum Lingkungan 4.2 (2020): 279-291.
Najicha, Fatma Ulfatun, and I. Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi Handayani. "Legal Protection “Substantive Rights for Environmental Quality” on Environmental Law Against Human Rights in the Constitution in Indonesia." International Conference on Law, Economics and Health (ICLEH 2020). Atlantis Press, 2020.
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Nopyandri, Nopyandri. "Pengaturan Wewenang Pemerintah Daerah dalam Penerapan Sanksi Administrasi Lingkungan." Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Jambi 6.1 (2015): 43310.
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Orellana, Marcos. "Governance and the sustainable development goals: The increasing relevance of access rights in principle 10 of the Rio declaration." Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law 25.1 (2016): 50-58.
Pardede, Marulak, et al. "Perspectives of sustainable development vs. law enforcement on damage, pollution and environmental conservation management in Indonesia." Journal of Water and Climate Change 14.10 (2023): 3770-3790.
Pelengkahu, Muhammad Rahjay, and Najib Satria. "The Role of Environmental Legal Instruments and Government Policies in Realizing Sustainable Development in Indonesia." Administrative and Environmental Law Review 4.2 (2023): 127-138.
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Resosudarmo, Budy P., and Milda Irhamni. "Indonesia's industrial policy reforms and their environmental impacts." Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 13.4 (2008): 426-450.
Salim, Agus, and Liberthin Palullungan. "The challenges of environmental law enforcement to implement SDGs in Indonesia." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (2021): 517-524.
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Setiawan, Bakti, and Sudharto P. Hadi. "Regional autonomy and local resource management in Indonesia." Asia Pacific Viewpoint 48.1 (2007): 72-84.
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Syarhan, Mohamad, Nyoman Serikat Putra Jaya, and Bambang Hartono. "Traditional Criminal Law Existence in the Settlement of Criminal Action in the Environmental Field in Indonesia." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12.6 (2021): 1467-1478.
Taufiqurokhman, Endang Sulastri, and Harits Hafiid. "Indonesian Governments Policy on Environmental Law in the Era of Regional Autonomy." Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11.12 (2020): 1203-1209.
Taufiqurrohman, Syahuri, et al. "Environmental Settings in The Indonesian Constitution Perspective." Ilkogretim Online-Elementary Education Online 21.3 (2023): 417-423.
Thahira, Atika. "Penegakan Hukum Administrasi Lingkungan Hidup Ditinjau dari Konsep Negara Hukum." JCH (Jurnal Cendekia Hukum) 5.2 (2020): 260-274.
Triyanti, Annisa, et al. Environmental Governance in Indonesia. Springer Nature, 2023.
Van den Bergh, Jeroen CJM. "Environment versus growth—A criticism of “degrowth” and a plea for “a-growth”." Ecological Economics 70.5 (2011): 881-890.
Warren, Carol, and John F. McCarthy, eds. Community, Environment and Local Governance in Indonesia. Routledge, 2012.
Wijaya, Mas Pungky Hendra, and Mohammad Zulfikar Ali. "Legislation Impediments in Reorganising Government Bodies in Indonesia." Bestuur 9.1 (2021): 1-12.
Wijayanto, Adi, Hatta Acarya Wiraraja, and Siti Aminah Idris. "Forest Fire and Environmental Damage: The Indonesian Legal Policy and Law Enforcement." Unnes Law Journal 8.1 (2022): 105-132.
Wirth, David A. "The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development: Two Steps Forward and One Back, or Vice Versa." Georgia Law Review 29.3 (1995).
Wood, Harold W. "The United Nations World Charter for Nature: The Developing Nations' Initiative to Establish Protections for the Environment." Ecology Law Quarterly 12.4 (1985): 977-996.
Wulandari, Andi Sri Rezky, and Anshori Ilyas. "Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air di Indonesia: Tata Pengurusan Air dalam Bingkai Otonomi Daerah." Gema Keadilan 6.3 (2019): 287-299.
Zaid, M., et al. "The Sanctions on Environmental Performances: An Assessment of Indonesia and Brazilia Practice." Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 3.2 (2023): 236-264.
