Examining the Criminal Aspects of the Indonesian Plant Varieties Regime and Farmer Protection for Food Sovereignty
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Nov 8, 2023
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Abstract
This research investigates the Plant Varieties Regime's role in safeguarding farmers’ rights in plant development and cultivation in Indonesia. Specifically, it scrutinizes criminal provisions concerning farmers accused of producing seeds without the right holder's consent, as evident in multiple court decisions. These verdicts have ignited legal debates that conflict with the principles of food sovereignty. Given that nearly 90% of corn plants are cultivated through traditional farmer knowledge, the increasing dependence on the seed industry disrupts agricultural practices passed down through generations. The Plant Variety Protection Act (PVP Act) inadvertently encourages seed industry monopolization. This paper advocates a coherent approach in compliance with Article 27(2) of the 1945 Constitution to address these legal issues and establish a just legal framework. The primary legal discourse centers on equitable protection, necessitating a re-evaluation of the PVP Law, which is perceived as restricting plant development opportunities and discriminating against farmers. Farmers, as stewards of seed development and livelihood, should not face criminal charges encroaching upon their rights. Employing a normative methodology involving statutory, conceptual, and case analyses, this study examines the criminal aspects and legal protection of farmers' rights in corn seed cultivation. Ultimately, the paper recommends revising the PVP Law, emphasizing the importance of coherent legal thinking when shaping criminal policies. On a practical level, it calls for collaborative efforts among stakeholders to bolster agricultural sovereignty, particularly in the corn sector, by prioritizing farmers' rights. In summary, this research aims to provide recommendations for enhancing farmers' protection against the criminal provisions outlined in the PVP Act, which holds a pivotal role in shielding farmers engaged in corn seed cultivation.
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How to Cite
Suastuti, E., Haq, H. U., Hasanah, U., Martini, D., & Lestari, S. N. (2023). Examining the Criminal Aspects of the Indonesian Plant Varieties Regime and Farmer Protection for Food Sovereignty. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 8(2), 855-898. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v8i2.75825
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Research Articles
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References
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Budianto, Agus, and Rizky Karo Karo. "Marapu Customary Law Reconstruction Through The Establishment of Regional Regulations as an Attempt of Human Rights Protection Againts The Native Sumba Society." Multicultural Education 7, No. 1 (2021): 195-201.
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Guimarães, Bernardo Pontes, Paulo Gustavo Barboni Dantas Nascimento, and Grace Ferreira Ghesti. "Intellectual property and plant variety protection: Prospective study on Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) cultivars." World Patent Information 65 (2021): 102041.
Hariyanto, Hariyanto. "Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Hak Pemulia Tanaman Atas Produk Tanaman Hibrida Sebagai Bagian Dari Hak Kebendaan." Mimbar Hukum 20, No. 3 (2008): 487-494.
Held, David. "Law of States, Law of Peoples: Three Models of Sovereignty." Legal Theory 8, No. 1 (2002): 1-44.
Henry, John F. "John Locke, property rights, and economic theory." Journal of Economic Issues 33, No. 3 (1999): 609-624.
Hill, Lisa, and Prasanna Nidumolu. "The influence of classical Stoicism on John Locke’s theory of self-ownership." History of the Human Sciences 34, No. 3-4 (2021): 3-24.
Hou, Yangkun. "Protecting New Plant Varieties in China and Its Major Problems." Innovation, Economic Development, and Intellectual Property in India and China: Comparing Six Economic Sectors (2019): 327-346.
Ihsan, Muhammad. "Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pemulia Varietas Tanaman (Petani) Pasca lahirnya Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2019 tentang Sistem Budi Daya Pertanian Berkelanjutan." Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya 8, No. 3 (2021): 867-880.
Irawan, Vania. "Propagasi pada Varietas Tanaman yang Dilindungi Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 29 Tahun 2000 tentang Perlindungan Varietas Tanaman." JISIP (Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Pendidikan) 6, No. 2 (2022): 3768-3775.
