Dirty Dollars: Profits Over Planet in Indonesia’s Application of the Polluter Pays Principle
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Jan 31, 2024
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Abstract
This paper critically examines Indonesia's application of the Polluter Pays Principle (PPP), revealing a troubling trend where economic interests often trump environmental responsibility. Through an in-depth analysis of case studies and regulatory frameworks, it exposes instances where corporations prioritize profits at the expense of environmental protection, exploiting regulatory loopholes and evading accountability for pollution. Drawing attention to the inherent tensions between economic development and environmental sustainability, the paper highlights the inadequacies in Indonesia's enforcement of the PPP. It scrutinizes the role of government agencies, industry actors, and civil society in perpetuating this profit-driven paradigm, shedding light on the challenges faced by environmental advocates in holding polluters accountable. Furthermore, the paper interrogates the implications of prioritizing profits over the planet, including the degradation of ecosystems, loss of biodiversity, and adverse impacts on public health and livelihoods. It underscores the urgent need for systemic reforms to align Indonesia's economic agenda with environmental imperatives, promoting a more balanced approach that prioritizes the planet alongside profits. In conclusion, the paper calls for a paradigm shift in Indonesia's application of the PPP, emphasizing the importance of robust regulations, transparent enforcement mechanisms, and corporate accountability measures. It advocates for a holistic approach that integrates environmental considerations into economic decision-making processes, safeguarding Indonesia's natural heritage for future generations while ensuring sustainable development and prosperity.
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Putra, D. S. (2024). Dirty Dollars: Profits Over Planet in Indonesia’s Application of the Polluter Pays Principle. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Law and Sustainable Development, 3(1), 61-96. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijel.v3i1.78894
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References
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Aragão, Alexandra. "Polluter-Pays Principle." Encyclopedia of Contemporary Constitutionalism. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022, pp. 1-24.
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Asiana, Lynda, and Hari Purwadi. "Principle of Obligation to Pay in Terms of Pollution at Sea." 3rd International Conference on Globalization of Law and Local Wisdom (ICGLOW 2019). Atlantis Press, 2019.
Asiana, Lynda, and Hari Purwadi. "Principle of Obligation to Pay in Terms of Pollution at Sea." 3rd International Conference on Globalization of Law and Local Wisdom (ICGLOW 2019). Atlantis Press, 2019.
Baland, Jean-Marie, and Jean-Philippe Platteau. Halting degradation of natural resources: is there a role for rural communities?. Food & Agriculture Org., 1996.
Barrett‐Lennard, Edward G., Hayley C. Norman, and Kingsley Dixon. "Improving saltland revegetation through understanding the “recruitment niche”: potential lessons for ecological restoration in extreme environments." Restoration Ecology 24 (2016): S91-S97.
Barthakur, Ashmita. "Polluter pays principle as the key element to environmental law." International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 11.3 (2021): 274-277.
Bergkamp, Lucas. Liability and environment: private and public law aspects of civil liability for environmental harm in an international context. Brill, 2021.
Bleeker, Arne. "Does the polluter pay? The polluter-pays principle in the case law of the European Court of Justice." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 18.6 (2009).
Blomfield, Megan. Global justice, natural resources, and climate change. Oxford University Press, USA, 2019.
Borowy, Iris. "Negotiating Environment: The Making of the OECD Environment Committee and the Polluter Pays Principle, 1968–1972." The OECD and the International Political Economy Since 1948 (2017): 311-334.
Bradshaw, Anthony D. "The importance of soil ecology in restoration science." Restoration ecology and sustainable development (1997): 33-64.
Bradshaw, Anthony D. "Underlying principles of restoration." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53.S1 (1996): 3-9.
BrunnÉee, Jutta. "Of sense and sensibility: reflections on international liability regimes as tools for environmental protection." International & Comparative Law Quarterly 53.2 (2004): 351-368.
Bugge, Hans Christian. "The polluter pays principle: dilemmas of justice in national and international contexts." Environmental Law and Justice in Context 2009 (2009): 411-428.
Carvalho, Laurence, et al. "Ecological restoration." Handbook of Catchment Management 2e (2021): 245-269.
Damigos, D., and D. Kaliampakos. "Economic aspects of modern environmental policy issues: a step forward." WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment 98 (2006).
