Implementation of Environmental Pollution and Damage Prevention Instruments in Indonesia: Issues and Challenges
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Jan 31, 2024
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Abstract
This paper delves into the implementation of environmental pollution and damage prevention instruments in Indonesia, highlighting the inherent issues and challenges. It scrutinizes the efficacy of existing measures in curbing environmental degradation and explores the obstacles hindering their successful execution. The findings underscore a myriad of challenges confronting the implementation process, ranging from regulatory gaps and enforcement deficiencies to institutional capacity constraints. Despite the presence of legislation aimed at safeguarding the environment, enforcement mechanisms often fall short due to inadequate resources, corruption, and lack of coordination among relevant stakeholders. Additionally, the complexity of environmental issues, coupled with rapid industrialization and urbanization, exacerbates the challenges faced in mitigating pollution and preserving natural resources. Addressing these challenges necessitates a multi-faceted approach that encompasses legislative reforms, capacity building initiatives, and enhanced collaboration between government agencies, civil society, and the private sector. Strengthening regulatory frameworks, improving monitoring and enforcement mechanisms, and promoting public awareness are crucial steps towards achieving sustainable environmental management in Indonesia. Moreover, integrating environmental considerations into broader policy agendas and fostering international cooperation are vital for addressing cross-border environmental challenges and ensuring long-term environmental sustainability. In conclusion, while Indonesia has made strides in formulating environmental policies, effective implementation remains a pressing issue. By identifying and addressing the challenges impeding the execution of pollution prevention instruments, Indonesia can bolster its environmental governance framework and pave the way for a greener and more sustainable future.
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Alicia, F. R. (2024). Implementation of Environmental Pollution and Damage Prevention Instruments in Indonesia: Issues and Challenges. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Law and Sustainable Development, 3(1), 125-156. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijel.v3i1.78892
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References
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Appannagari, Ramamohana Reddy. "Environmental pollution causes and consequences: a study." North Asian International Research Journal of Social Science & Humanities 3.8 (2017): 151-161.
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Bakri, Bachril, et al. "Regional sustainable development indicators for developing countries: case study of provinces in Indonesia." International Journal of Sustainable Development 21.1-4 (2018): 102-130.
Balan, Lidia Lenuta. "The Legal Regime of Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution." Calitatea 15.S1 (2014): 466.
Barber, Charles Victor. "Forest resource scarcity & social conflict in Indonesia." Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 40.4 (1998): 4-9.
Bell, Stuart, Donald McGillivray, and Ole Pedersen. Environmental law. Oxford University Press, USA, 2013.
Bhatt, Arvind Kumar, et al. "Fuel from waste: A review on scientific solution for waste management and environment conservation." Prospects of Alternative Transportation Fuels (2018): 205-233.
Blackman, Allen, Shakeb Afsah, and Damayanti Ratunanda. "How do public disclosure pollution control programs work? Evidence from Indonesia." Human Ecology Review (2004): 235-246.
Blaikie, Piers, and Harold Brookfield. Land Degradation and Aociety. Routledge, 2015.
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Brookfield, Harold. "Landscape history: Land degradation in the Indonesian region." Paper Landscapes. Brill, 1998. 27-59.
Charlesworth, Susanne M., and Colin A. Booth. "Closing Comments on Urban Pollution." Urban Pollution: Science and Management (2018): 417-421.
Cribb, Robert. "The politics of pollution control in Indonesia." Asian Survey 30.12 (1990): 1123-1135.
Danusaputra, Munadjat. Hukum Lingkungan. Bandung: Binacipta, 1981.
Diamond, Miriam L., et al. "Exploring the planetary boundary for chemical pollution." Environment international 78 (2015): 8-15.
Dietz, Simon, and W. Neil Adger. "Economic growth, biodiversity loss and conservation effort." Journal of Environmental Management 68.1 (2003): 23-35.
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Eswaran, Hari, Rattan Lal, and P. F. Reich. "Land degradation: an overview." Response to Land Degradation (2019): 20-35.
Fahruddin, Muhammad. "Penegakan hukum lingkungan di indonesia dalam perspektif Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup." Veritas 5.2 (2019): 81-98.
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Hasyim, Yonani, and Serlika Aprita. "The Aspects of Environmental Law Enforcement in Indonesia and the Implementation of International Agreements in the Environmental Field in Indonesia." Nurani: Jurnal Kajian Syari'ah dan Masyarakat 21.2 (2021): 209-218.
