License to Pollute? Examining Environmental Permitting under Regional Autonomy in Indonesia
Article Sidebar
Published
Jan 31, 2024
Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper delves into the intricacies of environmental permitting practices within the context of regional autonomy in Indonesia, scrutinizing whether the granting of permits inadvertently facilitates environmental degradation. It investigates the regulatory frameworks and enforcement mechanisms governing environmental permitting at the local level, shedding light on the potential trade-offs between economic development and environmental protection. Through empirical analysis and case studies, the paper uncovers the realities of environmental permitting under regional autonomy, revealing instances where lax regulations or inadequate enforcement have led to environmentally harmful activities. It examines the challenges faced by local authorities in balancing the need for economic growth with the imperative of environmental sustainability, highlighting the complex dynamics at play. Furthermore, the paper evaluates the effectiveness of existing environmental permitting mechanisms in mitigating pollution and safeguarding natural resources. It identifies gaps in regulatory oversight, shortcomings in monitoring and enforcement, and instances of regulatory capture or corruption that undermine the integrity of the permitting process. In conclusion, the paper underscores the importance of reevaluating environmental permitting practices under regional autonomy to ensure that permits are not inadvertently granting a "license to pollute." It calls for enhanced transparency, accountability, and community participation in the permitting process, alongside strengthened enforcement mechanisms and capacity-building initiatives to uphold environmental standards and promote sustainable development in Indonesia's decentralized governance landscape.
Article Details
How to Cite
Yusuf, W. A., & Humam, A. (2024). License to Pollute? Examining Environmental Permitting under Regional Autonomy in Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Law and Sustainable Development, 3(1), 157-190. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijel.v3i1.78891
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Afkarina, Kunny Izza Indah, Sindhung Wardana, and Poerborini Damayanti. "Coal mining sector contribution to environmental conditions and human development index in East Kalimantan Province." Journal of Environmental Science and Sustainable Development 2.2 (2019): 192-207.
Akib, Muhammad, and F. X. Sumarja. "Environmental Law Policy as an Approach to Achieve Sustainable Development and Prosperity in an Era of Regional Autonomy." Environmental Policy and Law 49.1 (2019): 83-87.
Andjarwati, Tri, et al. "Analysis of local own revenue and balancing funds on the financial performance." International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies 13.1 (2021): 235-250.
Ansell, Christopher, and Jane Gingrich. "Trends in decentralization." Democracy transformed 1 (2003): 140-64.
Armunanto, A., S. Nadir, and D. Ekawaty. "Environmental dilemma under implementation of Indonesian regional autonomy." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 343. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2019.
Astuti, Ade Ayu. "An Analysis of Indonesian Economic Development: Case Study Mining Business in Papua Province." International Journal of Public Administration, Management and Economic Development 8.1 (2023): 1-17.
Astuti, Amelia Dwi, and Ika Riswanti Putranti. "Implikasi Kebijakan Indonesia dalam Menangani Kasus Pencemaran Lingkungan oleh PT. Freeport terhadap Keamanan Manusia di Mimika Papua." Journal of International Relations Universitas Diponegoro 4.3 (2018): 547-555.
Badrudin, Rudy, and Baldric Siregar. "The evaluation of the implementation of regional autonomy in Indonesia." Economic Journal of Emerging Markets (2015): 1-11.
Barr, Christopher M., et al., eds. Decentralization of forest administration in Indonesia: Implications for forest sustainability, economic development, and community livelihoods. CIFOR, 2006.
Basiago, Andrew D. "Economic, social, and environmental sustainability in development theory and urban planning practice." Environmentalist 19.2 (1998): 145-161.
Butt, Simon. "Regional Autonomy and Legal Disorder: The Proliferation of Local Laws in Indonesia." Singapore Journal of Legal Studies (2010): 1-21.
Cleary, Daniel Francis Richard, and Lyndon Devantier. "Indonesia: Threats to the country's biodiversity." Encyclopedia of Environmental Health 1 (2011): 187-197.
Dermawan, Ahmad, and Ida Aju Pradnja Resosudarmo. "Forests and regional autonomy: The challenge of sharing the profits and pains." Which way forward. Routledge, 2010, pp. 325-357.