Jhunjhunwala, Pratyush. "Analysis of Article 27 (3)(b) of TRIPs-the Content and Implications of the IP Protection on Plant Varieties." American Journal of Economics and Business Administration 1, No. 4 (2009): 313-319.
Kanniah, Rajeswari. "Plant variety protection in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand." The Journal of World Intellectual Property 8, No. 3 (2005): 283-310.
Kelsen, Hans. What is justice?: Justice, law, and politics in the mirror of science. (California: Univ of California Press, 2022).
Lestari, Emi Indah, Kholis Raisah, and Adya Paramita Prabandari. "Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Varietas Tanaman dalam Memberikan Kepastian Hukum kepada Pemulia Tanaman." Notarius 12, No. 2 (2019): 972-984.
Locke, John. The Second Treatise of Civil Government. (Ontario: Broadview Press, 2015).
Luthan, Salman. "Dialektika hukum dan moral dalam perspektif filsafat hukum." Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum 19, No. 4 (2012): 506-523.
Marmor, Andrei. Interpretation and Legal Theory. (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2005).
Marthalia, Debby, et al. Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap HKI. (Batam: Cendikia Mulia Mandiri, 2022).
Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Teori Hukum. (Jakarta: Prenada Media, 2020).
Mayasari, Riezka Eka, and Nur Hidayani Alimuddin. "Analisis Hukum Perkembangan Perlindungan Varietas Tanaman di Indonesia." Sovereign: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 2, No. 4 (2020): 1-14.
Öberg, Jacob. "The definition of criminal sanctions in the EU." European Criminal Law Review 3 (2014): 273-299.
Pasarib, Debora, and Rizky Karo Karo. "Perlindungan Hukum Untuk Mewujudkan Ketahanan Pangan Masyarakat di Masa Covid–19." Jurnal Esensi Hukum 3, No. 2 (2021): 202-221.
Poku, Adu-Gyamfi, Regina Birner, and Saurabh Gupta. "Why do maize farmers in Ghana have a limited choice of improved seed varieties? An assessment of the governance challenges in seed supply." Food Security 10 (2018): 27-46.
Pratiwi, Arini Yunia, Muhamad Amirulloh, and Anita Afriana. "Harmonisasi Hukum Ketentuan Lisensi Wajib (Compulsory License) Perlindungan Varietas Tanaman di Indonesia." Jurnal Poros Hukum Padjadjaran 2, No. 2 (2021): 284-301.
Rahayuningsih, Tri, et al. "Pendampingan Hukum Mengenai Pupuk Bersubsidi dan Teknologi Pertanian Bagi Petani Jagung." JIIP-Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan 6, No. 1 (2023): 230-235.
Republic of Indonesia. Law No. 29 of 2000 on Plant Variety Protection
Rodiyah Rodiyah, et al. "Child food security policy: The problems and challenges in the globalization era during Covid-19 outbreak." AIP Conference Proceedings 2573 (2022): 030021.
Ross, Alf. On law and justice. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019).
Rudy, Rudy. "Implementation of Civil Rights against Vulnerable Groups in the Legal and Constitutional System in Indonesia." Hasanuddin Law Review 8, No. 3 (2022): 299-309.
Sayaka, Bambang, Frans BM Dabukke, and Sri Suharyono. "Membangun kemandirian industri benih padi nasional." Jurnal Ekonomi Indonesia 9, No. 3 (2020): 189-207.
Septian, Dandi, and Gabriel Cahya Anugerah. "Perlindungan petani melalui konsep asuransi pertanian pada gabungan kelompok tani Desa Argorejo, Kabupaten Bantul." Jurnal Penelitian Hukum Gadjah Mada 1, No. 2 (2014): 92-108.
Seshia, Shaila. "Plant variety protection and farmers' rights: law-making and cultivation of varietal control." Economic and Political Weekly (2002): 2741-2747.
