Discourses on Citizen Lawsuit as Administrative Dispute Object: Government Administration Law vs. Administrative Court Law
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Dec 21, 2022
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Abstract
Citizen lawsuit mechanism has been used several times in Indonesian court procedure, although there is no regulation in this matter. The aims of this study were to determine the characteristic of citizen lawsuit in Indonesia, and the expansion meaning of the state administrative decision after the enactment of government administration law, as well as the potential for citizen lawsuit as dispute object of the state administrative court with comparation with serval countries in order to provide an appropriate legal system of citizen lawsuit as ius constituendum. This article used normative legal research with a conceptual approach, legislative approach, and comparative approach. The results indicated that the characteristic of a citizen lawsuit in Indonesia is generally a citizen access to represent the public interest in condition that the state fails to fulfill the rights of its citizen, and the plaintiff does not need to describe the losses he has suffered directly. The expansion of the meaning of state administrative decision under the Government Administrative Law has resulted in the competence of court and the dispute object has been expanded, thus if the citizen lawsuit is viewed from the administrative dispute perspective, it should be included in the State Administrative Court object. However, due to the limited expansion of Article 87 of the Government Administration Law by the Administrative Court Law, both of which are still valid, the State Administrative Court is not authorized to examine and adjudicate citizen lawsuits. Based on comparative data, there are several weaknesses of the citizen lawsuit system such as the legal standing of the applicant/plaintiff which make several countries have changed the provisions of the regulation.
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Sudiarawan, K. A., Karunian, A. Y., Mangku, D. G. S., & Hermanto, B. (2022). Discourses on Citizen Lawsuit as Administrative Dispute Object: Government Administration Law vs. Administrative Court Law. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 7(2), 499-486. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v7i2.60166
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Research Articles
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Chen, A.H.Y. (2010). Pathways of Western liberal constitutional development in Asia: A comparative study of five major nations, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 8(4), 849–884. https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mor002.
Crouch, M. (2021). The Challenges for Court Reform after Authoritarian Rule: The Role of Specialized Courts in Indonesia, Constitutional Review, 7(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.31078/consrev711.
Emadewani, P. (2009). Pertimbangan Hakim Mengabulkan Gugatan Citizen Lawsuit dalam Perkara Lingkungan Hidup. Jurnal Verstek, 7(3), 139–145. https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/verstek/article/view/38277.
Fatah, A. (2013). Gugatan Warga Negara Sebagai Mekanisme Pemenuhan Hak Asasi Manusia dan Hak Konstitusional Warga Negara. Yuridika, 28(3), 293–303. https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v28i3.347.
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Hermanto, B. (2022). Deliberate legislative reforms to improve the legislation quality in developing countries: case of Indonesia. The Theory and Practice of Legislation, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/20508840.2022.2080392.
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Julaiddin, J, & Sari, H. P. (2019). Citizen Lawsuit (Gugatan Warga Negara) Terhadap Penyelenggara Negara dalam Mencari Keadilan. Swara Justisia, 1(1), 13–23.
Krinsky, D. (2006). How To Sue Without Standing: The Constitutionality of Citizen Suits in Non-Article III Tribunals. Case Western Reserve Law Review, 57, 1–48. https://ssrn.com/abstract=930836.
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Martana, N., et.al. (2019). Discourses of Legal Certainty in Execution of Administrative Court Decision. Substantive Justice International Journal of Law, 2(2), 89-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/substantivejustice.v2i2.35.
Mangku, D.G.S., et.al., (2022). Implementation of e-court in settlement of civil cases in district court, AIP Conference Proceedings, 2573, 030004-1. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0104105.
Naviah, F. (2013). Penerapan Mekanisme Gugatan Citizen Lawsuit dalam Hukum Acara Perdata di Indonesia. Jurnal Verstek, 1(3), 1–12. https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/verstek/article/view/38815.
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Noor, H., J., Afkar, K, & Glaser, H. (2021). Application of Sanctions Against State Administrative Officials Failing to Implement Administrative Court Decisions. Bestuur, 9(1), 53-67. https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v9i1.49686
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Sudiarawan, K. A. (2019). Rekonstruksi Pergeseran Paradigma Upaya Administratif dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Pra Pemilihan Kepala Daerah, Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia, 16(3), 325-343, https://doi.org/10.54629/jli.v16i3.505.
