Digital Globalization and Law
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Jun 9, 2022
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Abstract
The regulation of social processes is part of a state’s sovereignty. States apply their law to shape and control social and economic conditions within their territory. Law as an instrument for coordinating human behaviour and for balancing colliding interests within the society is linked to human behaviour, either individually or within human organisations. The basic prerequisite for the existence of law is human interaction based on emotions, desires, and the pursuit of interests. Law and trust (interpersonal trust or system trust) are connected to each other. This leads to the assumption that law loses its relevance with a decrease of the relevance of trust. This article explores the question of which factors of current and future digitalisation could lead to a loss of the relevance of trust and of the relevance of the aspect of human behaviour as a connecting factor for legal norms. The article concludes that technological globalisation and ubiquity of the internet have already led to a loss of state territorial sovereignty. This has resulted in the diminution of system trust in law. The article further shows how digitalisation is pushing back the relevance of human behaviour and emotionality and, therefore, technicity is increasingly displacing law. The article describes the connection between deterritorialization and the development of new disruptive digital technologies and asks about the future role of ethics in the legal system of an advanced digitalised society. The development of concrete solutions and legislative proposals is subject to further studies.
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Koos, S. (2022). Digital Globalization and Law. Lex Scientia Law Review, 6(1), 33-68. https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v6i1.55092
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References
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Bettinger, Torsten, and Dorothee Thum. ‘Territorial Trademark Rights in the Global Village - International Jurisdiction, Choice of Law and Susbstantive Law for Trademark Disputes on the Internet, Part I’. International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law (IIC) 31, no. 2 (2000): 162–82.
Blakesley, Christopher L., and Otto Lagodny. ‘Finding Harmony Amidst Disagreement Over Extradition, Jurisdiction, The Role of Human Rights, and Issues of Extraterritoriality Under International Criminal Law’. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 24, no. 1 (1991). https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/facpub/383.
Boehme-Neßler, Volker. ‘Die Macht der Algorithmen und die Ohnmacht des Rechts. Wie die Digitalisierung das Recht relativiert’. Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 70, no. 42 (2017): 3031–37.
Borum, Randy. The Science of Interpersonal Trust. Mental Health Law & Policy Faculty Publications 574. University of South Florida, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/mhlp_facpub/574.
Buxbaum, Hannah L. ‘Territory, Territoriality, and the Resolution of Jurisdictional Conflict’. American Journal of Comparative Law 57 (2009): 631–75.
Darmstädter, Friedrich. ‘Recht und Jurist’. Süddeutsche Juristen-Zeitung 3, no. 8 (1948): 318–23.
Debatin, Bernhard. ‘Verantwortung - Grundbegriffe der Kommunikations- und Medienethik (Teil 3)’. Communicatio Socialis 49, no. 1 (2016): 68–73.
Deutsch, Jillian, and Stephanie Bodoni. ‘Meta Renews Warning to E.U. It Will Be Forced to Pull Facebook’. Time, 8 February 2022. https://time.com/6146178/meta-facebook-eu-withdraw-data/.
Doi, Teruo. ‘The Territoriality Principle of Patent Protection and Conflict of Laws: A Review of Japanese Court Decisions’. Fordham International Law Journal 26, no. 2 (2002). https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1874&context=ilj.
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———. ‘White Paper on Artificial Intelligence - A European Approach to Excellence and Trust COM(2020) 65 Final’, 19 February 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_en.pdf.
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Intel Corp. v European Commission ('Intel’), No. C-413/14P (European Court of Justice 6 September 2017).
Klindt, Thomas. ‘Code is Law’. NJW-aktuell 9 (2020): 3.
Koos, Stefan. ‘Artifical Intelligence as Disruption Factor in the Civil Law: Impact of the Use of Artifical Intelligence in Liability, Contracting, Competition Law and Consumer Protection with Particular Reference to the German and Indonesian Legal Situation’. Yuridika 36, no. 1 (2021): 235–62. https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v36i1.24033.
———. ‘ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE – SCIENCE FICTION AND LEGAL REALITY’. Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law 6, no. 3 (20 December 2018): 23–29. https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.v6i3.135.
———. ‘Digitalization of University Education and Research as Consequence of the Covid-19 Pandemic - A Paradigmatical Change’. submitted, 2021.
———. ‘Global Responsibility and International Mutual Consideration in the Business Law - Theory and Reality’. In Proceedings 6th AFHI Conference, 21–28. Bandung: Epistema Institute, 2016.
———. ‘Globalisierung, Extraterritorialität und internationalisierte sozial verantwortete Interessenverfolgung im Wettbewerbsrecht’. In Marktkommunikation Zwischen Geistigem Eigentum und Verbraucherschutz: Festschrift für Karl-Heinz Fezer zum 70. Geburtstag, 264–74. München: C.H.Beck, 2016.
———. ‘Machine Acting and Contract Law – The Disruptive Factor of Artificial Intelligence for the Freedom Concept of the Private Law’. UIR Law Review 5, no. 1 (2021): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.25299/uirlrev.2021.vol5(1).6890.
———. ‘Protection of Behavioural Generated Personal Data of Consumers’. Medan: EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.26-1-2019.2283267.
———. ‘The Individual and the Property in Virtual Worlds’. submitted, 2022.
Lessig, Lawrence. Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace. New York: Basic Books, 2000. https://lessig.org/images/resources/1999-Code.pdf.
Luhmann, Niklas. Das Recht der Gesellschaft. 1st ed. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1995. https://luhmann.ir/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Das-Recht-der-Gesellschaft.pdf.
