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Bakirtas, T., & Akpolat, A. G. (2018). The relationship between energy consumption, urbanization, and economic growth in new emerging-market countries. Energy, 147, 110–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.01.011
Bharadwaj, A. (2014). Is poverty the mother of crime? Empirical evidence of the impact of socioeconomic factors on crime in India. Atlantic Review of Economics, 1(1), 6–37.
Chandra Voumik, L., & Sultana, T. (2022). Impact of urbanization, industrialization, electrification and renewable energy on the environment in BRICS: fresh evidence from novel CS-ARDL model. Heliyon, 8(11), e11457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11457
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Ding, Y., Yang, Q., & Cao, L. (2021). Examining the impacts of economic, social, and environmental factors on the relationship between urbanization and co2 emissions. Energies, 14(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217430
Errol, Z., Madsen, J. B., & Moslehi, S. (2021). Social disorganization theory and crime in the advanced countries: Two centuries of evidence. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 191, 519–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.09.017
Feruni, N., Hysa, E., Panait, M., Rădulescu, I. G., & Brezoi, A. (2020). The impact of corruption, economic freedom, and urbanization on economic development: Western balkans versus eu-27. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(22), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229743
Ghani, Z. A. (2017). A comparative study of urban crime between Malaysia and Nigeria. Journal of Urban Management, 6(1), 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2017.03.001
Ghozali, I. (2014). Structural Equation Modeling: An alternative method with partial least squares (PLS) equipped with Smartpls 3.0 software. Xlstat 2014 and WarpPLS 4.0 (4th ed.). Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Ghozali, I., & Latan, H. (2017). Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and Applications Using WarpPLS 5.0 Programs (Third). Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Gierałtowska, U., Asyngier, R., Nakonieczny, J., & Salahodjaev, R. (2022). Renewable Energy, Urbanization, and CO2 Emissions: A Global Test. Energies, 15(9), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093390
Habriyanto, H., Nasution, M. Y., & Harahap, M. Y. (2019). Analysis of Consumption Patterns of Jambi City People in Ramadan Using Smart PLs 3.0 Approach. Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi, 19(1), 118. https://doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v19i1.573
Hao, Y., Zheng, S., Zhao, M., Wu, H., Guo, Y., & Li, Y. (2020). Reexamining the relationships among urbanization, industrial structure, and environmental pollution in China—New evidence using the dynamic threshold panel model. Energy Reports, 6, 28–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.11.029
Hari Mardiansjah, F., & Rahayu, P. (2019). Urbanization and Growth of Indonesian Cities: A Comparison Between Indonesia’s Macro Regions. Jurnal Pengembangan Kota, 7(1), 91–110. https://doi.org/10.14710/jpk.7.1.91-108
Helda, N. P., Jamal, A., & Dawood, T. C. (2018). The Influence of Urbanization, GDP Growth in The Industrial Sector and GDP Growth in The Transportation Sector on Environmental Pollution in Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Kebijakan Publik Indonesia, 5(2), 168–183.
Hidayati, I. (2021). Urbanization and Social Impact in Big Cities: An Overview. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Sosial, 7(2), 212. https://doi.org/10.23887/jiis.v7i2.40517
Imai, K. S., Gaiha, R., & Garbero, A. (2017). Poverty reduction during the rural–urban transformation: Rural development is still more important than urbanisation. Journal of Policy Modeling, 39(6), 963–982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2017.10.002
Jedwab, R., Christiaensen, L., & Gindelsky, M. (2017). Demography, urbanization and development: Rural push, urban pull and … urban push? Journal of Urban Economics, 98, 6–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2015.09.002
Jiang, Y., Guo, B., & Yan, Z. (2022). Multi-Criterion Spatial Optimization of Future Police Stations Based on Urban Expansion and Criminal Behavior Characteristics. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 11(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11070384
Khan, I., Hou, F., Le, H. P., & Ali, S. A. (2021). Do natural resources, urbanization, and value-adding manufacturing affect environmental quality? Evidence from the top ten manufacturing countries. Resources Policy, 72(February), 102109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102109
Kuciswara, D., Muslihatinningsih, F., & Santoso, E. (2021). The Effects of Urbanization, Poverty Rate, and Income Inequality on Crime in East Java Province. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Ekonomi), 6(3), 2–9. https://doi.org/10.29407/jae.v6i3.16307
Leitão, N. C., & Shahbaz, M. (2013). Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Urbanization And Globalization: A Dynamic Panel Data. Economic Research Guardian, 3(1), 22–32.