Sinaga, Niru Anita. "Pentingnya Perlindungan Hukum Kekayaan Intelektual Bagi Pembangunan Ekonomi Indonesia." Jurnal Hukum Sasana 6, No. 2 (2020): 144-165.
Siti Hafsyah Idris, et al. "Bioethical issues on farmers’ rights relating to genetically modified crops." AIP Conference Proceedings 2881 (2023): 050002.
Smith, David F. and Phillips Jim. "Food policy and regulation: a multiplicity of actors and experts." Food, science, policy and regulation in the Twentieth Century. (London: Routledge, 2013), pp. 1-16.
Stankiewicz, Dorota. "Regulation on the use of seeds (ECPRD Request No. 4635)." Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS 72, No. 4 (2021): 189-193.
Stewart, Frances. "Basic needs strategies, human rights, and the right to development." Human Rights Quarterly 11, No. 3 (1989): 347-374.
Streeten, Paul. "Basic needs and human rights." World Development 8, No. 2 (1980): 107-111.
Suastuti, Eny, and Umi Purwandari. "Criminal Aspects of Plant Cultivation." Technium Social Sciences Journal 50 (2023): 359-363.
Suastuti, Eny, Muhammad Zulkifli Luman, and Anggi Syahbani. Kedaulatan Petani dan Perlindungan Hukum. (Malang: Inara Publishing, 2023).
Sudjana Sudjana, Hernadi, Dede Mulyanto, Hazar Kusmayanti, “Penyuluhan Perlindungan Hukum Hak Petani Berkaitan dengan Pemuliaan Varietas Tanaman di Desa Sayang Kecamatan Jatinagor Kabupaten Sumedang,” Jurnal Pengabdian Dharma Laksana Mengabdi Untuk Negeri 4, No. 2 (2022): 118-125.
The Constitutional Court Verdict in Case Number 99/PUU-X/2012.
The District Court Verdict in Case No. 261/Pid.Sus/2019/PN.Gpr
Wacks, Raymond. Understanding Jurisprudence: An Introduction to Legal Theory. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020).
Wahyuni, Dinar. "Penguatan kelembagaan petani menuju kesejahteraan petani." Jurnal Kesejahteraan Sosial 10, No. 17 (2017): 9-12.
Wuner, Reza Erica. "Tinjauan Hukum Tindak Pidana Terhadap Hak Varietas Tanaman Ditinjau Dari Undang-Undang Nomor 29 Tahun 2000 Tentang Perlindungan Varietas Tanaman." LEX CRIMEN 10, No. 3 (2021): 204-214
Yuliati, Yuliati. "Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Konsumen Terkait Peredaran Pangan Hasil Rekayasa Genetika di Indonesia." Arena Hukum 11, No. 3 (2018): 540-557.
Yusuf, Muchamad. “Pembatasan Hak Eksklusif Pemulia Tanaman Untuk Melindungi Hak-Hak Petani”. Thesis (Surabaya: Universitas Airlangga, 2015).
Amzeri, Achmad. "Tinjauan Perkembangan Pertanian Jagung di Madura dan Alternatif Pengolahan Menjadi Biomaterial." Rekayasa 11, No. 1 (2018): 74-86.
Andesgur, Ivnaini. "Analisa kebijakan hukum lingkungan dalam Pengelolaan Pestisida." Bestuur 7, No. 2 (2019): 93-105.
Antons, Christoph, Yunita T. Winarto, and Adlinanur F. Prihandiani. "Farmer-plant-breeders and the law on Java, Indonesia." Critical Asian Studies 52, No. 4 (2020): 589-609.
Barizah, Nurul. "The Protection of Farmers' Rights Under International Law and its Implementation in Indonesia." Environmental Policy and Law 49, No. 4/5 (2019): 226-232.
Barizah, Nurul. Hukum Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Petani dan Pemulia Tanaman: Upaya Mewujudkan Ketahanan Pangan Nasional Berbasis Prinsip Keadilan. (Surabaya: Revka Prima Media, 2018).