Denton, Fatma. "Climate change vulnerability, impacts, and adaptation: Why does gender matter?." Gender & Development 10.2 (2002): 10-20.
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Dobson, Andy, et al. "The assembly, collapse and restoration of food webs." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364.1524 (2009): 1803-1806.
Dommen, Edward. "The four principles for environmental policy and sustainable development: an overview." Fair Principles for Sustainable Development (1993): 7-32.
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Febiola, Stefany, et al. "Carbon Tax as an Implementation of the Polluter Pays Principle in Indonesia." Realism: Law Review 1.2 (2023): 1-19.
Fitzmaurice, Malgosia. Contemporary issues in international environmental law. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2009.
Gugule, Hamdi, and Romi Mesra. "Implementation of the Community Development Program in the Mining Circle Community in the East Bolaang Mongondow Regency." Unima International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities (UNICSSH 2022). Atlantis Press, 2023.
Gunn, John M., et al. "From restoration to sustainable ecosystems." Restoration and Recovery of an Industrial Region: Progress in Restoring the Smelter-Damaged Landscape Near Sudbury, Canada. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1995, pp. 335-344.
Heine, Dirk, Michael G. Faure, and Goran Dominioni. "The polluter-pays principle in climate change law: An economic appraisal." Climate Law 10.1 (2020): 94-115.
Hobbs, Richard J., and David A. Norton. "Towards a conceptual framework for restoration ecology." Restoration Ecology 4.2 (1996): 93-110.
Idris, Nur Isdah. "Buyat Case: An Advocacy Against the Giant PT. International Newmont." WANUA: Jurnal Hubungan Internasional (2015): 48-57.
Indriati, Noer. "System of Responsibilities in International Marine Pollution." 3rd International Conference on Globalization of Law and Local Wisdom (ICGLOW 2019). Atlantis Press, 2019.
Israel, Debra, and Arik Levinson. "Willingness to pay for environmental quality: testable empirical implications of the growth and environment literature." Contributions in Economic Analysis & Policy 3.1 (2004): 1-29.
Katz, Rebecca S. "Environmental pollution: corporate crime and cancer mortality." Contemporary Justice Review 15.1 (2012): 97-125.
Khan, Anwar, et al. "The empirical relationship between environmental degradation, economic growth, and social well-being in Belt and Road Initiative countries." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27 (2020): 30800-30814.
Khan, Mizan R. "Polluter-pays-principle: The cardinal instrument for addressing climate change." Laws 4.3 (2015): 638-653.
Kim, A. Reum, et al. "Principle of restoration ecology reflected in the process creating the National Institute of Ecology." Journal of Ecology and Environment 45 (2021): 1-12.
Kurien, John. "The blessing of the commons: small-scale fisheries, community property rights, and coastal natural assets." Reclaiming Nature: Environmental Justice and Ecological Restoration 1 (2007): 23.
Lee, Chang‐Seok, Young‐Han You, and George R. Robinson. "Secondary succession and natural habitat restoration in abandoned rice fields of central Korea." Restoration Ecology 10.2 (2002): 306-314.
Lisdiyono, Edy. "Improving legal argument critically in the litigation mechanism in Indonesia (an empirical study of environmental verdicts)." Sriwijaya Law Review 1.1 (2017): 80-92.
Long, Bill L. "Environmental regulation: The third generation." Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. The OECD Observer 206 (1997): 14.
Luppi, Barbara, Francesco Parisi, and Shruti Rajagopalan. "The rise and fall of the polluter-pays principle in developing countries." International Review of Law and Economics 32.1 (2012): 135-144.
MacAndrews, Colin. "Politics of the Environment in Indonesia." Asian Survey 34.4 (1994): 369-380.
Maddox, Gregory H. "Africa and Environmental History." Environmental History 4.2 (1999): 162-167.
Maddox, John. "Pollution and worldwide catastrophe." Nature 236.5348 (1972).
Maruf, Arifin. "Legal aspects of environment in Indonesia: An efforts to prevent environmental damage and pollution." Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 1.1 (2021).
Meade, James Edward. The theory of economic externalities: The control of environmental pollution and similar social costs. Vol. 2. Brill Archive, 1973.
Mishan, Edward J., and Ezra J. Mishan. The Costs of Economic Growth. Vol. 9. London: Staples Press, 1967.
