Balancing Risk and Caution: The Precautionary Principle in Indonesian Environmental Law Context
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Jan 31, 2024
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Abstract
This paper explores the application of the precautionary principle within the framework of Indonesian environmental law, emphasizing the delicate balance between risk assessment and precautionary measures. It examines the evolution of the precautionary principle in Indonesian legal discourse and its integration into environmental policy-making and decision-making processes. The analysis sheds light on the challenges and opportunities inherent in applying the precautionary principle within Indonesia's diverse environmental contexts. It highlights instances where precautionary measures have been effectively employed to mitigate environmental risks, while also addressing concerns regarding the potential for regulatory overreach and hindrances to economic development. By delving into case studies and legislative frameworks, this paper provides insights into how the precautionary principle is interpreted and operationalized within Indonesian environmental law. It underscores the importance of incorporating scientific uncertainty and environmental ethics into policy formulation, while also emphasizing the need for flexibility and adaptability in responding to emerging environmental threats. Furthermore, the paper discusses avenues for enhancing the implementation of the precautionary principle in Indonesia, including capacity-building initiatives, stakeholder engagement, and the promotion of interdisciplinary research and collaboration. In conclusion, the paper highlights the significance of striking a balance between risk assessment and precautionary action in Indonesian environmental law. It underscores the importance of a nuanced approach that considers scientific evidence, societal values, and the principles of sustainable development in addressing environmental challenges while fostering economic growth and social welfare.Precautionary Principle
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Proyogo, J. W. (2024). Balancing Risk and Caution: The Precautionary Principle in Indonesian Environmental Law Context. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Law and Sustainable Development, 3(1), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijel.v3i1.78896
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References
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Beyerlin, Ulrich, and Thilo Marauhn. International Environmental Law. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011.
Bodansky, Daniel, Jutta Brunnée, and Lavanya Rajamani. International climate change law. Oxford University Press, 2017.
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Bodansky, Daniel. "Rules vs. standards in international environmental law." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting. Vol. 98. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Bodansky, Daniel. "The legitimacy of international governance: a coming challenge for international environmental law?." American Journal of International Law 93.3 (1999): 596-624.
Boyce, James K., Klara Zwickl, and Michael Ash. "Measuring environmental inequality." Ecological Economics 124 (2016): 114-123.
Boyle, John. "Cultural influences on implementing environmental impact assessment: insights from Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 18.2 (1998): 95-116.
Chander, Parkash, and Henry Tulkens. "Theoretical foundations of negotiations and cost sharing in transfrontier pollution problems." European Economic Review 36.2/3 (1992): 288-299.
de Roo, Gert, and Donald Miller. Integrating city planning and environmental improvement: Practicable strategies for sustainable urban development. Routledge, 2017.
Desjardins, Eric, et al. "Promoting resilience." The Quarterly Review of Biology 90.2 (2015): 147-165.
Dib, Jonida Bou, Zulkifli Alamsyah, and Matin Qaim. "Land-use change and income inequality in rural Indonesia." Forest Policy and Economics 94 (2018): 55-66.
Emond, D. Paul. "Co-operation in Nature: A New Foundation for Environmental Law." Osgoode Hall Law Journal 22.2 (1984): 323-348.
Forsyth, Tim. "Public concerns about transboundary haze: A comparison of Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia." Global Environmental Change 25 (2014): 76-86.
Gintoe, Chris Sostom. "Tanggung Jawab Perusahaan Multinasional dalam Kebakaran Hutan di Indonesia." Maleo Law Journal 3.1 (2019): 52-70.
Graziano, Kadner. "The Law Applicable to Cross-Border Damage to the Environment." A Commentary on Art 7 (2007): 71-86.
Gürtzgen, Nicole, and Michael Rauscher. "Environmental policy, intra-industry trade and transfrontier pollution." Environmental and Resource Economics 17 (2000): 59-71.
Haddad, Mary Alice. "Paradoxes of democratization: Environmental politics in East Asia 1." Routledge Handbook of Environment and Society in Asia. Routledge, 2014, pp. 86-104.