Sugianto, I. (2004). Hak Gugat Warga Negara (Citizen Lawsuit) terhadap Negara-Kajian Putusan No. 28/Pdt.G/2003/PN.Jkt.Pusat. Majalah Dictum Jurnal Kajian Putusan Pengadilan, 41.
Tong, J. W., & Zheng, Y. S. (2020). Citizen Lawsuits Against the Government in China : Twenty Court Cases , 2013 – 2019. Chinese Law & Government, 51(2–3), 49–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/00094609.2019.1710434.
Verschuuren, J. (2009). The Role of the Judiciary in Environmental Governance Publication: Comparative Perspectives, 4. The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International BV., pp. 55–83. Available at
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Wairocana, I. G. N., Layang, I. W. B. S., Sudiarta, K., Martana, P. A. H., Sudiarawan, K. A., & Hermanto, B. (2021). Kendala dan Cara Hakim Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara Pasca Uu Administrasi Pemerintahan: Suatu Pendekatan Atas Penanganan Perkara Fiktif Positif. Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan, 50(3), 563-585. http://dx.doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol50.no3.2755.
Wibowo, S., & Wijaya, M. (2021). Implementation of the Small Claims Court in Dispute Case Settlement in Indonesia. Lex Scientia Law Review, 5(1), 165-178. https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v5i1.42859.
Wiratraman, H. P. (2022). Constitutional Struggles and the Court in Indonesia’s Turn to Authoritarian Politics. Federal Law Review, 50(3), 314–330. https://doi.org/10.1177/0067205X221107404.
Yasa, P. G. A. S., Sudiarawan, K. A., Pratama, A. C. P. N., & Pranajaya, M. D. (2021). Position of Fictitious Positive Administrative Decisions as Dispute Object of State Administrative Court: Indonesia Omnibus Law Perspective. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 24(5), 1-12.
Yuliartini, N. P. R., Putra, I. B. W., Atmaja, G. M. W., & Mangku, D. G. S. (2022). The Construction of National Legal Systems from Pancasila's Perspective. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan, 7(2), 479-488. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um019v7i2p479-488.
Yusa, I. G., Hermanto, B., & Ardani, N. K. (2021, December). Law Reform as the Part of National Resilience: Discovering Hindu and Pancasila Values in Indonesia’s Legal Development Plan. In International Conference for Democracy and National Resilience (ICDNR 2021) (pp. 1-10). Atlantis Press. https://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211221.001.
Zulaeha, M. (2017). Mengatasi Kabut Asap Melalui Mekanisme Citizen Lawsuit. Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia, 3(1), 87–106. https://doi.org/10.38011/jhli.v3i1.35.
Arifin, R. (2022). Translating the Meaning of Justice and Legal Protection: What exactly is justice?. JILS (Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies), 7(1), i-iv. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v7i1.57881.
Baety, L. A. (2017). Dampak Hukum Perluasan Kewenangan Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Penyalahgunaan Wewenang Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1986 dan Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2014. Thesis. Semarang: Universitas Negeri Semarang.
Bimasakti, M. A. (2020). Merekonstruksi Paradigma Gugatan Citizen Lawsuit Di Indonesia Sebagai Sengketa Administrasi. Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan, 50(1), 230. https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol50.no1.2492.
Bedner, A. (2013). Indonesian Legal Scholarship and Jurisprudence as an Obstacle for Transplanting Legal Institutions, Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 5(2), 253-273. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1876404512001145.
Chen, A.H.Y. (2010). Pathways of Western liberal constitutional development in Asia: A comparative study of five major nations, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 8(4), 849–884. https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mor002.
Crouch, M. (2021). The Challenges for Court Reform after Authoritarian Rule: The Role of Specialized Courts in Indonesia, Constitutional Review, 7(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.31078/consrev711.
Emadewani, P. (2009). Pertimbangan Hakim Mengabulkan Gugatan Citizen Lawsuit dalam Perkara Lingkungan Hidup. Jurnal Verstek, 7(3), 139–145. https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/verstek/article/view/38277.