Akib, Muhammad. "Wewenang Kelembagaan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup di Era Otonomi Daerah." Jurnal Media Hukum 19.2 (2012).
Ali, Mahrus, and M. Arif Setiawan. "Penal proportionality in environmental legislation of Indonesia." Cogent Social Sciences 8.1 (2022): 2009167.
Ali, Saleem Hassan, ed. Peace Parks: Conservation and Conflict Resolution. MIT Press, 2007.
Anderson, Zachary R., et al. "Green growth rhetoric versus reality: Insights from Indonesia." Global Environmental Change 38 (2016): 30-40.
Arifin, Ridwan, and Siti Hafsyah Idris. "In Dubio Pro Natura: in Doubt, should the Environment Be a Priority? A Discourse of Environmental Justice in Indonesia." Jambe Law Journal 6.2 (2023): 143-184.
Armunanto, A., S. Nadir, and D. Ekawaty. "Environmental dilemma under implementation of Indonesian regional autonomy." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 343. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2019.
Bedner, Adriaan. "Consequences of decentralization: Environmental Impact Assessment and water pollution control in Indonesia." Law & Policy 32.1 (2010): 38-60.
Boer, Ben. "Environmental Law in Southeast Asia." Routledge handbook of the environment in Southeast Asia. Routledge, 2016, pp. 133-150.
Butler, Henry N., and Jonathan R. Macey. "Externalities and the Matching Principle: The Case for Reallocating Environmental Regulatory Authority." Yale Law & Policy Review 14.2 (1996): 23-66.
Colombijn, Freek. "Global and local perspectives on Indonesia's environmental problems and the role of NGO's." Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde 154.2 (1998): 305.
Cribb, Robert, and U. Desai. "Environmental policy and politics in Indonesia." Ecological policy and politics in developing countries: Economic growth, democracy, and enforcement. State University of New York Press, Albany, NY (1998): 65-86.
Dadi, Dadi. "How does Environmental Law View Sustainable Ecological Development in Indonesia?." LEGAL BRIEF 11.2 (2022): 788-798.
David-Chavez, Dominique M., and Michael C. Gavin. "A global assessment of Indigenous community engagement in climate research." Environmental Research Letters 13.12 (2018): 123005.
Ding, Xiaowei. "On Linking Administrative Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice in Environmental Management." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 691. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2021.
Faiz, Pan Mohamad. "Perlindungan Terhadap Lingkungan dalam Perspektif Konstitusi (Environmental Protection in Constitutional Perspective)." Jurnal Konstitusi 13.4 (2016): 766-787.
Farahwati, Farahwati. "Study of Criminal Sanctions for Environmental Pollution and/or Damage." International Journal of Social Science Research and Review 6.12 (2023): 249-261.
Firman, Tommy. "Decentralization reform and local‐government proliferation in Indonesia: Towards a fragmentation of regional development." Review of Urban & Regional Development Studies: Journal of the Applied Regional Science Conference. Vol. 21. No. 2‐3. Melbourne, Australia: Blackwell Publishing Asia, 2009.
Großmann, Kristina. Human–Environment Relations and Politics in Indonesia: Conflicting Ecologies. Routledge, 2021.
Hadi, Sasana, Sugiharti Retno, and Setyaningsih Yuliani. "The impact of foreign direct investment to the quality of the environment in Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences. Vol. 73. EDP Sciences, 2018.
Hakim, Dani Amran. "Politik Hukum Lingkungan Hidup di Indonesia Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 Tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup." Fiat Justisia: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 9.2 (2015).
Harahap, Zairin. "Penerapan Sanksi Pidana Di Bidang Lingkungan Hidup Menurut UUPLH." Jurnal Hukum IUS QUIA IUSTUM 12.30 (2005): 275-287.
Haryadi, Prim. "Pengembangan hukum lingkungan hidup melalui penegakan hukum perdata di Indonesia." Jurnal Konstitusi 14.1 (2017): 124-149.
James, Oliver. "Regulation inside government: Public interest justifications and regulatory failures." Public Administration 78.2 (2000): 327-343.