Mishan, Ezra J. "Ills, bads, and disamenities: The wages of growth." The No-Growth Society. Routledge, 2013, pp. 63-87.
Mishan, Ezra J. "On the Economics of Disamenity." The Corporate Society (1974): 337-369.
Mumbunan, Sonny, Irene Ring, and Thomas Lenk. Ecological fiscal transfers at the provincial level in Indonesia. No. 06/2012. UFZ Discussion Paper, 2012.
Naibaho, Nathalina. "Rethinking the ultimum remedium principle to support justice and strong law enforcement institutions in environmental crimes." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 716. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2021.
Najicha, Fatma Ulfatun, and I. Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi Handayani. "Legal Protection “Substantive Rights for Environmental Quality” on Environmental Law Against Human Rights in the Constitution in Indonesia." International Conference on Law, Economics and Health (ICLEH 2020). Atlantis Press, 2020.
Obidzinski, Krystof, and Ahmad Dermawan. "Pulp industry and environment in Indonesia: is there sustainable future?." Regional Environmental Change 12 (2012): 961-966.
Opschoor, Johannes Baptist, and R. Kerry Turner, eds. Economic incentives and environmental policies: principles and practice. Vol. 1. Springer Science & Business Media, 1994.
Pelengkahu, Muhammad Rahjay, and Najib Satria. "The Role of Environmental Legal Instruments and Government Policies in Realizing Sustainable Development in Indonesia." Administrative and Environmental Law Review 4.2 (2023): 127-138.
Purwendah, Elly Kristiani, Agoes Djatmiko, and Elisabeth Pudyastiwi. "Civil Responsibility Model of Coastal State to Oil Pollution in the Sea as the Impact from the Stipulation of Dumping Area by Tanker Ship." The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 1.1 (2019): 337-352.
Putro, Widodo Dwi, and Adriaan W. Bedner. "Ecological Sustainability from a Legal Philosophy Perspective." Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 8.2 (2023): 595-632.
Rani, Asni Mustika, et al. "Environmental Policies for Sustainable Economic Growth Achievement in Indonesia and Negara Brunei Darussalam." 4th Social and Humanities Research Symposium (SoRes 2021). Atlantis Press, 2022.
Robbins, Paul. "The rotten institution: corruption in natural resource management." Political Geography 19.4 (2000): 423-443.
Schwartz, Priscilla. "The polluter-pays principle." Research handbook on international environmental law. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2010.
Seerden, René. "Public environmental law in the Netherlands." Public Environmental Law in the European Union and the United States, A Comparative Analysis. Kluwer Law International, 2002, pp. 341-393.
Septanti, Dini. "The Buyat Case: Straddling between Environmental Securitization and De-securitization." Global & Startegis 7.2 (2013):183-195.
Setyadharma, A., et al. "The trade-off between poverty and environmental degradation: evidence from Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 448. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2020.
Shanty, Oktavilia, Wahyu Puspita Dita, and F. X. Sugiyanto. "The relationship between environmental degradation, poverty and human quality in Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences. Vol. 73. EDP Sciences, 2018.
Stec, Stephen. "Humanitarian limits to sovereignty: common concern and common heritage approaches to natural resources and environment." International Community Law Review 12.3 (2010): 361-389.
Tianur, Agus, et al. "Environment Degradation and Rural Livelihood of Mulawarman Community in Indonesia." Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika 28.3 (2022): 279-279.
Tilton, John E. "Global climate policy and the polluter pays principle: A different perspective." Resources Policy 50 (2016): 117-118.
Tisdell, Clement Allan, ed. Economics of Environmental Conservation. Vol. 1. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2005.
Triyanti, Annisa, et al. Environmental Governance in Indonesia. Springer Nature, 2023.
Vícha, Ondřej. "The polluter-pays principle in OECD recommendations and its application in international and EC/EU law." Czech Yearbook of Public & Private International Law 2 (2011): 57-67.
Wijanarko, Frieda Pratiwi. "Sea Pollution in the Coastal Area: Problems and Challenges in Law Enforcement." Law Research Review Quarterly 8.3 (2022): 335-352.
Woerdman, Edwin, Alessandra Arcuri, and Stefano Clò. "Emissions trading and the polluter-pays principle: do polluters pay under grandfathering?." Review of Law & Economics 4.2 (2008): 565-590.