Devas, Nick. "Indonesia: what do we mean by decentralization?." Public Administration and Development: The International Journal of Management Research and Practice 17.3 (1997): 351-367.
Elfithri, Rahmah, Mazlin Bin Mokhtar, and Salmah Zakaria. "The need for awareness raising, advocacy, and capacity building in Integrated Water Resources Management toward sustainable development: A case study in Malaysia." World Water Policy 5.1 (2019): 43-54.
Firmanda, Hengki, and M. Alpi Syahrin. "Mitigation of Environmental Damage Through Natural Resources Management Contracts (Eco-Contract Perspective)." Journal of Applied Engineering and Technological Science (JAETS) 4.2 (2023): 765-772.
Fitriana, Zuhda Mila, Dhea Veranica Isabella, and Lupita Sari. "Konsep Legislasi Hijau Regional (Regional Green Legislation): Mendukung Capaian TPB 2030 Nomor 7 tentang Energi." Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia 8.2 (2022): 431-454.
Haryadi, D. "Politics of environmental law in relation to mining in Bangka Belitung: A mapping." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 599. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2020.
Haryadi, Dwi, Ibrahim Ibrahim, and Darwance Darwance. "Environmental regulations (its identification and downstream implementation in Bangka Belitung)." E3S Web of Conferences. Vol. 241. EDP Sciences, 2021.
Haryana, Arif. "Impact Analysis of Strategic Policy of Natural Resources and Environment in the Indonesian Long-term Development Plan of 2005-2025." The Journal of Indonesia Sustainable Development Planning 3.2 (2022): 136-148.
Hasyim, Moh, and Siti Ruhama Mardhatillah. "Asas Otonomi Daerah dalam Penegakan Hukum terhadap Izin Lingkungan." Bina Hukum Lingkungan 5.1 (2020): 40-61.
Heryandi, Heryandi. "Environmental Law Policy as an Approach to Achieve Sustainable Development and Prosperity in an Era of Regional Autonomy." Environmental Policy and Law (2018): 83-87.
Hills, Jeremy M., et al. "Capacity building for integrated coastal management in Asia-Pacific: the case for case studies." Coastal Management 34.3 (2006): 323-337.
Holtzappel, Coen JG, and Martin Ramstedt, eds. Decentralization and regional autonomy in Indonesia: implementation and challenges. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009.
Hughes, Alice C. "Understanding the drivers of Southeast Asian biodiversity loss." Ecosphere 8.1 (2017): e01624.
Jaya, Wihana Kirana, and Howard Dick. "The latest crisis of regional autonomy in historical perspective." Indonesia Today: Challenges of History (2001): 216-228.
Kotijah, Siti, and Ine Ventyrina. "Preventive regulations to remove environmental damage to mangrove ecosystem in East Kalimantan, Indonesia." International Journal of Research in Law, Economic and Social Sciences 1.1 (2019).
Kurniawan, Robert, et al. "Eco-environment vulnerability assessment using remote sensing approach in East Kalimantan, Indonesia." Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 27 (2022): 100791.
Legge, John D. Problems of regional autonomy in contemporary Indonesia. Equinox Publishing, 2009.
Lisdiyono, Edy. "The cancellation of environmental license of pt. Semen indonesia: A strategic environmental assessment." Hasanuddin Law Review 3.3 (2018): 322-333.
López, Ramón, and Michael A. Toman, eds. Economic development and environmental sustainability: new policy options. OUP Oxford, 2006.
Mensah, Justice. "Sustainable development: Meaning, history, principles, pillars, and implications for human action: Literature review." Cogent Social Sciences 5.1 (2019): 1653531.
Moonti, Roy Marthen. "Regional Autonomy in Realizing Good Governance." Substantive Justice International Journal of Law 2.1 (2019): 43-53.
Muharram, Samahuddin, et al. "Politics of Ecology on Environmental Management in Regional Autonomy Perspective in Banjar Regency." International Journal of Politic, Public Policy and Environmental Issues 1.2 (2021): 80-87.
Muhyidin, Ali. "Guarding Central Government Control over Forest: Forest Governance in the Post Decentralization Indonesia." Jurnal Politik 4.1 (2019).