Jazuli, Ahmad. "Dinamika hukum lingkungan hidup dan sumber daya alam dalam rangka pembangunan berkelanjutan." Jurnal Rechts Vinding: Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional 4.2 (2015): 181-197.
Johar, Olivia Anggie. "Realitas Permasalahan Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan di Indonesia." Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 15.1 (2021): 54-65.
Johnson, David. "Environmentally sustainable cruise tourism: a reality check." Marine Policy 26.4 (2002): 261-270.
Kardono, Kardono. "Condition of water resource in Indonesia and its environmental technology." Jurnal Air Indonesia 3.2 (2007).
Kurnia, Hanny. "Legal Arrangements for Criminal Acts of Environmental Pollution in Indonesia." JILPR Journal Indonesia Law and Policy Review 3.3 (2022): 86-99.
Kurniawan, Robi, and Shunsuke Managi. "Economic growth and sustainable development in Indonesia: an assessment." Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 54.3 (2018): 339-361.
Lestari, Sulistyani Eka, and Hardianto Djanggih. "Urgensi hukum perizinan dan penegakannya sebagai sarana pencegahan pencemaran lingkungan hidup." Masalah-Masalah Hukum 48.2 (2019): 147-163.
López-Gamero, María D., Jose F. Molina-Azorin, and Enrique Claver-Cortés. "Environmental uncertainty and environmental management perception: A multiple case study." Journal of Business Research 64.4 (2011): 427-435.
López-Gamero, María D., José F. Molina-Azorín, and Enrique Claver-Cortés. "The potential of environmental regulation to change managerial perception, environmental management, competitiveness and financial performance." Journal of Cleaner Production 18.10-11 (2010): 963-974.
MacAndrews, Colin. "Politics of the Environment in Indonesia." Asian Survey 34.4 (1994): 369-380.
McCarthy, John F., and Carol Warren. "Communities, environments and local governance in Reform Era Indonesia." Community, environment and local governance in Indonesia. Routledge, 2012, pp. 1-21.
Mina, Risno. "Desentralisasi perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup sebagai alternatif menyelesaikan permasalahan lingkungan hidup." Arena Hukum 9.2 (2016): 149-165.
Mustaghfiroh, Umi, et al. "Implementasi Prinsip Good Environmental Governance dalam Pengelolaan Sampah di Indonesia." Bina Hukum Lingkungan 4.2 (2020): 279-291.
Najicha, Fatma Ulfatun, and I. Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi Handayani. "Legal Protection “Substantive Rights for Environmental Quality” on Environmental Law Against Human Rights in the Constitution in Indonesia." International Conference on Law, Economics and Health (ICLEH 2020). Atlantis Press, 2020.
Nicholson, David. Environmental dispute resolution in Indonesia. Brill, 2010; Bedner, Adriaan. "Access to environmental justice in Indonesia." Access to Environmental Justice: A Comparative Study. Brill Nijhoff, 2007, pp. 89-123.
Nopyandri, Nopyandri. "Penerapan prinsip good enviromental governance dalam rangka perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup." Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Jambi 5.2 (2014): 43278.
Nopyandri, Nopyandri. "Pengaturan Wewenang Pemerintah Daerah dalam Penerapan Sanksi Administrasi Lingkungan." Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Jambi 6.1 (2015): 43310.
Nurjaya, I. Nyoman. "Progressive Environmental Law of Indonesia: Global Principles of Stockholm and Rio Declarations as Defined within the 2009 Act on Human Environment Protection and Management." US-China Law Review 11 (2014).
Orellana, Marcos. "Governance and the sustainable development goals: The increasing relevance of access rights in principle 10 of the Rio declaration." Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law 25.1 (2016): 50-58.
Pardede, Marulak, et al. "Perspectives of sustainable development vs. law enforcement on damage, pollution and environmental conservation management in Indonesia." Journal of Water and Climate Change 14.10 (2023): 3770-3790.
Pelengkahu, Muhammad Rahjay, and Najib Satria. "The Role of Environmental Legal Instruments and Government Policies in Realizing Sustainable Development in Indonesia." Administrative and Environmental Law Review 4.2 (2023): 127-138.