Zhu, Ling, and Yachao Zhao. "Polluter-pays Principle-Policy Implementation." Environmental Policy and Law 45.1 (2015): 34-39.
Akib, Muhammad. "Learning Environmental Rights, Finding Green Future: The Road to Ecojustice." International Conference On Law, Business and Governance (ICon-LBG). Vol. 1. 2013.
Akter, Taslima. Resource Exploitation and Environmental Crisis: An Ethical Analysis. Diss. University of Dhaka, 2023.
Ambec, Stefan, and Lars Ehlers. "Regulation via the Polluter‐pays Principle." The Economic Journal 126.593 (2016): 884-906.
Aragão, Alexandra. "Polluter-Pays Principle." Encyclopedia of Contemporary Constitutionalism. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022, pp. 1-24.
Arifin, Ridwan, and Siti Hafsyah Idris. "In Dubio Pro Natura: in Doubt, should the Environment Be a Priority? A Discourse of Environmental Justice in Indonesia." Jambe Law Journal 6.2 (2023): 143-184.
Asiana, Lynda, and Hari Purwadi. "Principle of Obligation to Pay in Terms of Pollution at Sea." 3rd International Conference on Globalization of Law and Local Wisdom (ICGLOW 2019). Atlantis Press, 2019.
Asiana, Lynda, and Hari Purwadi. "Principle of Obligation to Pay in Terms of Pollution at Sea." 3rd International Conference on Globalization of Law and Local Wisdom (ICGLOW 2019). Atlantis Press, 2019.
Baland, Jean-Marie, and Jean-Philippe Platteau. Halting degradation of natural resources: is there a role for rural communities?. Food & Agriculture Org., 1996.
Barrett‐Lennard, Edward G., Hayley C. Norman, and Kingsley Dixon. "Improving saltland revegetation through understanding the “recruitment niche”: potential lessons for ecological restoration in extreme environments." Restoration Ecology 24 (2016): S91-S97.
Barthakur, Ashmita. "Polluter pays principle as the key element to environmental law." International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 11.3 (2021): 274-277.
Bergkamp, Lucas. Liability and environment: private and public law aspects of civil liability for environmental harm in an international context. Brill, 2021.
Bleeker, Arne. "Does the polluter pay? The polluter-pays principle in the case law of the European Court of Justice." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 18.6 (2009).
Blomfield, Megan. Global justice, natural resources, and climate change. Oxford University Press, USA, 2019.
Borowy, Iris. "Negotiating Environment: The Making of the OECD Environment Committee and the Polluter Pays Principle, 1968–1972." The OECD and the International Political Economy Since 1948 (2017): 311-334.
Bradshaw, Anthony D. "The importance of soil ecology in restoration science." Restoration ecology and sustainable development (1997): 33-64.
Bradshaw, Anthony D. "Underlying principles of restoration." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53.S1 (1996): 3-9.
BrunnÉee, Jutta. "Of sense and sensibility: reflections on international liability regimes as tools for environmental protection." International & Comparative Law Quarterly 53.2 (2004): 351-368.
Bugge, Hans Christian. "The polluter pays principle: dilemmas of justice in national and international contexts." Environmental Law and Justice in Context 2009 (2009): 411-428.
Carvalho, Laurence, et al. "Ecological restoration." Handbook of Catchment Management 2e (2021): 245-269.
Damigos, D., and D. Kaliampakos. "Economic aspects of modern environmental policy issues: a step forward." WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment 98 (2006).
Denton, Fatma. "Climate change vulnerability, impacts, and adaptation: Why does gender matter?." Gender & Development 10.2 (2002): 10-20.
Dobson, Andrew, et al. "Habitat loss, trophic collapse, and the decline of ecosystem services." Ecology 87.8 (2006): 1915-1924.
Dobson, Andy, et al. "The assembly, collapse and restoration of food webs." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364.1524 (2009): 1803-1806.
Dommen, Edward. "The four principles for environmental policy and sustainable development: an overview." Fair Principles for Sustainable Development (1993): 7-32.
Elliott, E. Donald, and Daniel C. Esty. "The End Environmental Externalities Manifesto: A Rights-Based Foundation for Environmental Law." NYU Environmental Law Journal 29 (2021).