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Liang, W., & Yang, M. (2019). Urbanization, economic growth and environmental pollution: Evidence from China. Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems, 21, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suscom.2018.11.007
Lim, S. B., Yong, C. K., Malek, J. A., Jali, M. F. M., Awang, A. H., & Tahir, Z. (2020). Effectiveness of fear and crime prevention strategy for sustainability of safe city. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(24), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410593
Liu, X., Sun, T., & Feng, Q. (2020). Dynamic spatial spillover effect of urbanization on environmental pollution in China considering the inertia characteristics of environmental pollution. Sustainable Cities and Society, 53(October 2019), 101903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101903
Malik, A. A. (2016). Urbanization and Crime: A Relational Analysis. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS, 21(1), 68–74. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-21146874
Mardinsyah, A. A., & Sukartini, N. M. (2020). Economic Inequality, Poverty and Access to Information: How Does It Affect Crime? Ekonika : Jurnal Ekonomi Universitas Kadiri, 5(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.30737/ekonika.v5i1.554
Mata, Mário Nuno., Oladipupo, S. D., Husam, Rjou., Ferrão, Joaquim António., Altunta, Mehmet., Martins, Jéssica Nunes., Kirikkaleli, Dervis., Dantas, Rui Miguel., &, & Lourenço, A. M. (2021). Another Look into the Relationship between Economic Growth, Carbon Emissions , Agriculture and Urbanization in Thailand : Energies, 14, 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/en14165132
Moeis, F. R., Dartanto, T., Moeis, J. P., & Ikhsan, M. (2020). A longitudinal study of agriculture households in Indonesia: The effect of land and labor mobility on welfare and poverty dynamics. World Development Perspectives, 20(August), 100261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2020.100261
Moutinho, V., & Madaleno, M. (2020). Economic growth assessment through an ARDL approach: The case of African OPEC countries. Energy Reports, 6, 305–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.11.253
Onyeneke, C. C., & Karam, A. H. (2022). An Exploratory Study of Crime: Examining Lived Experiences of Crime through Socioeconomic, Demographic, and Physical Characteristics. Urban Science, 6(3), 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci6030043
Pradhan, R. P., Arvin, M. B., & Nair, M. (2021). Urbanization, transportation infrastructure, ICT, and economic growth: A temporal causal analysis. Cities, 115(September 2019), 103213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103213
Pujiati, A., Nihayah, D. M., & Bowo, P. A. (2015). Causality Between Urban Concentration and Environmental Quality. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan, 16(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.23917/jep.v16i1.937
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Qi, Z. (2020). Rural to urban migration, crime, and sentencing disparities in Guangdong, China. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 63(June), 100421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2020.100421
Rahayu, S., & Sari, F. P. (2021). IMPROVING STUDENTS’ FINAL PROJECT DATA ANALYSIS SKILLS THROUGH SMARTPLS PROGRAM TRAINING. Jurnal Masyarakat Mandiri, 5(6), 5–12.
Raheem, I. D., & Ogebe, J. O. (2017). CO2 emissions, urbanization and industrialization: Evidence from a direct and indirect heterogeneous panel analysis. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 28(6), 851–867. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-09-2015-0177
Rahman, M. M., & Alam, K. (2021). Clean energy, population density, urbanization and environmental pollution nexus: Evidence from Bangladesh. Renewable Energy, 172, 1063–1072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.03.103
Raza, K., Shahbaz, M., Jiao, Z., & Tufail, M. (2021). How energy consumption , industrial growth , urbanization , and CO 2 emissions affect economic growth in Pakistan ? A novel dynamic ARDL simulations approach. Energy, 221, 119793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.119793
Rehman, A., Radulescu, M., Cismas, L. M., Alvarado, R., Secara, C. G., & Tolea, C. (2022). Urbanization, Economic Development, and Environmental Degradation: Investigating the Role of Renewable Energy Use. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159337
Sabyasachi, T., & Shupinder, K. (2018). Do negative externalities have any impact on populations agglomerations? Evidence from urban India. Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management, 13(3), 5–24.