Hamilton, Matthew. "Understanding what shapes varying perceptions of the procedural fairness of transboundary environmental decision-making processes." Ecology and Society 23.4 (2018).
Ilham, M. Irsyad. "Economic development and environmental degradation in Indonesia: Panel data analysis." Jurnal Ekonomi & Studi Pembangunan 22.2 (2021): 185-200.
Irfany, Mohammad Iqbal, and Stephan Klasen. "Inequality in emissions: evidence from Indonesian household." Environmental Economics and Policy Studies 18 (2016): 459-483.
Islam, Rabiul, Ok Mohammad Fajar Ikhsan, and Kamarul Azman Khamis. "The role of international political economy on transboundary haze: A comparison study among Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore." International Journal of Management (IJM) 11.7 (2020): 442-52.
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Jessup, Philip C. "International Law in 1953 AD." Proceedings of the American Society of International Law at its annual meeting (1921-1969). Vol. 47. Cambridge University Press, 1953.
Kahpi, Ashabul. "Jaminan konstitusional terhadap hak atas lingkungan hidup di Indonesia." Al Daulah: Jurnal Hukum Pidana dan Ketatanegaraan 2.2 (2016): 143-159.
Kamminga, Menno T. "5 Principles of international environmental law." Environmental policy in an international context. Vol. 1. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1995, pp. 111-131.
Kurniawan, Robi, and Shunsuke Managi. "Economic growth and sustainable development in Indonesia: an assessment." Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 54.3 (2018): 339-361.
Larsson, Marie-Louise, ed. The law of environmental damage: liability and reparation. Vol. 1. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1999.
Listiningrum, Prischa. "Transboundary civil litigation for victims of Southeast Asian Haze pollution: access to justice and the non-discrimination principle." Transnational Environmental Law 8.1 (2019): 119-142.
MacAndrews, Colin. "The Indonesian Environmental Impact Management Agency (BAPEDAL): its role, development and future." Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 30.1 (1994): 85-103.
Mason, Michael. "The governance of transnational environmental harm: Addressing new modes of accountability/responsibility." Global Environmental Politics 8.3 (2008): 8-24.
Meyer, William B., and Billie L. Turner. "Human population growth and global land-use/cover change." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23.1 (1992): 39-61.
Monsma, David. "Equal Rights, Governance, and the Environment: Integrating Environmental Justice Principles in Corporate Social Responsibility." Ecology Law Quarterly 33.2 (2006): 443-498.
Mori, Akihisa. Environmental governance for sustainable development: East Asian perspectives. United Nations Publications, 2013.
O’Brien, Karen, Bronwyn Hayward, and Fikret Berkes. "Rethinking social contracts: building resilience in a changing climate." Ecology and Society 14.2 (2009).
Orellana, Marcos. "Investment agreements & sustainable development: The non-discrimination standards." Sustainable Development Law & Policy 11.3 (2011): 4.
Pallemaerts, Marc. "International environmental law from Stockholm to Rio: back to the future?." Greening International Law. Routledge, 2014, pp. 1-19.
Pasapan, Priya Tandirerung. "Hak Asasi Manusia dan Perlindungan Lingkungan Hidup." Paulus Law Journal 1.2 (2020): 48-58.
Pellow, David N. "Environmental inequality formation: Toward a theory of environmental injustice." American behavioral scientist 43.4 (2000): 581-601.
Petrich, Carl H., and Shelby Smith-Sanclare. "Environmental Challenges and Policy Responses in Indonesia." Latin American Environmental Policy in International Perspective. Routledge, 1997. 237-262.
Plakokefalos, Ilias. "Prevention obligations in international environmental law." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 23.1 (2012): 3-43.
Prakasa, Satria Unggul Wicaksana. "Forestry Sector Corruption and Oligarchy: Lesson Learn from the Laman Kinipan Indigenous People, Central Kalimantan." Unnes Law Journal 8.1 (2022): 87-104.