Engel, Uwe, and Manuela Pötschke. "Willingness to pay for the environment: social structure, value orientations and environmental behaviour in a multilevel perspective." Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research 11.3 (1998): 315-332.
Febiola, Stefany, et al. "Carbon Tax as an Implementation of the Polluter Pays Principle in Indonesia." Realism: Law Review 1.2 (2023): 1-19.
Fitzmaurice, Malgosia. Contemporary issues in international environmental law. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2009.
Gugule, Hamdi, and Romi Mesra. "Implementation of the Community Development Program in the Mining Circle Community in the East Bolaang Mongondow Regency." Unima International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities (UNICSSH 2022). Atlantis Press, 2023.
Gunn, John M., et al. "From restoration to sustainable ecosystems." Restoration and Recovery of an Industrial Region: Progress in Restoring the Smelter-Damaged Landscape Near Sudbury, Canada. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1995, pp. 335-344.
Heine, Dirk, Michael G. Faure, and Goran Dominioni. "The polluter-pays principle in climate change law: An economic appraisal." Climate Law 10.1 (2020): 94-115.
Hobbs, Richard J., and David A. Norton. "Towards a conceptual framework for restoration ecology." Restoration Ecology 4.2 (1996): 93-110.
Idris, Nur Isdah. "Buyat Case: An Advocacy Against the Giant PT. International Newmont." WANUA: Jurnal Hubungan Internasional (2015): 48-57.
Indriati, Noer. "System of Responsibilities in International Marine Pollution." 3rd International Conference on Globalization of Law and Local Wisdom (ICGLOW 2019). Atlantis Press, 2019.
Israel, Debra, and Arik Levinson. "Willingness to pay for environmental quality: testable empirical implications of the growth and environment literature." Contributions in Economic Analysis & Policy 3.1 (2004): 1-29.
Katz, Rebecca S. "Environmental pollution: corporate crime and cancer mortality." Contemporary Justice Review 15.1 (2012): 97-125.
Khan, Anwar, et al. "The empirical relationship between environmental degradation, economic growth, and social well-being in Belt and Road Initiative countries." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27 (2020): 30800-30814.
Khan, Mizan R. "Polluter-pays-principle: The cardinal instrument for addressing climate change." Laws 4.3 (2015): 638-653.
Kim, A. Reum, et al. "Principle of restoration ecology reflected in the process creating the National Institute of Ecology." Journal of Ecology and Environment 45 (2021): 1-12.
Kurien, John. "The blessing of the commons: small-scale fisheries, community property rights, and coastal natural assets." Reclaiming Nature: Environmental Justice and Ecological Restoration 1 (2007): 23.
Lee, Chang‐Seok, Young‐Han You, and George R. Robinson. "Secondary succession and natural habitat restoration in abandoned rice fields of central Korea." Restoration Ecology 10.2 (2002): 306-314.
Lisdiyono, Edy. "Improving legal argument critically in the litigation mechanism in Indonesia (an empirical study of environmental verdicts)." Sriwijaya Law Review 1.1 (2017): 80-92.
Long, Bill L. "Environmental regulation: The third generation." Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. The OECD Observer 206 (1997): 14.
Luppi, Barbara, Francesco Parisi, and Shruti Rajagopalan. "The rise and fall of the polluter-pays principle in developing countries." International Review of Law and Economics 32.1 (2012): 135-144.
MacAndrews, Colin. "Politics of the Environment in Indonesia." Asian Survey 34.4 (1994): 369-380.
Maddox, Gregory H. "Africa and Environmental History." Environmental History 4.2 (1999): 162-167.
Maddox, John. "Pollution and worldwide catastrophe." Nature 236.5348 (1972).
Maruf, Arifin. "Legal aspects of environment in Indonesia: An efforts to prevent environmental damage and pollution." Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 1.1 (2021).
Meade, James Edward. The theory of economic externalities: The control of environmental pollution and similar social costs. Vol. 2. Brill Archive, 1973.
Mishan, Edward J., and Ezra J. Mishan. The Costs of Economic Growth. Vol. 9. London: Staples Press, 1967.
Mishan, Ezra J. "Ills, bads, and disamenities: The wages of growth." The No-Growth Society. Routledge, 2013, pp. 63-87.