Putri, Sri Juwita, et al. "Tinjauan Yuridis Terhadap Sanksi Tindak Pidana dalam UUPLH Dilihat Dari Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 Tentang Perlindungan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup." Jurnal Hukum dan Sosial Politik 1.2 (2023): 194-206.
Raudsepp-Hearne, Ciara, et al. "Untangling the environmentalist's paradox: why is human well-being increasing as ecosystem services degrade?." BioScience 60.8 (2010): 576-589.
Resosudarmo, Budy P., and Milda Irhamni. "Indonesia's industrial policy reforms and their environmental impacts." Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 13.4 (2008): 426-450.
Salim, Agus, and Liberthin Palullungan. "The challenges of environmental law enforcement to implement SDGs in Indonesia." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (2021): 517-524.
Satmaidi, Edra. "Politik Hukum Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup di Indonesia Setelah Perubahan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945." Jurnal Konstitusi 4.1 (2011).
Setiawan, Bakti, and Sudharto P. Hadi. "Regional autonomy and local resource management in Indonesia." Asia Pacific Viewpoint 48.1 (2007): 72-84.
Shidarta, Shidarta. "Perbuatan Melawan Hukum Lingkungan Penafsiran Ekstensif dan Doktrin Injuria Sine Damno." Jurnal Yudisial 3.1 (2010): 60-77.
Smith, Jo, and Pete Smith. Environmental Modelling: An Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2007.
Smith, Kevin B., and Alan Greenblatt. Governing states and localities. Cq Press, 2019.
Syaprillah, Aditia. "Penegakan hukum administrasi lingkungan melalui instrumen pengawasan." Bina Hukum Lingkungan 1.1 (2016): 99-113.
Syarhan, Mohamad, Nyoman Serikat Putra Jaya, and Bambang Hartono. "Traditional Criminal Law Existence in the Settlement of Criminal Action in the Environmental Field in Indonesia." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12.6 (2021): 1467-1478.
Taufiqurokhman, Endang Sulastri, and Harits Hafiid. "Indonesian Governments Policy on Environmental Law in the Era of Regional Autonomy." Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11.12 (2020): 1203-1209.
Taufiqurrohman, Syahuri, et al. "Environmental Settings in The Indonesian Constitution Perspective." Ilkogretim Online-Elementary Education Online 21.3 (2023): 417-423.
Thahira, Atika. "Penegakan Hukum Administrasi Lingkungan Hidup Ditinjau dari Konsep Negara Hukum." JCH (Jurnal Cendekia Hukum) 5.2 (2020): 260-274.
Triyanti, Annisa, et al. Environmental Governance in Indonesia. Springer Nature, 2023.
Van den Bergh, Jeroen CJM. "Environment versus growth—A criticism of “degrowth” and a plea for “a-growth”." Ecological Economics 70.5 (2011): 881-890.
Warren, Carol, and John F. McCarthy, eds. Community, Environment and Local Governance in Indonesia. Routledge, 2012.
Wijaya, Mas Pungky Hendra, and Mohammad Zulfikar Ali. "Legislation Impediments in Reorganising Government Bodies in Indonesia." Bestuur 9.1 (2021): 1-12.
Wijayanto, Adi, Hatta Acarya Wiraraja, and Siti Aminah Idris. "Forest Fire and Environmental Damage: The Indonesian Legal Policy and Law Enforcement." Unnes Law Journal 8.1 (2022): 105-132.
Wirth, David A. "The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development: Two Steps Forward and One Back, or Vice Versa." Georgia Law Review 29.3 (1995).
Wood, Harold W. "The United Nations World Charter for Nature: The Developing Nations' Initiative to Establish Protections for the Environment." Ecology Law Quarterly 12.4 (1985): 977-996.
Wulandari, Andi Sri Rezky, and Anshori Ilyas. "Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air di Indonesia: Tata Pengurusan Air dalam Bingkai Otonomi Daerah." Gema Keadilan 6.3 (2019): 287-299.
Zaid, M., et al. "The Sanctions on Environmental Performances: An Assessment of Indonesia and Brazilia Practice." Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 3.2 (2023): 236-264.