Fatah, A. (2013). Gugatan Warga Negara Sebagai Mekanisme Pemenuhan Hak Asasi Manusia dan Hak Konstitusional Warga Negara. Yuridika, 28(3), 293–303. https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v28i3.347.
Fatah, A. (2019). Citizen Lawsuit in Environmental Cases. Lentera Hukum, 6(2), 287-306. https://doi.org/10.19184/ejlh.v6i2.9675.
Flatt, E. P. (1991). Citizen Suits under the Clean Water Act: Post-Complaint Compliance Does Not Moot Requests for Penalties, Atlantic States Legal Foundation v. Tyson Foods. Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law Digital Repository, 2(1), 1–20.
Gárdos-Orosz, F. (2012). The Hungarian Constitutional Court in Transition – from Actio Popularis to Constitutional Complaint. Acta Juridica Hungarica, 53(4), 302–315. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1556/ajur.53.2012.4.3.
Han, S. L. (2017). Background Memorandum Public Interest Litigation in China. Paul Tsai China Center of Yale Law School, 1–24.
Hermanto, B., & Mas Aryani, N. (2021). Omnibus legislation as a tool of legislative reform by developing countries: Indonesia, Turkey and Serbia practice. The Theory and Practice of Legislation, 9(3), 425-450. https://doi.org/10.1080/20508840.2022.2027162.
Hermanto, B. (2022). Deliberate legislative reforms to improve the legislation quality in developing countries: case of Indonesia. The Theory and Practice of Legislation, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/20508840.2022.2080392.
Iqbal, M. (2012). Aspek Hukum Class Action dan Citizen Law Suit Serta Perkembangannya di Indonesia. Jurnal Hukum Dan Peradilan, 1(1), 89–112. https://jurnalhukumdanperadilan.org/index.php/jurnalhukumperadilan/article/view/148.
Jaja, T. C., & Aditya, Z. F. (2022). Promoting the Good Governance by Advancing the Role of Parliamentarians and the Term Offices Limitation (Comparing Nigeria and Indonesia). JILS (Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies), 7(1), 265-298. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v7i1.54776.
Jayantiari, I. G. A. M. R., Sudiarawan, K. A., & Dewi, T. I. D. W. P. (2020). Pembangunan Hukum Berorientasi Keadilan Melalui Harmonisasi Hukum Negara dan Hukum Adat, Jurnal Majelis, 2(1), 151-174.
Julaiddin, J, & Sari, H. P. (2019). Citizen Lawsuit (Gugatan Warga Negara) Terhadap Penyelenggara Negara dalam Mencari Keadilan. Swara Justisia, 1(1), 13–23.
Krinsky, D. (2006). How To Sue Without Standing: The Constitutionality of Citizen Suits in Non-Article III Tribunals. Case Western Reserve Law Review, 57, 1–48. https://ssrn.com/abstract=930836.
Mahkamah Agung. (2009). Class Action & Citizen Lawsuit: Laporan Penelitian. Jakarta: Badan Litbang Diklat Hukum dan Peradilan Mahkamah Agung RI. Available online at < https://perpustakaan.mahkamahagung.go.id/read/ebook/49>
Martana, N., et.al. (2019). Discourses of Legal Certainty in Execution of Administrative Court Decision. Substantive Justice International Journal of Law, 2(2), 89-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/substantivejustice.v2i2.35.
Mangku, D.G.S., et.al., (2022). Implementation of e-court in settlement of civil cases in district court, AIP Conference Proceedings, 2573, 030004-1. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0104105.
Naviah, F. (2013). Penerapan Mekanisme Gugatan Citizen Lawsuit dalam Hukum Acara Perdata di Indonesia. Jurnal Verstek, 1(3), 1–12. https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/verstek/article/view/38815.
Nasir, C. (2018). Pengawasan terhadap Kebijakan Pemerintah Melalui Mekanisme Citizen Lawsuit. Jurnal Konstitusi, 14(4), 906. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk14410.