Muin, Fatkhul. "Otonomi daerah dalam perspektif pembagian urusan pemerintah-pemerintah daerah dan keuangan daerah." Fiat Justisia 8.1 (2014): 69-79.
Nasution, Anwar. "The government decentralization program in Indonesia." Central and local government relations in Asia. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2017, pp. 276-305.
Nugroho, Wahyu. "Reorienting the Principle of Sustainable Development in Investing Policy Utilizing Natural Resources and Energy in Indonesia." Indonesian Journal of Energy 5.1 (2022): 15-24.
Osborne, Sam. "Learning from Anangu histories: Population centralisation and decentralisation influences and the provision of schooling in tri-state remote communities." The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 44.2 (2015): 127-138.
Putra, David Aprizon. "Eksistensi Sistem Hukum Perizinan Kegiatan Pertambangan Dalam Otonomi Daerah Sebagai Salah Satu Instrumen Hukum Hak-Hak Masyarakat." Legality: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 24.1 (2016): 12-26.
Resosudarmo, Budy P., ed. The politics and economics of Indonesia's natural resources. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2005.
Resosudarmo, Budy, et al. "Development in Papua after special autonomy." Regional dynamics in a decentralized Indonesia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS), 2014.
Ristanti, Yulia Devi, and Eko Handoyo. "Undang-undang otonomi daerah dan pembangunan ekonomi daerah." Jurnal RAK (Riset Akuntansi Keuangan) 2.1 (2017): 115-122.
Rondinelli, Dennis A. "Decentralization and development." International development governance. Routledge, 2017, pp. 391-404.
Rondinelli, Dennis A., John R. Nellis, and G. Shabbir Cheema. "Decentralization in developing countries." World Bank staff working paper 581 (1983): 13-28.
Roziqin, Ali. "Environmental policy of mangroves management in Rembang Regency." E3S Web of Conferences. Vol. 31. EDP Sciences, 2018.
Rs, Iza Rumesten, et al. "Protection of Human Rights Against the Environment in the Indonesian Legal System." Journal of Law and Sustainable Development 11.10 (2023): e570-e570.
Safa, Mohammad. "Environmental quality and regional autonomy in Indonesia." International Journal of Business and Management 10.2 (2020): 217-228.
Safitri, Sani. "Sejarah perkembangan otonomi daerah di Indonesia." Criksetra: Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah 5.1 (2016).
Sambanis, Nicholas, and Branko Milanovic. "Explaining regional autonomy differences in decentralized countries." Comparative Political Studies 47.13 (2014): 1830-1855.
Sari, Purnama, R. Rindu Garvera, and Aan Anwar Sihabudin. "What is the Contribution of Local Original Revenue to Regional Financial Independent?." JPAS (Journal of Public Administration Studies) 3.2 (2018): 78-81.
Sartika, Dewi. "Decentralization and regional autonomy in the industrial revolution 4.0 era." MICEB: Mulawarman International Conference on Economics and Business. Vol. 2. No. 1. 2019.
Setiawan, Bakti, and Sudharto P. Hadi. "Regional autonomy and local resource management in Indonesia." Asia Pacific Viewpoint 48.1 (2007): 72-84.
Setiawan, Hendy, Genut Wahyu Widiono, and Galuh Hikmah. "The Formation of the New Autonomous Region of Papua and Welfare Guarantees in the Decentralization Policy." Jurnal Borneo Administrator 19.3 (2023): 319-332.
Seymour, Richard, and Sarah Turner. "Otonomi daerah: Indonesia's decentralisation experiment." New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies 4 (2002): 33-51.
Steinberg, Florian. "Jakarta: Environmental problems and sustainability." Habitat International 31.3-4 (2007): 354-365.
Sukarniati, Lestari, and Firsty Ramadhona Amalia Lubis. "Determinants of Local Original Income The Era of Special Autonomy for the Government of Aceh Province." Optimum: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 11.1 (2021): 92-106.
Talitha, Tessa, Tommy Firman, and Delik Hudalah. "Welcoming two decades of decentralization in Indonesia: a regional development perspective." Territory, Politics, Governance 8.5 (2020): 690-708.