Batrisyia, Briana, and Imam Haryanto. "Analisis Regulasi Pada Tanaman Transgenik dalam Perlindungan Varietas Tanaman Bagi Pemulia Tanaman." Jurnal USM Law Review 6, No. 3 (2023): 931-942.
Bilchitz, David. Poverty and fundamental rights: The justification and enforcement of socio-economic rights. (Oxford: OUP Oxford, 2007).
Biser, Jennis J. "Locke Versus Hobbes: Political Economy of Property Rights." Journal For Economic Educators 20, No. 1 (2020): 1-27.
Budianto, Agus, and Rizky Karo Karo. "Marapu Customary Law Reconstruction Through The Establishment of Regional Regulations as an Attempt of Human Rights Protection Againts The Native Sumba Society." Multicultural Education 7, No. 1 (2021): 195-201.
Bustani, Simona, Rosdiana Saleh, and Christine ST Kansil. "Budaya Hukum Penerapan Perlindungan Varietas Tanaman dalam Mewujudkan Kedaulatan Pangan Indonesia di Era Global." Hukum Pidana dan Pembangunan Hukum 4, No. 2 (2022): 1-11.
Bustani, Simona. "Budaya Hukum Masyarakat Berdampak Terjadinya Kriminalisasi Petani yang Memanfaatkan Benih Varietas Baru (Dalam Mewujudkan Ketahanan Pangan)." Hukum Pidana dan Pembangunan Hukum 1, No. 2 (2019).
Chrishans, Raffael Moreno, et al. "Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Varietas Tanaman Sebagai Salah Satu Bentuk Hak Kekayaan Intelektual." Multilingual: Journal of Universal Studies 3, No. 4 (2023): 526-537.
Dewi, Kadek Sutrisna, and I. Wayan Wiryawan. "Pengaturan Bidang Pengawasan dalam Rangka Memperkuat Hak Perlindungan Varietas Tanaman." Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) 9, No. 4 (2020): 796-810.
Djatmiati, Tatiek Sri, and Bagus Teguh Santoso. Bunga Rampai Hukum Administrasi. (Jakarta: UBJ Press, 2020).
Eleftheriadis, Pavlos. "Law and Sovereignty." Law and Philosophy 29, No. 5 (2010): 535-569.
Fauzi, Fahrul. "Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pemulia dan Varietas Tanaman dalam Kerangka Hukum Perlindungan Varietas Tanaman di Indonesia." Wijaya Putra Law Review 2, No. 2 (2023): 95-116.
Fikria, Luthfiatul. "Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pemegang Hak Perlindungan Varietas Tanaman Jagung Manis Talenta." Pro Patria: Jurnal Pendidikan, Kewarganegaraan, Hukum, Sosial, dan Politik 6, No. 1 (2023): 179-192.
Fortin, Neal D. Food Regulation: Law, Science, Policy, and Practice. (Hoboken, New Jersey, US: John Wiley & Sons, 2022).
Gracella, Elsya, Budi Santoso, and Edy Sismarwoto. "Legal Protection of Breeder Rights and Farmer Rights concerning Protection of Plant Varieties." Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Science and Technology in Administration and Management Information, ICSTIAMI 2019, 17-18 July 2019, Jakarta, Indonesia. 2021.
Guimarães, Bernardo Pontes, Paulo Gustavo Barboni Dantas Nascimento, and Grace Ferreira Ghesti. "Intellectual property and plant variety protection: Prospective study on Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) cultivars." World Patent Information 65 (2021): 102041.
Hariyanto, Hariyanto. "Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Hak Pemulia Tanaman Atas Produk Tanaman Hibrida Sebagai Bagian Dari Hak Kebendaan." Mimbar Hukum 20, No. 3 (2008): 487-494.
Held, David. "Law of States, Law of Peoples: Three Models of Sovereignty." Legal Theory 8, No. 1 (2002): 1-44.