Mishan, Ezra J. "On the Economics of Disamenity." The Corporate Society (1974): 337-369.
Mumbunan, Sonny, Irene Ring, and Thomas Lenk. Ecological fiscal transfers at the provincial level in Indonesia. No. 06/2012. UFZ Discussion Paper, 2012.
Naibaho, Nathalina. "Rethinking the ultimum remedium principle to support justice and strong law enforcement institutions in environmental crimes." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 716. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2021.
Najicha, Fatma Ulfatun, and I. Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi Handayani. "Legal Protection “Substantive Rights for Environmental Quality” on Environmental Law Against Human Rights in the Constitution in Indonesia." International Conference on Law, Economics and Health (ICLEH 2020). Atlantis Press, 2020.
Obidzinski, Krystof, and Ahmad Dermawan. "Pulp industry and environment in Indonesia: is there sustainable future?." Regional Environmental Change 12 (2012): 961-966.
Opschoor, Johannes Baptist, and R. Kerry Turner, eds. Economic incentives and environmental policies: principles and practice. Vol. 1. Springer Science & Business Media, 1994.
Pelengkahu, Muhammad Rahjay, and Najib Satria. "The Role of Environmental Legal Instruments and Government Policies in Realizing Sustainable Development in Indonesia." Administrative and Environmental Law Review 4.2 (2023): 127-138.
Purwendah, Elly Kristiani, Agoes Djatmiko, and Elisabeth Pudyastiwi. "Civil Responsibility Model of Coastal State to Oil Pollution in the Sea as the Impact from the Stipulation of Dumping Area by Tanker Ship." The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 1.1 (2019): 337-352.
Putro, Widodo Dwi, and Adriaan W. Bedner. "Ecological Sustainability from a Legal Philosophy Perspective." Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 8.2 (2023): 595-632.
Rani, Asni Mustika, et al. "Environmental Policies for Sustainable Economic Growth Achievement in Indonesia and Negara Brunei Darussalam." 4th Social and Humanities Research Symposium (SoRes 2021). Atlantis Press, 2022.
Robbins, Paul. "The rotten institution: corruption in natural resource management." Political Geography 19.4 (2000): 423-443.
Schwartz, Priscilla. "The polluter-pays principle." Research handbook on international environmental law. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2010.
Seerden, René. "Public environmental law in the Netherlands." Public Environmental Law in the European Union and the United States, A Comparative Analysis. Kluwer Law International, 2002, pp. 341-393.
Septanti, Dini. "The Buyat Case: Straddling between Environmental Securitization and De-securitization." Global & Startegis 7.2 (2013):183-195.
Setyadharma, A., et al. "The trade-off between poverty and environmental degradation: evidence from Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 448. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2020.
Shanty, Oktavilia, Wahyu Puspita Dita, and F. X. Sugiyanto. "The relationship between environmental degradation, poverty and human quality in Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences. Vol. 73. EDP Sciences, 2018.
Stec, Stephen. "Humanitarian limits to sovereignty: common concern and common heritage approaches to natural resources and environment." International Community Law Review 12.3 (2010): 361-389.
Tianur, Agus, et al. "Environment Degradation and Rural Livelihood of Mulawarman Community in Indonesia." Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika 28.3 (2022): 279-279.
Tilton, John E. "Global climate policy and the polluter pays principle: A different perspective." Resources Policy 50 (2016): 117-118.
Tisdell, Clement Allan, ed. Economics of Environmental Conservation. Vol. 1. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2005.
Triyanti, Annisa, et al. Environmental Governance in Indonesia. Springer Nature, 2023.
Vícha, Ondřej. "The polluter-pays principle in OECD recommendations and its application in international and EC/EU law." Czech Yearbook of Public & Private International Law 2 (2011): 57-67.
Wijanarko, Frieda Pratiwi. "Sea Pollution in the Coastal Area: Problems and Challenges in Law Enforcement." Law Research Review Quarterly 8.3 (2022): 335-352.
Woerdman, Edwin, Alessandra Arcuri, and Stefano Clò. "Emissions trading and the polluter-pays principle: do polluters pay under grandfathering?." Review of Law & Economics 4.2 (2008): 565-590.
Zhu, Ling, and Yachao Zhao. "Polluter-pays Principle-Policy Implementation." Environmental Policy and Law 45.1 (2015): 34-39.