Sembiring, P. A. B., & Bangun, M. (2021). Policy Analysis of Urbanization Control of Berastagi City, Karo Regency, North Sumatra. Jurnal Darma Agung, 29(2), 79. https://doi.org/10.46930/ojsuda.v29i2.935
Song, C., Liu, Q., Gu, S., & Wang, Q. (2018). The impact of China’s urbanization on economic growth and pollutant emissions: An empirical study based on input-output analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 198, 1289–1301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.058
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Bakirtas, T., & Akpolat, A. G. (2018). The relationship between energy consumption, urbanization, and economic growth in new emerging-market countries. Energy, 147, 110–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.01.011
Bharadwaj, A. (2014). Is poverty the mother of crime? Empirical evidence of the impact of socioeconomic factors on crime in India. Atlantic Review of Economics, 1(1), 6–37.
Chandra Voumik, L., & Sultana, T. (2022). Impact of urbanization, industrialization, electrification and renewable energy on the environment in BRICS: fresh evidence from novel CS-ARDL model. Heliyon, 8(11), e11457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11457
Chen, M., Zhang, H., Liu, W., & Zhang, W. (2014). The global pattern of urbanization and economic growth: Evidence from the last three decades. PLoS ONE, 9(8). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103799
Debnath, A., & Roy, N. (2013). Linkage between internal migration and crime: Evidence from India. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 41(3), 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2013.06.001
Ding, Y., Yang, Q., & Cao, L. (2021). Examining the impacts of economic, social, and environmental factors on the relationship between urbanization and co2 emissions. Energies, 14(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217430
Errol, Z., Madsen, J. B., & Moslehi, S. (2021). Social disorganization theory and crime in the advanced countries: Two centuries of evidence. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 191, 519–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.09.017
Feruni, N., Hysa, E., Panait, M., Rădulescu, I. G., & Brezoi, A. (2020). The impact of corruption, economic freedom, and urbanization on economic development: Western balkans versus eu-27. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(22), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229743
Ghani, Z. A. (2017). A comparative study of urban crime between Malaysia and Nigeria. Journal of Urban Management, 6(1), 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2017.03.001
Ghozali, I. (2014). Structural Equation Modeling: An alternative method with partial least squares (PLS) equipped with Smartpls 3.0 software. Xlstat 2014 and WarpPLS 4.0 (4th ed.). Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Ghozali, I., & Latan, H. (2017). Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and Applications Using WarpPLS 5.0 Programs (Third). Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Gierałtowska, U., Asyngier, R., Nakonieczny, J., & Salahodjaev, R. (2022). Renewable Energy, Urbanization, and CO2 Emissions: A Global Test. Energies, 15(9), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093390
Habriyanto, H., Nasution, M. Y., & Harahap, M. Y. (2019). Analysis of Consumption Patterns of Jambi City People in Ramadan Using Smart PLs 3.0 Approach. Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi, 19(1), 118. https://doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v19i1.573
Hao, Y., Zheng, S., Zhao, M., Wu, H., Guo, Y., & Li, Y. (2020). Reexamining the relationships among urbanization, industrial structure, and environmental pollution in China—New evidence using the dynamic threshold panel model. Energy Reports, 6, 28–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.11.029
Hari Mardiansjah, F., & Rahayu, P. (2019). Urbanization and Growth of Indonesian Cities: A Comparison Between Indonesia’s Macro Regions. Jurnal Pengembangan Kota, 7(1), 91–110. https://doi.org/10.14710/jpk.7.1.91-108
Helda, N. P., Jamal, A., & Dawood, T. C. (2018). The Influence of Urbanization, GDP Growth in The Industrial Sector and GDP Growth in The Transportation Sector on Environmental Pollution in Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Kebijakan Publik Indonesia, 5(2), 168–183.