Taufiqurokhman, Endang Sulastri, and Harits Hafiid. "Indonesian Governments Policy on Environmental Law in the Era of Regional Autonomy." Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11.12 (2020): 1203-1209.
Turner, Mark. "Regional autonomy and the state in Indonesia." Autonomy, self-governance and conflict resolution: Innovative approaches to institutional design in divided societies 33 (2005): 186.
Yahman, Yahman, and Azis Setyagama. "Government policy in regulating the environment for development of sustainable environment in Indonesia." Environment, Development and Sustainability 25.11 (2023): 12829-12840.
Yakub, Andi, Ahmad Bashawir Abdul Ghani, and Mohammad Syafiâ. "Urgency of political decentralization and regional autonomy in Indonesia: Local perspectives." Journal of International Studies 14 (2018): 141-150.
Yuliadi, Imamudin. "Determinants of Local Government Revenue: A Survey of Regional Economic Development in Indonesia." Quality-Access to Success 24.193 (2023).
Akib, Muhammad, and F. X. Sumarja. "Environmental Law Policy as an Approach to Achieve Sustainable Development and Prosperity in an Era of Regional Autonomy." Environmental Policy and Law 49.1 (2019): 83-87.
Andjarwati, Tri, et al. "Analysis of local own revenue and balancing funds on the financial performance." International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies 13.1 (2021): 235-250.
Ansell, Christopher, and Jane Gingrich. "Trends in decentralization." Democracy transformed 1 (2003): 140-64.
Armunanto, A., S. Nadir, and D. Ekawaty. "Environmental dilemma under implementation of Indonesian regional autonomy." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 343. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2019.
Astuti, Ade Ayu. "An Analysis of Indonesian Economic Development: Case Study Mining Business in Papua Province." International Journal of Public Administration, Management and Economic Development 8.1 (2023): 1-17.
Astuti, Amelia Dwi, and Ika Riswanti Putranti. "Implikasi Kebijakan Indonesia dalam Menangani Kasus Pencemaran Lingkungan oleh PT. Freeport terhadap Keamanan Manusia di Mimika Papua." Journal of International Relations Universitas Diponegoro 4.3 (2018): 547-555.
Badrudin, Rudy, and Baldric Siregar. "The evaluation of the implementation of regional autonomy in Indonesia." Economic Journal of Emerging Markets (2015): 1-11.
Barr, Christopher M., et al., eds. Decentralization of forest administration in Indonesia: Implications for forest sustainability, economic development, and community livelihoods. CIFOR, 2006.
Basiago, Andrew D. "Economic, social, and environmental sustainability in development theory and urban planning practice." Environmentalist 19.2 (1998): 145-161.
Butt, Simon. "Regional Autonomy and Legal Disorder: The Proliferation of Local Laws in Indonesia." Singapore Journal of Legal Studies (2010): 1-21.
Cleary, Daniel Francis Richard, and Lyndon Devantier. "Indonesia: Threats to the country's biodiversity." Encyclopedia of Environmental Health 1 (2011): 187-197.
Dermawan, Ahmad, and Ida Aju Pradnja Resosudarmo. "Forests and regional autonomy: The challenge of sharing the profits and pains." Which way forward. Routledge, 2010, pp. 325-357.
Devas, Nick. "Indonesia: what do we mean by decentralization?." Public Administration and Development: The International Journal of Management Research and Practice 17.3 (1997): 351-367.
Elfithri, Rahmah, Mazlin Bin Mokhtar, and Salmah Zakaria. "The need for awareness raising, advocacy, and capacity building in Integrated Water Resources Management toward sustainable development: A case study in Malaysia." World Water Policy 5.1 (2019): 43-54.
Firmanda, Hengki, and M. Alpi Syahrin. "Mitigation of Environmental Damage Through Natural Resources Management Contracts (Eco-Contract Perspective)." Journal of Applied Engineering and Technological Science (JAETS) 4.2 (2023): 765-772.
Fitriana, Zuhda Mila, Dhea Veranica Isabella, and Lupita Sari. "Konsep Legislasi Hijau Regional (Regional Green Legislation): Mendukung Capaian TPB 2030 Nomor 7 tentang Energi." Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia 8.2 (2022): 431-454.