Ioan, R. "The importance of environmental protection in CSR policy." Economic Science Series, 20.2 (2011): 778-784.
Johnson, Donald L., et al. "Meanings of environmental terms." Journal of Environmental Quality 26.3 (1997): 581-589.
Jones, Sarah L., et al. "Swabbing the surface: critical factors in environmental monitoring and a path towards standardization and improvement." Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 60.2 (2020): 225-243.
Keller, Edward A., and Duane E. DeVecchio. Natural hazards: earth's processes as hazards, disasters, and catastrophes. Routledge, 2019.
Kovaleva, Tatyana N., et al. "Ecological safety and hazards to public health: the search for balance within the" human-biosphere" system." Ekoloji 28.107 (2019): 5039-5043.
Kumayza, Toni, and Sundek Hariyadi. "EIA/AMDAL in risk society: A study in developing country Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 1114. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2022.
Kumayza, Toni. "EIA in developing countries: How does environmental impact assessment (EIA)/(AMDAL) support neoliberal mining?(a case study in Indonesia)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 905. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2021.
Kurniawan, Robi, and Shunsuke Managi. "Economic growth and sustainable development in Indonesia: an assessment." Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 54.3 (2018): 339-361.
Landrigan, Philip J., et al. "Human health and ocean pollution." Annals of Global Health 86.1 (2020).
Laurance, William F. "Forest destruction in tropical Asia." Current Science (2007): 1544-1550; Dauvergne, Peter. "The politics of deforestation in Indonesia." Pacific Affairs (1993): 497-518.
Lazarus, Richard J. The making of environmental law. University of Chicago Press, 2023.
Lei, Wang, et al. "Interpretation of the IPCC AR6 on the impacts and risks of climate change." Advances in Climate Change Research 18.4 (2022): 389.
Makarao, Mohammad Taufik. Aspek-Aspek Hukum Lingkungan. Jakarta: Indeks, 2006.
Maruf, Arifin. "Legal aspects of environment in Indonesia: An efforts to prevent environmental damage and pollution." Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 1.1 (2021).
Mauch, Christof, and Christian Pfister, eds. Natural disasters, cultural responses: case studies toward a global environmental history. Lexington Books, 2009.
Mocuta, Dorina Nicoleta. "Influence of the climate changes on the human life quality, in rural areas." Revista de Chimie 68.6 (2017): 1392-1396.
Montz, Burrell E., Graham A. Tobin, and Ronald R. Hagelman. Natural hazards: explanation and integration. Guilford Publications, 2017.
Mujiyo, Mujiyo, et al. "Effects of land use on soil degradation in Giriwoyo, Wonogiri, Indonesia." Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 9.1 (2021): 3063.
Münzel, Thomas, et al. "Soil and water pollution and human health: what should cardiologists worry about?." Cardiovascular Research 119.2 (2023): 440-449.
Niessen, Nicole. Environmental law in development: lessons from the Indonesian experience. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2006.
Nihayah, D. M., et al. "Spatial Effects of Economic Activity and Environmental Carrying Capacity on Air Quality in Java and Bali Islands." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 1248. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2023.
Oldfield, F., and J. A. Dearing. "The role of human activities in past environmental change." Paleoclimate, global change and the future. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003, pp. 143-162.
Oliveira, Kevin, et al. "Assessing the impacts of citizen-led policies on emissions, air quality and health." Journal of Environmental Management 302 (2022): 114047.
Olson, J. M., and L. Berry. "Land degradation in Java, Indonesia: its extent and impact." Global Mechanism with Support from the World Bank (2004).
Otero, Iago, et al. "Biodiversity policy beyond economic growth." Conservation letters 13.4 (2020): e12713.
Purniawati, Purniawati, Nikmatul Kasana, and Rodiyah Rodiyah. "Good environmental governance in indonesia (perspective of environmental protection and management)." The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 2.1 (2020): 43-56.
Putri, Eka Intan Kumala, et al. "The oil palm governance: challenges of sustainability policy in Indonesia." Sustainability 14.3 (2022): 1820.
Rezagama, A., E. Sutrisno, and D. S. Handayani. "Pollution Model of Batik and Domestic Wastewater on River Water Quality." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 448. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2020.
Riggs, Rebecca A., et al. "Governance challenges in an Eastern Indonesian forest landscape." Sustainability 10.1 (2018): 169.