Henry, John F. "John Locke, property rights, and economic theory." Journal of Economic Issues 33, No. 3 (1999): 609-624.
Hill, Lisa, and Prasanna Nidumolu. "The influence of classical Stoicism on John Locke’s theory of self-ownership." History of the Human Sciences 34, No. 3-4 (2021): 3-24.
Hou, Yangkun. "Protecting New Plant Varieties in China and Its Major Problems." Innovation, Economic Development, and Intellectual Property in India and China: Comparing Six Economic Sectors (2019): 327-346.
Ihsan, Muhammad. "Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pemulia Varietas Tanaman (Petani) Pasca lahirnya Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2019 tentang Sistem Budi Daya Pertanian Berkelanjutan." Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya 8, No. 3 (2021): 867-880.
Irawan, Vania. "Propagasi pada Varietas Tanaman yang Dilindungi Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 29 Tahun 2000 tentang Perlindungan Varietas Tanaman." JISIP (Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Pendidikan) 6, No. 2 (2022): 3768-3775.
Jhunjhunwala, Pratyush. "Analysis of Article 27 (3)(b) of TRIPs-the Content and Implications of the IP Protection on Plant Varieties." American Journal of Economics and Business Administration 1, No. 4 (2009): 313-319.
Kanniah, Rajeswari. "Plant variety protection in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand." The Journal of World Intellectual Property 8, No. 3 (2005): 283-310.
Kelsen, Hans. What is justice?: Justice, law, and politics in the mirror of science. (California: Univ of California Press, 2022).
Lestari, Emi Indah, Kholis Raisah, and Adya Paramita Prabandari. "Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Varietas Tanaman dalam Memberikan Kepastian Hukum kepada Pemulia Tanaman." Notarius 12, No. 2 (2019): 972-984.
Locke, John. The Second Treatise of Civil Government. (Ontario: Broadview Press, 2015).
Luthan, Salman. "Dialektika hukum dan moral dalam perspektif filsafat hukum." Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum 19, No. 4 (2012): 506-523.
Marmor, Andrei. Interpretation and Legal Theory. (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2005).
Marthalia, Debby, et al. Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap HKI. (Batam: Cendikia Mulia Mandiri, 2022).
Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Teori Hukum. (Jakarta: Prenada Media, 2020).
Mayasari, Riezka Eka, and Nur Hidayani Alimuddin. "Analisis Hukum Perkembangan Perlindungan Varietas Tanaman di Indonesia." Sovereign: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 2, No. 4 (2020): 1-14.
Öberg, Jacob. "The definition of criminal sanctions in the EU." European Criminal Law Review 3 (2014): 273-299.
Pasarib, Debora, and Rizky Karo Karo. "Perlindungan Hukum Untuk Mewujudkan Ketahanan Pangan Masyarakat di Masa Covid–19." Jurnal Esensi Hukum 3, No. 2 (2021): 202-221.
Poku, Adu-Gyamfi, Regina Birner, and Saurabh Gupta. "Why do maize farmers in Ghana have a limited choice of improved seed varieties? An assessment of the governance challenges in seed supply." Food Security 10 (2018): 27-46.
Pratiwi, Arini Yunia, Muhamad Amirulloh, and Anita Afriana. "Harmonisasi Hukum Ketentuan Lisensi Wajib (Compulsory License) Perlindungan Varietas Tanaman di Indonesia." Jurnal Poros Hukum Padjadjaran 2, No. 2 (2021): 284-301.
Rahayuningsih, Tri, et al. "Pendampingan Hukum Mengenai Pupuk Bersubsidi dan Teknologi Pertanian Bagi Petani Jagung." JIIP-Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan 6, No. 1 (2023): 230-235.
Republic of Indonesia. Law No. 29 of 2000 on Plant Variety Protection
Rodiyah Rodiyah, et al. "Child food security policy: The problems and challenges in the globalization era during Covid-19 outbreak." AIP Conference Proceedings 2573 (2022): 030021.