Haryadi, D. "Politics of environmental law in relation to mining in Bangka Belitung: A mapping." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 599. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2020.
Haryadi, Dwi, Ibrahim Ibrahim, and Darwance Darwance. "Environmental regulations (its identification and downstream implementation in Bangka Belitung)." E3S Web of Conferences. Vol. 241. EDP Sciences, 2021.
Haryana, Arif. "Impact Analysis of Strategic Policy of Natural Resources and Environment in the Indonesian Long-term Development Plan of 2005-2025." The Journal of Indonesia Sustainable Development Planning 3.2 (2022): 136-148.
Hasyim, Moh, and Siti Ruhama Mardhatillah. "Asas Otonomi Daerah dalam Penegakan Hukum terhadap Izin Lingkungan." Bina Hukum Lingkungan 5.1 (2020): 40-61.
Heryandi, Heryandi. "Environmental Law Policy as an Approach to Achieve Sustainable Development and Prosperity in an Era of Regional Autonomy." Environmental Policy and Law (2018): 83-87.
Hills, Jeremy M., et al. "Capacity building for integrated coastal management in Asia-Pacific: the case for case studies." Coastal Management 34.3 (2006): 323-337.
Holtzappel, Coen JG, and Martin Ramstedt, eds. Decentralization and regional autonomy in Indonesia: implementation and challenges. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009.
Hughes, Alice C. "Understanding the drivers of Southeast Asian biodiversity loss." Ecosphere 8.1 (2017): e01624.
Jaya, Wihana Kirana, and Howard Dick. "The latest crisis of regional autonomy in historical perspective." Indonesia Today: Challenges of History (2001): 216-228.
Kotijah, Siti, and Ine Ventyrina. "Preventive regulations to remove environmental damage to mangrove ecosystem in East Kalimantan, Indonesia." International Journal of Research in Law, Economic and Social Sciences 1.1 (2019).
Kurniawan, Robert, et al. "Eco-environment vulnerability assessment using remote sensing approach in East Kalimantan, Indonesia." Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 27 (2022): 100791.
Legge, John D. Problems of regional autonomy in contemporary Indonesia. Equinox Publishing, 2009.
Lisdiyono, Edy. "The cancellation of environmental license of pt. Semen indonesia: A strategic environmental assessment." Hasanuddin Law Review 3.3 (2018): 322-333.
López, Ramón, and Michael A. Toman, eds. Economic development and environmental sustainability: new policy options. OUP Oxford, 2006.
Mensah, Justice. "Sustainable development: Meaning, history, principles, pillars, and implications for human action: Literature review." Cogent Social Sciences 5.1 (2019): 1653531.
Moonti, Roy Marthen. "Regional Autonomy in Realizing Good Governance." Substantive Justice International Journal of Law 2.1 (2019): 43-53.
Muharram, Samahuddin, et al. "Politics of Ecology on Environmental Management in Regional Autonomy Perspective in Banjar Regency." International Journal of Politic, Public Policy and Environmental Issues 1.2 (2021): 80-87.
Muhyidin, Ali. "Guarding Central Government Control over Forest: Forest Governance in the Post Decentralization Indonesia." Jurnal Politik 4.1 (2019).
Muin, Fatkhul. "Otonomi daerah dalam perspektif pembagian urusan pemerintah-pemerintah daerah dan keuangan daerah." Fiat Justisia 8.1 (2014): 69-79.
Nasution, Anwar. "The government decentralization program in Indonesia." Central and local government relations in Asia. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2017, pp. 276-305.
Nugroho, Wahyu. "Reorienting the Principle of Sustainable Development in Investing Policy Utilizing Natural Resources and Energy in Indonesia." Indonesian Journal of Energy 5.1 (2022): 15-24.
Osborne, Sam. "Learning from Anangu histories: Population centralisation and decentralisation influences and the provision of schooling in tri-state remote communities." The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 44.2 (2015): 127-138.
Putra, David Aprizon. "Eksistensi Sistem Hukum Perizinan Kegiatan Pertambangan Dalam Otonomi Daerah Sebagai Salah Satu Instrumen Hukum Hak-Hak Masyarakat." Legality: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 24.1 (2016): 12-26.