Prilandita, Niken, Benjamin C. McLellan, and Tetsuo Tezuka. "Framework for Identifying Autonomous DecisionMaking Process in Energy and Environmental Issues: Case Studies in Indonesian Communities (Rukun Warga)." International Journal of Sustainable Future for Human Security 3.2 (2015): 3-17.
Qisa'i, Ahmad. "Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Challenges of Policy Reform on Asset Recovery in Indonesia." Indonesian Journal of International Law 17.2 (2019): 231-252.
Rajamani, Lavanya. "Ambition and differentiation in the 2015 Paris Agreement: Interpretative possibilities and underlying politics." International & Comparative Law Quarterly 65.2 (2016): 493-514.
Rajamani, Lavanya. "The 2015 Paris Agreement: Interplay between hard, soft and non-obligations." Journal of Environmental Law 28.2 (2016): 337-358.
Raya, Muhammad Yaasiin. "Instrumen Ekonomi Pada Dana Jaminan Untuk Pemulihan Fungsi Lingkungan Hidup." El-Iqthisady: Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah (2022): 96-105.
Reed, Lucy, and Andrew Jacovides. "Great Expectations: Where Does the Proliferation of International Dispute Resolution Tribunals Leave International Law?." Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law). The American Society of International Law, 2002.
Salzman, James, and Barton H. Thompson. Environmental Law and Policy. Foundation Press/Thomson West, 2003.
Sands, Philippe. "5International Environmental Law Ten Years On." Review of European Community & International Environmental Law 8.3 (1999): 239-242.
Sari, Agus P. "Environmental and human rights impacts of trade liberalization: A case study in Batam Island, Indonesia." Human Rights and the Environment. Routledge, 2012, pp. 134-157.
Satterthwaite, David. "A new urban agenda?." Environment and Urbanization 28.1 (2016): 3-12.
Scanes, Colin G. "Human activity and habitat loss: destruction, fragmentation, and degradation." Animals and Human Society. Academic Press, 2018. 451-482.
Schachter, Oscar. "The emergence of international environmental law." Journal of International Affairs (1991): 457-493.
Sebayang, Karuniana Dianta Arfiando, and Darma Rika Swaramarinda. "Educational policy implementation in Indonesia: The art of decision making." International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research 9.1 (2020): 1286-1290.
Shao, Shuai, Liwen Liu, and Zhihua Tian. "Does the environmental inequality matter? A literature review." Environmental Geochemistry and Health (2021): 1-24.
Shelton, Dinah L. "Comments on the Normative Challenge of Environmental 'Soft Law'." The Transformation of International Environmental Law (2011): 61-71.
Shelton, Dinah. "Describing the elephant: international justice and environmental law." Environmental Law and Justice in Context (2009): 55-75.
Shelton, Dinah. "Using law and equity for the poor and the environment." Poverty Alleviation and Environmental Law. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2012.
Shelton, Dinah. International Environmental Law. Vol. 4. Brill, 2021.
Smith, Carl. "The precautionary principle and environmental policy." International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 6.3 (2000): 263-330.
Sodikin, Sodikin. "Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan." Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 12.3 (2010): 543-563.
Stiglitz, Joseph E. "Regulating Multinational Corporations: Towards Principles of Cross-Border Legal Frameworks in a Globalized World Balancing Rights with Responsibilities." American University International Law Review 23.3 (2007): 1.
Subramanya, T. R., and Shuvro Prosun Sarker. "Emergence of Principle of Sic Utere Tuo Ut Alienum Non-Laedes in Environmental Law and Its Endorsement by International and National Courts: An Assessment." Kathmandu School of Law Review (2017): 1-13.
Tisdell, Clement Allan, ed. Economics of environmental conservation. Vol. 1. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2005.
Valencia, Mark J., and Abu Bakar Jaafar. "Environmental management of the Malacca/Singapore straits: legal and institutional issues." Natural Resources Journal 25.1 (1985): 195-232.