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Rozali, Rahmat, Aman Mostavan, and Spencer Albright. "Sustainable development in Indonesia: a renewable energy perspective." Renewable Energy 3.2-3 (1993): 173-174.
Salim, Agus, and Liberthin Palullungan. "The challenges of environmental law enforcement to implement SDGs in Indonesia." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (2021): 517-524.
Salim, Emil, and Ola Ullsten. Our forests, Our future. Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Salim, Emil. Lingkungan Hidup dan Pembangunan. Jakarta: Mutiara, 1979.
Salim, Emil. Pembangunan Berkelanjutan. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia, 2010.
Siahaan, Selma, Max J. Herman, and Nyoman Fitri. "Antimicrobial resistance situation in Indonesia: a challenge of multisector and global coordination." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2022 (2022).
Sidiq, Rd Siti Sofro. "Environmental Protection To Mitigate The Annual Forest And Land Fires Crisis In Riau Province Indonesia." International Journal on Social Science, Economics and Art 9.3 (2019): 164-172.
Sinden, Amy. "Climate Change and Human Rights." Utah Environmental Law Review 27.2 (2008).
Siregar, M. A., and S. W. Utomo. "Environmental impact assessment as a regulation and equator principles as an initiative." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 399. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2019.
Smith, Rebecca J. Nimmo, et al. "Evaluating the implementation of the Nitrates Directive in Denmark and England using an actor‐orientated approach." European Environment 17.2 (2007): 124-144.
Soedomo, Sudarsono. "Political economy of land use in Indonesia: Trap and curse of natural forests." Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika 27 (2021): 42-42.
Suriadikusumah, Abraham, et al. "Analysis of the water quality at Cipeusing river, Indonesia using the pollution index method." Acta Ecologica Sinica 41.3 (2021): 177-182.
Susanto, Ely, et al. "Driving factors of Deforestation in Indonesia: A case of Central Kalimantan." Jurnal Studi Pemerintahan (2018): 511-532.
Susilo, Yuvensius Sri, and Laurensius Farel Dwi Putranto. "Several variables affecting provincial Air Quality Index (AQI) in Indonesia 2012–2019." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 1180. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2023.
Tong, Shilu, et al. "Current and future threats to human health in the Anthropocene." Environment International 158 (2022): 106892.
Trundle, Alexei, and Darryn McEvoy. "Urban greening, human health and well-being." The Routledge Handbook of Urbanization and Global Environmental Change. Routledge, 2015. 276-292.
Tsujino, Riyou, et al. "History of forest loss and degradation in Indonesia." Land Use Policy 57 (2016): 335-347.
Vinayak, Anil Kumar, and Anand VP Gurumoorthy. "Vaclav Smil's Perspective on Fossil Fuels and Renewable Energy: A Review." Petroleum & Coal 62.4 (2020); Rajabloo, Talieh, et al. "Environmental management of industrial decarbonization with focus on chemical sectors: A review." Journal of Environmental Management 302 (2022): 114055.
Wang, Xinhao. "Ecological wisdom as a guide for implementing the precautionary principle." Socio-Ecological Practice Research 1.1 (2019): 25-32.
Wijayanto, Adi, Hatta Acarya Wiraraja, and Siti Aminah Idris. "Forest Fire and Environmental Damage: The Indonesian Legal Policy and Law Enforcement." Unnes Law Journal 8.1 (2022): 105-132.
Wyszomirski, Adam, and Marcin Olkiewicz. "Environmental corporate social responsibility as a tool for creating the future of environmental protection." Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska 22 (2020): 1145-1161.
Yuliati, Yuliati, et al. "Water quality assesment of Pengambang River, Pekanbaru City, Riau Province, Indonesia using pollution index (PI)." BIO Web of Conferences. Vol. 74. EDP Sciences, 2023.
Zahroh, Ummi A'zizah, and Fatma Ulfatun Najicha. "Problems and challenges on environmental law enforcement in Indonesia: AMDAL in the context of administrative law." Indonesian State Law Review (ISLRev) 5.2 (2022): 53-66.
Zaki, Muhammad, et al. "Analysis of Air, Water and Noise Level Quality Due to Industrials Activities in Aceh Province." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 79.1 (2021): 54-62.
Absori, Absori, et al. "The prospect of environmental law to achieve healthy environmental development in Indonesia." Medico-Legal Update 20.1 (2020): 204-208.