Hidayati, I. (2021). Urbanization and Social Impact in Big Cities: An Overview. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Sosial, 7(2), 212. https://doi.org/10.23887/jiis.v7i2.40517
Imai, K. S., Gaiha, R., & Garbero, A. (2017). Poverty reduction during the rural–urban transformation: Rural development is still more important than urbanisation. Journal of Policy Modeling, 39(6), 963–982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2017.10.002
Jedwab, R., Christiaensen, L., & Gindelsky, M. (2017). Demography, urbanization and development: Rural push, urban pull and … urban push? Journal of Urban Economics, 98, 6–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2015.09.002
Jiang, Y., Guo, B., & Yan, Z. (2022). Multi-Criterion Spatial Optimization of Future Police Stations Based on Urban Expansion and Criminal Behavior Characteristics. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 11(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11070384
Khan, I., Hou, F., Le, H. P., & Ali, S. A. (2021). Do natural resources, urbanization, and value-adding manufacturing affect environmental quality? Evidence from the top ten manufacturing countries. Resources Policy, 72(February), 102109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102109
Kuciswara, D., Muslihatinningsih, F., & Santoso, E. (2021). The Effects of Urbanization, Poverty Rate, and Income Inequality on Crime in East Java Province. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Ekonomi), 6(3), 2–9. https://doi.org/10.29407/jae.v6i3.16307
Leitão, N. C., & Shahbaz, M. (2013). Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Urbanization And Globalization: A Dynamic Panel Data. Economic Research Guardian, 3(1), 22–32.
Li, A., Li, X., Li, Y., Wang, H., & Zhang, H. (2022). The Impact of Urbanization on Carbon Emissions and Spatial–Temporal Differentiation Based on Meta-Analysis in China. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214840
Liang, W., & Yang, M. (2019). Urbanization, economic growth and environmental pollution: Evidence from China. Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems, 21, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suscom.2018.11.007
Lim, S. B., Yong, C. K., Malek, J. A., Jali, M. F. M., Awang, A. H., & Tahir, Z. (2020). Effectiveness of fear and crime prevention strategy for sustainability of safe city. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(24), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410593
Liu, X., Sun, T., & Feng, Q. (2020). Dynamic spatial spillover effect of urbanization on environmental pollution in China considering the inertia characteristics of environmental pollution. Sustainable Cities and Society, 53(October 2019), 101903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101903
Malik, A. A. (2016). Urbanization and Crime: A Relational Analysis. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS, 21(1), 68–74. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-21146874
Mardinsyah, A. A., & Sukartini, N. M. (2020). Economic Inequality, Poverty and Access to Information: How Does It Affect Crime? Ekonika : Jurnal Ekonomi Universitas Kadiri, 5(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.30737/ekonika.v5i1.554
Mata, Mário Nuno., Oladipupo, S. D., Husam, Rjou., Ferrão, Joaquim António., Altunta, Mehmet., Martins, Jéssica Nunes., Kirikkaleli, Dervis., Dantas, Rui Miguel., &, & Lourenço, A. M. (2021). Another Look into the Relationship between Economic Growth, Carbon Emissions , Agriculture and Urbanization in Thailand : Energies, 14, 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/en14165132
Moeis, F. R., Dartanto, T., Moeis, J. P., & Ikhsan, M. (2020). A longitudinal study of agriculture households in Indonesia: The effect of land and labor mobility on welfare and poverty dynamics. World Development Perspectives, 20(August), 100261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2020.100261
Moutinho, V., & Madaleno, M. (2020). Economic growth assessment through an ARDL approach: The case of African OPEC countries. Energy Reports, 6, 305–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.11.253
Onyeneke, C. C., & Karam, A. H. (2022). An Exploratory Study of Crime: Examining Lived Experiences of Crime through Socioeconomic, Demographic, and Physical Characteristics. Urban Science, 6(3), 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci6030043