Van Asselt, Marjolein BA, and Leendert Van Bree. "Uncertainty, precaution and risk governance." Journal of Risk Research 14.4 (2011): 401-408.
Abhayawansa, Subhash, Carol A. Adams, and Cristina Neesham. "Accountability and governance in pursuit of Sustainable Development Goals: conceptualising how governments create value." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 34.4 (2021): 923-945.
Absori, Absori, et al. "The prospect of environmental law to achieve healthy environmental development in Indonesia." Medico-Legal Update 20.1 (2020): 204-208.
Agussalim, Dafri, et al. "Localizing the sustainable development goals: assessing Indonesia’s compliance towards the global goals." Sustainable Development Goals in Southeast Asia and ASEAN. Brill, 2018, pp. 39-62.
Bäckstrand, Karin. "Multi‐stakeholder partnerships for sustainable development: rethinking legitimacy, accountability and effectiveness." European Environment 16.5 (2006): 290-306.
Bedner, Adriaan. "Consequences of decentralization: Environmental Impact Assessment and water pollution control in Indonesia." Law & Policy 32.1 (2010): 38-60.
Benvenisti, Eyal. Sharing transboundary resources: International law and optimal resource use. Vol. 23. Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Beyerlin, Ulrich, and Thilo Marauhn. International Environmental Law. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011.
Bodansky, Daniel, Jutta Brunnée, and Lavanya Rajamani. International climate change law. Oxford University Press, 2017.
Bodansky, Daniel. "International environmental law." The Handbook of Global Climate and Environment Policy (2013): 179-196.
Bodansky, Daniel. "Rules vs. standards in international environmental law." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting. Vol. 98. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Bodansky, Daniel. "The legitimacy of international governance: a coming challenge for international environmental law?." American Journal of International Law 93.3 (1999): 596-624.
Boyce, James K., Klara Zwickl, and Michael Ash. "Measuring environmental inequality." Ecological Economics 124 (2016): 114-123.
Boyle, John. "Cultural influences on implementing environmental impact assessment: insights from Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 18.2 (1998): 95-116.
Chander, Parkash, and Henry Tulkens. "Theoretical foundations of negotiations and cost sharing in transfrontier pollution problems." European Economic Review 36.2/3 (1992): 288-299.
de Roo, Gert, and Donald Miller. Integrating city planning and environmental improvement: Practicable strategies for sustainable urban development. Routledge, 2017.
Desjardins, Eric, et al. "Promoting resilience." The Quarterly Review of Biology 90.2 (2015): 147-165.
Dib, Jonida Bou, Zulkifli Alamsyah, and Matin Qaim. "Land-use change and income inequality in rural Indonesia." Forest Policy and Economics 94 (2018): 55-66.
Emond, D. Paul. "Co-operation in Nature: A New Foundation for Environmental Law." Osgoode Hall Law Journal 22.2 (1984): 323-348.
Forsyth, Tim. "Public concerns about transboundary haze: A comparison of Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia." Global Environmental Change 25 (2014): 76-86.
Gintoe, Chris Sostom. "Tanggung Jawab Perusahaan Multinasional dalam Kebakaran Hutan di Indonesia." Maleo Law Journal 3.1 (2019): 52-70.
Graziano, Kadner. "The Law Applicable to Cross-Border Damage to the Environment." A Commentary on Art 7 (2007): 71-86.
Gürtzgen, Nicole, and Michael Rauscher. "Environmental policy, intra-industry trade and transfrontier pollution." Environmental and Resource Economics 17 (2000): 59-71.
Haddad, Mary Alice. "Paradoxes of democratization: Environmental politics in East Asia 1." Routledge Handbook of Environment and Society in Asia. Routledge, 2014, pp. 86-104.
Hamilton, Matthew. "Understanding what shapes varying perceptions of the procedural fairness of transboundary environmental decision-making processes." Ecology and Society 23.4 (2018).
Ilham, M. Irsyad. "Economic development and environmental degradation in Indonesia: Panel data analysis." Jurnal Ekonomi & Studi Pembangunan 22.2 (2021): 185-200.