Aden, Jean Bush. "The Relevance of Environmental Protection in Indonesia." Ecology Law Quarterly (1975): 987-1006.
Aji, Adiguna Bagas Waskito, et al. "Social Justice on Environmental Law Enforcement in Indonesia: The Contemporary and Controversial Cases." The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 2.1 (2020): 57-72.
Andriansyah, Andriansyah, Endang Sulastri, and Evi Satispi. "Economic Administration and Institutional Management in a Decentralized Regime Mode: New Insights from Environmental Resources." International Journal of Economics & Business Administration (IJEBA) 7.4 (2019): 424-432.
Appannagari, Ramamohana Reddy. "Environmental pollution causes and consequences: a study." North Asian International Research Journal of Social Science & Humanities 3.8 (2017): 151-161.
Ashour, Ameel Jabbar, and Harlida Abdul Wahab. "The legal framework for the protection of the air under international conventions." The Social Sciences 11.14 (2016): 3490-3494.
Azqueta, Diego, and Daniel Sotelsek. "Valuing nature: From environmental impacts to natural capital." Ecological Economics 63.1 (2007): 22-30.
Azwardi, Azwardi, et al. "Carbon emissions, economic growth, forest, agricultural land and air pollution in Indonesia." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 11.4 (2021): 537-542.
Bakri, Bachril, et al. "Regional sustainable development indicators for developing countries: case study of provinces in Indonesia." International Journal of Sustainable Development 21.1-4 (2018): 102-130.
Balan, Lidia Lenuta. "The Legal Regime of Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution." Calitatea 15.S1 (2014): 466.
Barber, Charles Victor. "Forest resource scarcity & social conflict in Indonesia." Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 40.4 (1998): 4-9.
Bell, Stuart, Donald McGillivray, and Ole Pedersen. Environmental law. Oxford University Press, USA, 2013.
Bhatt, Arvind Kumar, et al. "Fuel from waste: A review on scientific solution for waste management and environment conservation." Prospects of Alternative Transportation Fuels (2018): 205-233.
Blackman, Allen, Shakeb Afsah, and Damayanti Ratunanda. "How do public disclosure pollution control programs work? Evidence from Indonesia." Human Ecology Review (2004): 235-246.
Blaikie, Piers, and Harold Brookfield. Land Degradation and Aociety. Routledge, 2015.
Brack, Werner, et al. "One planet: one health. A call to support the initiative on a global science–policy body on chemicals and waste." Environmental Sciences Europe 34.1 (2022): 21.
Brookfield, Harold. "Landscape history: Land degradation in the Indonesian region." Paper Landscapes. Brill, 1998. 27-59.
Charlesworth, Susanne M., and Colin A. Booth. "Closing Comments on Urban Pollution." Urban Pollution: Science and Management (2018): 417-421.
Cribb, Robert. "The politics of pollution control in Indonesia." Asian Survey 30.12 (1990): 1123-1135.
Danusaputra, Munadjat. Hukum Lingkungan. Bandung: Binacipta, 1981.
Diamond, Miriam L., et al. "Exploring the planetary boundary for chemical pollution." Environment international 78 (2015): 8-15.
Dietz, Simon, and W. Neil Adger. "Economic growth, biodiversity loss and conservation effort." Journal of Environmental Management 68.1 (2003): 23-35.
Dirdjosisworo, Soejono. Pengaman Hukum Terhadap Pencemaran Lingkungan Akibat Industri. Bandung: Alumni, 1983.
Eswaran, Hari, Rattan Lal, and P. F. Reich. "Land degradation: an overview." Response to Land Degradation (2019): 20-35.
Fahruddin, Muhammad. "Penegakan hukum lingkungan di indonesia dalam perspektif Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup." Veritas 5.2 (2019): 81-98.
Hakim, Dani Amran. "Politik Hukum Lingkungan Hidup Di Indonesia Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 Tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup." Fiat Justisia: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 9.2 (2015).
Haq, Failaqul, Mokhamad Nur Cahyadi, and Josaphat Tetuko Sri Sumantyo. "Interrelationships between Satellite Imagery Pollutants and Aerosol Particles in Air Quality Assessment (NO2, SO2, O3, CO, AOD) and GNSS ZWD Data." 2023 8th Asia-Pacific Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (APSAR). IEEE, 2023.
Hasyim, Yonani, and Serlika Aprita. "The Aspects of Environmental Law Enforcement in Indonesia and the Implementation of International Agreements in the Environmental Field in Indonesia." Nurani: Jurnal Kajian Syari'ah dan Masyarakat 21.2 (2021): 209-218.