Resosudarmo, Budy P., ed. The politics and economics of Indonesia's natural resources. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2005.
Resosudarmo, Budy, et al. "Development in Papua after special autonomy." Regional dynamics in a decentralized Indonesia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS), 2014.
Ristanti, Yulia Devi, and Eko Handoyo. "Undang-undang otonomi daerah dan pembangunan ekonomi daerah." Jurnal RAK (Riset Akuntansi Keuangan) 2.1 (2017): 115-122.
Rondinelli, Dennis A. "Decentralization and development." International development governance. Routledge, 2017, pp. 391-404.
Rondinelli, Dennis A., John R. Nellis, and G. Shabbir Cheema. "Decentralization in developing countries." World Bank staff working paper 581 (1983): 13-28.
Roziqin, Ali. "Environmental policy of mangroves management in Rembang Regency." E3S Web of Conferences. Vol. 31. EDP Sciences, 2018.
Rs, Iza Rumesten, et al. "Protection of Human Rights Against the Environment in the Indonesian Legal System." Journal of Law and Sustainable Development 11.10 (2023): e570-e570.
Safa, Mohammad. "Environmental quality and regional autonomy in Indonesia." International Journal of Business and Management 10.2 (2020): 217-228.
Safitri, Sani. "Sejarah perkembangan otonomi daerah di Indonesia." Criksetra: Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah 5.1 (2016).
Sambanis, Nicholas, and Branko Milanovic. "Explaining regional autonomy differences in decentralized countries." Comparative Political Studies 47.13 (2014): 1830-1855.
Sari, Purnama, R. Rindu Garvera, and Aan Anwar Sihabudin. "What is the Contribution of Local Original Revenue to Regional Financial Independent?." JPAS (Journal of Public Administration Studies) 3.2 (2018): 78-81.
Sartika, Dewi. "Decentralization and regional autonomy in the industrial revolution 4.0 era." MICEB: Mulawarman International Conference on Economics and Business. Vol. 2. No. 1. 2019.
Setiawan, Bakti, and Sudharto P. Hadi. "Regional autonomy and local resource management in Indonesia." Asia Pacific Viewpoint 48.1 (2007): 72-84.
Setiawan, Hendy, Genut Wahyu Widiono, and Galuh Hikmah. "The Formation of the New Autonomous Region of Papua and Welfare Guarantees in the Decentralization Policy." Jurnal Borneo Administrator 19.3 (2023): 319-332.
Seymour, Richard, and Sarah Turner. "Otonomi daerah: Indonesia's decentralisation experiment." New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies 4 (2002): 33-51.
Steinberg, Florian. "Jakarta: Environmental problems and sustainability." Habitat International 31.3-4 (2007): 354-365.
Sukarniati, Lestari, and Firsty Ramadhona Amalia Lubis. "Determinants of Local Original Income The Era of Special Autonomy for the Government of Aceh Province." Optimum: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 11.1 (2021): 92-106.
Talitha, Tessa, Tommy Firman, and Delik Hudalah. "Welcoming two decades of decentralization in Indonesia: a regional development perspective." Territory, Politics, Governance 8.5 (2020): 690-708.
Taufiqurokhman, Endang Sulastri, and Harits Hafiid. "Indonesian Governments Policy on Environmental Law in the Era of Regional Autonomy." Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11.12 (2020): 1203-1209.
Turner, Mark. "Regional autonomy and the state in Indonesia." Autonomy, self-governance and conflict resolution: Innovative approaches to institutional design in divided societies 33 (2005): 186.
Yahman, Yahman, and Azis Setyagama. "Government policy in regulating the environment for development of sustainable environment in Indonesia." Environment, Development and Sustainability 25.11 (2023): 12829-12840.
Yakub, Andi, Ahmad Bashawir Abdul Ghani, and Mohammad Syafiâ. "Urgency of political decentralization and regional autonomy in Indonesia: Local perspectives." Journal of International Studies 14 (2018): 141-150.
Yuliadi, Imamudin. "Determinants of Local Government Revenue: A Survey of Regional Economic Development in Indonesia." Quality-Access to Success 24.193 (2023).