Irfany, Mohammad Iqbal, and Stephan Klasen. "Inequality in emissions: evidence from Indonesian household." Environmental Economics and Policy Studies 18 (2016): 459-483.
Islam, Rabiul, Ok Mohammad Fajar Ikhsan, and Kamarul Azman Khamis. "The role of international political economy on transboundary haze: A comparison study among Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore." International Journal of Management (IJM) 11.7 (2020): 442-52.
Jessup, Brad, and Kim Rubenstein, eds. Environmental discourses in public and international law. No. 3. Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Jessup, Brad. "Trajectories of environmental justice-from histories to futures and the Victorian environmental justice agenda." Victoria University Law and Justice Journal 7.1 (2017): 48-65.
Jessup, Philip C. "International Law in 1953 AD." Proceedings of the American Society of International Law at its annual meeting (1921-1969). Vol. 47. Cambridge University Press, 1953.
Kahpi, Ashabul. "Jaminan konstitusional terhadap hak atas lingkungan hidup di Indonesia." Al Daulah: Jurnal Hukum Pidana dan Ketatanegaraan 2.2 (2016): 143-159.
Kamminga, Menno T. "5 Principles of international environmental law." Environmental policy in an international context. Vol. 1. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1995, pp. 111-131.
Kurniawan, Robi, and Shunsuke Managi. "Economic growth and sustainable development in Indonesia: an assessment." Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 54.3 (2018): 339-361.
Larsson, Marie-Louise, ed. The law of environmental damage: liability and reparation. Vol. 1. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1999.
Listiningrum, Prischa. "Transboundary civil litigation for victims of Southeast Asian Haze pollution: access to justice and the non-discrimination principle." Transnational Environmental Law 8.1 (2019): 119-142.
MacAndrews, Colin. "The Indonesian Environmental Impact Management Agency (BAPEDAL): its role, development and future." Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 30.1 (1994): 85-103.
Mason, Michael. "The governance of transnational environmental harm: Addressing new modes of accountability/responsibility." Global Environmental Politics 8.3 (2008): 8-24.
Meyer, William B., and Billie L. Turner. "Human population growth and global land-use/cover change." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23.1 (1992): 39-61.
Monsma, David. "Equal Rights, Governance, and the Environment: Integrating Environmental Justice Principles in Corporate Social Responsibility." Ecology Law Quarterly 33.2 (2006): 443-498.
Mori, Akihisa. Environmental governance for sustainable development: East Asian perspectives. United Nations Publications, 2013.
O’Brien, Karen, Bronwyn Hayward, and Fikret Berkes. "Rethinking social contracts: building resilience in a changing climate." Ecology and Society 14.2 (2009).
Orellana, Marcos. "Investment agreements & sustainable development: The non-discrimination standards." Sustainable Development Law & Policy 11.3 (2011): 4.
Pallemaerts, Marc. "International environmental law from Stockholm to Rio: back to the future?." Greening International Law. Routledge, 2014, pp. 1-19.
Pasapan, Priya Tandirerung. "Hak Asasi Manusia dan Perlindungan Lingkungan Hidup." Paulus Law Journal 1.2 (2020): 48-58.
Pellow, David N. "Environmental inequality formation: Toward a theory of environmental injustice." American behavioral scientist 43.4 (2000): 581-601.
Petrich, Carl H., and Shelby Smith-Sanclare. "Environmental Challenges and Policy Responses in Indonesia." Latin American Environmental Policy in International Perspective. Routledge, 1997. 237-262.
Plakokefalos, Ilias. "Prevention obligations in international environmental law." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 23.1 (2012): 3-43.
Prakasa, Satria Unggul Wicaksana. "Forestry Sector Corruption and Oligarchy: Lesson Learn from the Laman Kinipan Indigenous People, Central Kalimantan." Unnes Law Journal 8.1 (2022): 87-104.