Ioan, R. "The importance of environmental protection in CSR policy." Economic Science Series, 20.2 (2011): 778-784.
Johnson, Donald L., et al. "Meanings of environmental terms." Journal of Environmental Quality 26.3 (1997): 581-589.
Jones, Sarah L., et al. "Swabbing the surface: critical factors in environmental monitoring and a path towards standardization and improvement." Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 60.2 (2020): 225-243.
Keller, Edward A., and Duane E. DeVecchio. Natural hazards: earth's processes as hazards, disasters, and catastrophes. Routledge, 2019.
Kovaleva, Tatyana N., et al. "Ecological safety and hazards to public health: the search for balance within the" human-biosphere" system." Ekoloji 28.107 (2019): 5039-5043.
Kumayza, Toni, and Sundek Hariyadi. "EIA/AMDAL in risk society: A study in developing country Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 1114. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2022.
Kumayza, Toni. "EIA in developing countries: How does environmental impact assessment (EIA)/(AMDAL) support neoliberal mining?(a case study in Indonesia)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 905. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2021.
Kurniawan, Robi, and Shunsuke Managi. "Economic growth and sustainable development in Indonesia: an assessment." Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 54.3 (2018): 339-361.
Landrigan, Philip J., et al. "Human health and ocean pollution." Annals of Global Health 86.1 (2020).
Laurance, William F. "Forest destruction in tropical Asia." Current Science (2007): 1544-1550; Dauvergne, Peter. "The politics of deforestation in Indonesia." Pacific Affairs (1993): 497-518.
Lazarus, Richard J. The making of environmental law. University of Chicago Press, 2023.
Lei, Wang, et al. "Interpretation of the IPCC AR6 on the impacts and risks of climate change." Advances in Climate Change Research 18.4 (2022): 389.
Makarao, Mohammad Taufik. Aspek-Aspek Hukum Lingkungan. Jakarta: Indeks, 2006.
Maruf, Arifin. "Legal aspects of environment in Indonesia: An efforts to prevent environmental damage and pollution." Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 1.1 (2021).
Mauch, Christof, and Christian Pfister, eds. Natural disasters, cultural responses: case studies toward a global environmental history. Lexington Books, 2009.
Mocuta, Dorina Nicoleta. "Influence of the climate changes on the human life quality, in rural areas." Revista de Chimie 68.6 (2017): 1392-1396.
Montz, Burrell E., Graham A. Tobin, and Ronald R. Hagelman. Natural hazards: explanation and integration. Guilford Publications, 2017.
Mujiyo, Mujiyo, et al. "Effects of land use on soil degradation in Giriwoyo, Wonogiri, Indonesia." Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 9.1 (2021): 3063.
Münzel, Thomas, et al. "Soil and water pollution and human health: what should cardiologists worry about?." Cardiovascular Research 119.2 (2023): 440-449.
Niessen, Nicole. Environmental law in development: lessons from the Indonesian experience. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2006.
Nihayah, D. M., et al. "Spatial Effects of Economic Activity and Environmental Carrying Capacity on Air Quality in Java and Bali Islands." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 1248. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2023.
Oldfield, F., and J. A. Dearing. "The role of human activities in past environmental change." Paleoclimate, global change and the future. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003, pp. 143-162.
Oliveira, Kevin, et al. "Assessing the impacts of citizen-led policies on emissions, air quality and health." Journal of Environmental Management 302 (2022): 114047.
Olson, J. M., and L. Berry. "Land degradation in Java, Indonesia: its extent and impact." Global Mechanism with Support from the World Bank (2004).
Otero, Iago, et al. "Biodiversity policy beyond economic growth." Conservation letters 13.4 (2020): e12713.
Purniawati, Purniawati, Nikmatul Kasana, and Rodiyah Rodiyah. "Good environmental governance in indonesia (perspective of environmental protection and management)." The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 2.1 (2020): 43-56.
Putri, Eka Intan Kumala, et al. "The oil palm governance: challenges of sustainability policy in Indonesia." Sustainability 14.3 (2022): 1820.
Rezagama, A., E. Sutrisno, and D. S. Handayani. "Pollution Model of Batik and Domestic Wastewater on River Water Quality." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 448. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2020.
Riggs, Rebecca A., et al. "Governance challenges in an Eastern Indonesian forest landscape." Sustainability 10.1 (2018): 169.