Noor, H., J., Afkar, K, & Glaser, H. (2021). Application of Sanctions Against State Administrative Officials Failing to Implement Administrative Court Decisions. Bestuur, 9(1), 53-67. https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v9i1.49686
Pompe, S. (2005). The Indonesian Supreme Court: A Study of Institutional Collapse. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
Pratami, N. L. A. D. P. (2017). Karakteristik Gugatan Warga Negara (Citizen Lawsuit) dan Perbandingannya dengan Gugatan Perwakilan Kelompok (Class Action). Kertha Wicara, 6(4), 1–6. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/kerthawicara/article/view/34224.
Sudiarawan, K. A., Wairocana, I. G. N., & Hermanto, B. (2020). Are there Obstacles after the Administrative Court Absolute Competence Extension of Indonesia?. Varia Justicia, 16(2), 156-169. https://doi.org/10.31603/variajusticia.v16i2.3590.
Sudiarawan, K. A. (2019). Rekonstruksi Pergeseran Paradigma Upaya Administratif dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Pra Pemilihan Kepala Daerah, Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia, 16(3), 325-343, https://doi.org/10.54629/jli.v16i3.505.
Sugianto, I. (2004). Hak Gugat Warga Negara (Citizen Lawsuit) terhadap Negara-Kajian Putusan No. 28/Pdt.G/2003/PN.Jkt.Pusat. Majalah Dictum Jurnal Kajian Putusan Pengadilan, 41.
Tong, J. W., & Zheng, Y. S. (2020). Citizen Lawsuits Against the Government in China : Twenty Court Cases , 2013 – 2019. Chinese Law & Government, 51(2–3), 49–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/00094609.2019.1710434.
Verschuuren, J. (2009). The Role of the Judiciary in Environmental Governance Publication: Comparative Perspectives, 4. The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International BV., pp. 55–83. Available at
Wairocana, I. G. N., Layang, I. W. B. S., Sudiarta, K., Martana, P. A. H., Sudiarawan, K. A., & Pramana, I. G. P. (2019). Dinamika Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara Pasca UU Administrasi Pemerintahan. Thesis. Denpasar Bali: Universitas Udayana.
Wairocana, I., Sudiarta, I. K., Layang, I. W. B. S., Siki, W. B., Sudiarawan, K. A., Pramana, I., & Pasek, G. (2019). The Expansion of Administrative Decision Meaning Based on Government Administration Law: A Dispute Submission Process Approach. Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal), 8(1), 13-33.
Wairocana, I. G. N., Layang, I. W. B. S., Sudiarta, K., Martana, P. A. H., Sudiarawan, K. A., & Hermanto, B. (2021). Kendala dan Cara Hakim Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara Pasca Uu Administrasi Pemerintahan: Suatu Pendekatan Atas Penanganan Perkara Fiktif Positif. Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan, 50(3), 563-585. http://dx.doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol50.no3.2755.
Wibowo, S., & Wijaya, M. (2021). Implementation of the Small Claims Court in Dispute Case Settlement in Indonesia. Lex Scientia Law Review, 5(1), 165-178. https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v5i1.42859.
Wiratraman, H. P. (2022). Constitutional Struggles and the Court in Indonesia’s Turn to Authoritarian Politics. Federal Law Review, 50(3), 314–330. https://doi.org/10.1177/0067205X221107404.
Yasa, P. G. A. S., Sudiarawan, K. A., Pratama, A. C. P. N., & Pranajaya, M. D. (2021). Position of Fictitious Positive Administrative Decisions as Dispute Object of State Administrative Court: Indonesia Omnibus Law Perspective. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 24(5), 1-12.
Yuliartini, N. P. R., Putra, I. B. W., Atmaja, G. M. W., & Mangku, D. G. S. (2022). The Construction of National Legal Systems from Pancasila's Perspective. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan, 7(2), 479-488. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um019v7i2p479-488.
Yusa, I. G., Hermanto, B., & Ardani, N. K. (2021, December). Law Reform as the Part of National Resilience: Discovering Hindu and Pancasila Values in Indonesia’s Legal Development Plan. In International Conference for Democracy and National Resilience (ICDNR 2021) (pp. 1-10). Atlantis Press. https://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211221.001.
Zulaeha, M. (2017). Mengatasi Kabut Asap Melalui Mekanisme Citizen Lawsuit. Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia, 3(1), 87–106. https://doi.org/10.38011/jhli.v3i1.35.