Prilandita, Niken, Benjamin C. McLellan, and Tetsuo Tezuka. "Framework for Identifying Autonomous DecisionMaking Process in Energy and Environmental Issues: Case Studies in Indonesian Communities (Rukun Warga)." International Journal of Sustainable Future for Human Security 3.2 (2015): 3-17.
Qisa'i, Ahmad. "Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Challenges of Policy Reform on Asset Recovery in Indonesia." Indonesian Journal of International Law 17.2 (2019): 231-252.
Rajamani, Lavanya. "Ambition and differentiation in the 2015 Paris Agreement: Interpretative possibilities and underlying politics." International & Comparative Law Quarterly 65.2 (2016): 493-514.
Rajamani, Lavanya. "The 2015 Paris Agreement: Interplay between hard, soft and non-obligations." Journal of Environmental Law 28.2 (2016): 337-358.
Raya, Muhammad Yaasiin. "Instrumen Ekonomi Pada Dana Jaminan Untuk Pemulihan Fungsi Lingkungan Hidup." El-Iqthisady: Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah (2022): 96-105.
Reed, Lucy, and Andrew Jacovides. "Great Expectations: Where Does the Proliferation of International Dispute Resolution Tribunals Leave International Law?." Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law). The American Society of International Law, 2002.
Salzman, James, and Barton H. Thompson. Environmental Law and Policy. Foundation Press/Thomson West, 2003.
Sands, Philippe. "5International Environmental Law Ten Years On." Review of European Community & International Environmental Law 8.3 (1999): 239-242.
Sari, Agus P. "Environmental and human rights impacts of trade liberalization: A case study in Batam Island, Indonesia." Human Rights and the Environment. Routledge, 2012, pp. 134-157.
Satterthwaite, David. "A new urban agenda?." Environment and Urbanization 28.1 (2016): 3-12.
Scanes, Colin G. "Human activity and habitat loss: destruction, fragmentation, and degradation." Animals and Human Society. Academic Press, 2018. 451-482.
Schachter, Oscar. "The emergence of international environmental law." Journal of International Affairs (1991): 457-493.
Sebayang, Karuniana Dianta Arfiando, and Darma Rika Swaramarinda. "Educational policy implementation in Indonesia: The art of decision making." International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research 9.1 (2020): 1286-1290.
Shao, Shuai, Liwen Liu, and Zhihua Tian. "Does the environmental inequality matter? A literature review." Environmental Geochemistry and Health (2021): 1-24.
Shelton, Dinah L. "Comments on the Normative Challenge of Environmental 'Soft Law'." The Transformation of International Environmental Law (2011): 61-71.
Shelton, Dinah. "Describing the elephant: international justice and environmental law." Environmental Law and Justice in Context (2009): 55-75.
Shelton, Dinah. "Using law and equity for the poor and the environment." Poverty Alleviation and Environmental Law. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2012.
Shelton, Dinah. International Environmental Law. Vol. 4. Brill, 2021.
Smith, Carl. "The precautionary principle and environmental policy." International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 6.3 (2000): 263-330.
Sodikin, Sodikin. "Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan." Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 12.3 (2010): 543-563.
Stiglitz, Joseph E. "Regulating Multinational Corporations: Towards Principles of Cross-Border Legal Frameworks in a Globalized World Balancing Rights with Responsibilities." American University International Law Review 23.3 (2007): 1.
Subramanya, T. R., and Shuvro Prosun Sarker. "Emergence of Principle of Sic Utere Tuo Ut Alienum Non-Laedes in Environmental Law and Its Endorsement by International and National Courts: An Assessment." Kathmandu School of Law Review (2017): 1-13.
Tisdell, Clement Allan, ed. Economics of environmental conservation. Vol. 1. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2005.
Valencia, Mark J., and Abu Bakar Jaafar. "Environmental management of the Malacca/Singapore straits: legal and institutional issues." Natural Resources Journal 25.1 (1985): 195-232.
Van Asselt, Marjolein BA, and Leendert Van Bree. "Uncertainty, precaution and risk governance." Journal of Risk Research 14.4 (2011): 401-408.