Roosmini, D., et al. "River water pollution condition in upper part of Brantas River and Bengawan Solo River." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 106. IOP Publishing, 2018.
Rozali, Rahmat, Aman Mostavan, and Spencer Albright. "Sustainable development in Indonesia: a renewable energy perspective." Renewable Energy 3.2-3 (1993): 173-174.
Salim, Agus, and Liberthin Palullungan. "The challenges of environmental law enforcement to implement SDGs in Indonesia." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (2021): 517-524.
Salim, Emil, and Ola Ullsten. Our forests, Our future. Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Salim, Emil. Lingkungan Hidup dan Pembangunan. Jakarta: Mutiara, 1979.
Salim, Emil. Pembangunan Berkelanjutan. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia, 2010.
Siahaan, Selma, Max J. Herman, and Nyoman Fitri. "Antimicrobial resistance situation in Indonesia: a challenge of multisector and global coordination." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2022 (2022).
Sidiq, Rd Siti Sofro. "Environmental Protection To Mitigate The Annual Forest And Land Fires Crisis In Riau Province Indonesia." International Journal on Social Science, Economics and Art 9.3 (2019): 164-172.
Sinden, Amy. "Climate Change and Human Rights." Utah Environmental Law Review 27.2 (2008).
Siregar, M. A., and S. W. Utomo. "Environmental impact assessment as a regulation and equator principles as an initiative." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 399. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2019.
Smith, Rebecca J. Nimmo, et al. "Evaluating the implementation of the Nitrates Directive in Denmark and England using an actor‐orientated approach." European Environment 17.2 (2007): 124-144.
Soedomo, Sudarsono. "Political economy of land use in Indonesia: Trap and curse of natural forests." Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika 27 (2021): 42-42.
Suriadikusumah, Abraham, et al. "Analysis of the water quality at Cipeusing river, Indonesia using the pollution index method." Acta Ecologica Sinica 41.3 (2021): 177-182.
Susanto, Ely, et al. "Driving factors of Deforestation in Indonesia: A case of Central Kalimantan." Jurnal Studi Pemerintahan (2018): 511-532.
Susilo, Yuvensius Sri, and Laurensius Farel Dwi Putranto. "Several variables affecting provincial Air Quality Index (AQI) in Indonesia 2012–2019." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 1180. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2023.
Tong, Shilu, et al. "Current and future threats to human health in the Anthropocene." Environment International 158 (2022): 106892.
Trundle, Alexei, and Darryn McEvoy. "Urban greening, human health and well-being." The Routledge Handbook of Urbanization and Global Environmental Change. Routledge, 2015. 276-292.
Tsujino, Riyou, et al. "History of forest loss and degradation in Indonesia." Land Use Policy 57 (2016): 335-347.
Vinayak, Anil Kumar, and Anand VP Gurumoorthy. "Vaclav Smil's Perspective on Fossil Fuels and Renewable Energy: A Review." Petroleum & Coal 62.4 (2020); Rajabloo, Talieh, et al. "Environmental management of industrial decarbonization with focus on chemical sectors: A review." Journal of Environmental Management 302 (2022): 114055.
Wang, Xinhao. "Ecological wisdom as a guide for implementing the precautionary principle." Socio-Ecological Practice Research 1.1 (2019): 25-32.
Wijayanto, Adi, Hatta Acarya Wiraraja, and Siti Aminah Idris. "Forest Fire and Environmental Damage: The Indonesian Legal Policy and Law Enforcement." Unnes Law Journal 8.1 (2022): 105-132.
Wyszomirski, Adam, and Marcin Olkiewicz. "Environmental corporate social responsibility as a tool for creating the future of environmental protection." Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska 22 (2020): 1145-1161.
Yuliati, Yuliati, et al. "Water quality assesment of Pengambang River, Pekanbaru City, Riau Province, Indonesia using pollution index (PI)." BIO Web of Conferences. Vol. 74. EDP Sciences, 2023.
Zahroh, Ummi A'zizah, and Fatma Ulfatun Najicha. "Problems and challenges on environmental law enforcement in Indonesia: AMDAL in the context of administrative law." Indonesian State Law Review (ISLRev) 5.2 (2022): 53-66.
Zaki, Muhammad, et al. "Analysis of Air, Water and Noise Level Quality Due to Industrials Activities in Aceh Province." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 79.1 (2021): 54-62.