Ross, Alf. On law and justice. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019).
Rudy, Rudy. "Implementation of Civil Rights against Vulnerable Groups in the Legal and Constitutional System in Indonesia." Hasanuddin Law Review 8, No. 3 (2022): 299-309.
Sayaka, Bambang, Frans BM Dabukke, and Sri Suharyono. "Membangun kemandirian industri benih padi nasional." Jurnal Ekonomi Indonesia 9, No. 3 (2020): 189-207.
Septian, Dandi, and Gabriel Cahya Anugerah. "Perlindungan petani melalui konsep asuransi pertanian pada gabungan kelompok tani Desa Argorejo, Kabupaten Bantul." Jurnal Penelitian Hukum Gadjah Mada 1, No. 2 (2014): 92-108.
Seshia, Shaila. "Plant variety protection and farmers' rights: law-making and cultivation of varietal control." Economic and Political Weekly (2002): 2741-2747.
Sinaga, Niru Anita. "Pentingnya Perlindungan Hukum Kekayaan Intelektual Bagi Pembangunan Ekonomi Indonesia." Jurnal Hukum Sasana 6, No. 2 (2020): 144-165.
Siti Hafsyah Idris, et al. "Bioethical issues on farmers’ rights relating to genetically modified crops." AIP Conference Proceedings 2881 (2023): 050002.
Smith, David F. and Phillips Jim. "Food policy and regulation: a multiplicity of actors and experts." Food, science, policy and regulation in the Twentieth Century. (London: Routledge, 2013), pp. 1-16.
Stankiewicz, Dorota. "Regulation on the use of seeds (ECPRD Request No. 4635)." Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS 72, No. 4 (2021): 189-193.
Stewart, Frances. "Basic needs strategies, human rights, and the right to development." Human Rights Quarterly 11, No. 3 (1989): 347-374.
Streeten, Paul. "Basic needs and human rights." World Development 8, No. 2 (1980): 107-111.
Suastuti, Eny, and Umi Purwandari. "Criminal Aspects of Plant Cultivation." Technium Social Sciences Journal 50 (2023): 359-363.
Suastuti, Eny, Muhammad Zulkifli Luman, and Anggi Syahbani. Kedaulatan Petani dan Perlindungan Hukum. (Malang: Inara Publishing, 2023).
Sudjana Sudjana, Hernadi, Dede Mulyanto, Hazar Kusmayanti, “Penyuluhan Perlindungan Hukum Hak Petani Berkaitan dengan Pemuliaan Varietas Tanaman di Desa Sayang Kecamatan Jatinagor Kabupaten Sumedang,” Jurnal Pengabdian Dharma Laksana Mengabdi Untuk Negeri 4, No. 2 (2022): 118-125.
The Constitutional Court Verdict in Case Number 99/PUU-X/2012.
The District Court Verdict in Case No. 261/Pid.Sus/2019/PN.Gpr
Wacks, Raymond. Understanding Jurisprudence: An Introduction to Legal Theory. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020).
Wahyuni, Dinar. "Penguatan kelembagaan petani menuju kesejahteraan petani." Jurnal Kesejahteraan Sosial 10, No. 17 (2017): 9-12.
Wuner, Reza Erica. "Tinjauan Hukum Tindak Pidana Terhadap Hak Varietas Tanaman Ditinjau Dari Undang-Undang Nomor 29 Tahun 2000 Tentang Perlindungan Varietas Tanaman." LEX CRIMEN 10, No. 3 (2021): 204-214
Yuliati, Yuliati. "Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Konsumen Terkait Peredaran Pangan Hasil Rekayasa Genetika di Indonesia." Arena Hukum 11, No. 3 (2018): 540-557.
Yusuf, Muchamad. “Pembatasan Hak Eksklusif Pemulia Tanaman Untuk Melindungi Hak-Hak Petani”. Thesis (Surabaya: Universitas Airlangga, 2015).