Pradhan, R. P., Arvin, M. B., & Nair, M. (2021). Urbanization, transportation infrastructure, ICT, and economic growth: A temporal causal analysis. Cities, 115(September 2019), 103213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103213
Pujiati, A., Nihayah, D. M., & Bowo, P. A. (2015). Causality Between Urban Concentration and Environmental Quality. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan, 16(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.23917/jep.v16i1.937
Pujiati, A., Yanto, H., Dwi Handayani, B., Ridzuan, A. R., Borhan, H., & Shaari, M. S. (2023). The detrimental effects of dirty energy, foreign investment, and corruption on environmental quality: New evidence from Indonesia. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10(January), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1074172
Qi, Z. (2020). Rural to urban migration, crime, and sentencing disparities in Guangdong, China. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 63(June), 100421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2020.100421
Rahayu, S., & Sari, F. P. (2021). IMPROVING STUDENTS’ FINAL PROJECT DATA ANALYSIS SKILLS THROUGH SMARTPLS PROGRAM TRAINING. Jurnal Masyarakat Mandiri, 5(6), 5–12.
Raheem, I. D., & Ogebe, J. O. (2017). CO2 emissions, urbanization and industrialization: Evidence from a direct and indirect heterogeneous panel analysis. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 28(6), 851–867. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-09-2015-0177
Rahman, M. M., & Alam, K. (2021). Clean energy, population density, urbanization and environmental pollution nexus: Evidence from Bangladesh. Renewable Energy, 172, 1063–1072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.03.103
Raza, K., Shahbaz, M., Jiao, Z., & Tufail, M. (2021). How energy consumption , industrial growth , urbanization , and CO 2 emissions affect economic growth in Pakistan ? A novel dynamic ARDL simulations approach. Energy, 221, 119793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.119793
Rehman, A., Radulescu, M., Cismas, L. M., Alvarado, R., Secara, C. G., & Tolea, C. (2022). Urbanization, Economic Development, and Environmental Degradation: Investigating the Role of Renewable Energy Use. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159337
Sabyasachi, T., & Shupinder, K. (2018). Do negative externalities have any impact on populations agglomerations? Evidence from urban India. Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management, 13(3), 5–24.
Sembiring, P. A. B., & Bangun, M. (2021). Policy Analysis of Urbanization Control of Berastagi City, Karo Regency, North Sumatra. Jurnal Darma Agung, 29(2), 79. https://doi.org/10.46930/ojsuda.v29i2.935
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Affiliations
Zidfina Aunal Hana
Department of Economic Development, Faculty of Economics, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
Amin Pujiati
Department of Economic Development, Faculty of Economics, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
The Influence of Urbanization on Environmental, Economic, and Social Performance
Vol 12 No 1 (2023): June 2023
Submitted: Jul 17, 2023
Published: Jul 17, 2023
Abstract
The phenomenon of urbanization continues to increase in Indonesia. Urbanization can have both positive and negative influences. The higher urban population will push many industries, but environmental issues also potentially increase. On the other hand, more density leads to increased competition for work, which potentially increases crime. As a result, this study intends to investigate how urbanization affects Indonesia's environmental, economic, and social performance. The study employed a quantitative technique utilizing panel data from 33 Indonesian provinces for the years 2010, 2015, and 2020, which was then evaluated using the structural equation-partial least square model on SmartPLS 3.0. The findings revealed that urbanization had a significant negative effect on the environmental quality index. Meanwhile, urbanization had a significant positive effect on gross regional domestic product and the number of victims of theft. It can be concluded that urbanization encouraged economic improvement, but had the potential to worsen environmental conditions and crime. Thus, to reduce the negative impact on the environment, the government needs to emphasize the use of environmentally friendly fuels to the public. Also, implementing requirements for residents who will carry out urbanization to have skills that can be absorbed by the world of work