———. Vertrauen: Ein Mechanismus der Reduktion sozialer Komplexität. 5th ed. Stuttgart: UTB, 2014.
Lundstedt, Lydia. Territoriality in Intellectual Property Law - A Comparative Study of the Interpretation and Operation of the Territoriality Principle in the Resolution of Transborder Intellectual Property Infringement Disputes with Respect to International Civil Jurisdiction, Applicable Law and the Territorial Scope of Application of Substantive Intellectual Property Law in the European Union and United States. Stockholm: Stockholm University, 2016. https://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:972658/FULLTEXT01.pdf.
Mathur, Vishal. ‘Call the Bluff: Meta Cannot and Will Not Unfriend Europe’. Hindustan Times, 8 February 2022. https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/call-the-bluff-meta-cannot-and-will-not-unfriend-europe-101644335650745.html.
Meessen, Karl Matthias. Völkerrechtliche Grundsätze des internationalen Kartellrechts. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1975.
Peukert, Alexander. ‘Territoriality and Extraterritoriality in Intellectual Property Law’. In Handl/Zekoll/Zumbansen (Eds), Beyond Territoriality: Transnational Legal Authority in an Age of Globalization, 189–228. Queen Mary Studies in International Law. Leiden/Boston: Brill Academic Publishing, 2012. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1592263.
Playboy Enterprises Inc. v Chuckeberry Publishing Inc., No. 939 F.Supp. 1032, 1040 (US District Court for the Southern District of New York 19 June 1996).
Romero Moreno, Felipe. ‘“Upload Filters” and Human Rights: Implementing Article 17 of the Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market’. International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 34, no. 2 (2020): 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600869.2020.1733760.
Rupprecht Podszun, and Christian Kersting. ‘Modernisierung des Wettbewerbsrechts und Digitalisierung’. Neue Juristische Online-Zeitschrift 19, no. 10 (2019): 321–25.
Schmidchen, Dieter. Vertrauen und Recht: Eine ökonomische Analyse. CSLE Discussion Paper 2000–04. Saarbrücken: Universität des Saarlandes, Center for the Study of Law and Economics (CSLE), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/23062.
Shapiro, Susan P. ‘The Social Control of Impersonal Trust’. American Journal of Sociology 93, no. 3 (1987): 623–58.
Shidarta. ‘Ethics and Law in a Digital Society - A Study of Legal Philosophy’. Presented at the 2nd International Conference on Law, Economic and Governance ICOLEG 2021, Universitas Diponegoro, 29 June 2021. https://youtu.be/Fnp90LxtVe8.
Simpson, Jeffry A. ‘Chapter 25: Foundations of Interpersonal Trust’. In Kruglanski/Higgins (Ed.) Social Psychology - Handbook of Basic Principles, 2nd ed., 587–607. New York/London: The Guilford Press, 2007.
‘Volkszählungsurteil’, 1 BvR 209/83, BVerfGE 65, 1-71 (Bundesverfassungsgericht, Urteil des Ersten Senats 1983).
Welfare, Anthony. Commercializing Blockchain - Strategic Applicationsin the Real World. Hoboken, 2019.
Zak, Paul J., and Stephen Knack. ‘Trust and Growth’. The Economic Journal, 2001, 295–321.
Zelger, Bernadette. ‘EU Competition Law and Extraterritorial Jurisdiction – a Critical Analysis of the ECJ’s Judgement in Intel’. European Competition Journal 16, no. 2–3 (2020): 613–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441056.2020.1840844.
Altmeppen, Klaus-Dieter, and Alexander Filipovic. ‘Corporate Digital Responsibility. Zur Verantwortung von Medienunternehmen in digitalen Zeiten’. Communicatio Socialis 52, no. 2 (January 2019): 202–14. https://doi.org/10.5771/0010-3497-2019-2-202.
Bär, Rolf. Kartellrecht und internationales Kartellrecht. Bern: Stämpfli, 1965.
Beckemper, Katharina. ‘Das Rechtsgut “Vertrauen in die Funktionsfähigkeit der Märkte”’. Zeitschrift für Internationale Strafrechtsdogmatik (ZIS), 2011, 318–23.
Bettinger, Torsten, and Dorothee Thum. ‘Territorial Trademark Rights in the Global Village - International Jurisdiction, Choice of Law and Susbstantive Law for Trademark Disputes on the Internet, Part I’. International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law (IIC) 31, no. 2 (2000): 162–82.
Blakesley, Christopher L., and Otto Lagodny. ‘Finding Harmony Amidst Disagreement Over Extradition, Jurisdiction, The Role of Human Rights, and Issues of Extraterritoriality Under International Criminal Law’. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 24, no. 1 (1991). https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/facpub/383.
Boehme-Neßler, Volker. ‘Die Macht der Algorithmen und die Ohnmacht des Rechts. Wie die Digitalisierung das Recht relativiert’. Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 70, no. 42 (2017): 3031–37.
Borum, Randy. The Science of Interpersonal Trust. Mental Health Law & Policy Faculty Publications 574. University of South Florida, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/mhlp_facpub/574.
Buxbaum, Hannah L. ‘Territory, Territoriality, and the Resolution of Jurisdictional Conflict’. American Journal of Comparative Law 57 (2009): 631–75.
Darmstädter, Friedrich. ‘Recht und Jurist’. Süddeutsche Juristen-Zeitung 3, no. 8 (1948): 318–23.
Debatin, Bernhard. ‘Verantwortung - Grundbegriffe der Kommunikations- und Medienethik (Teil 3)’. Communicatio Socialis 49, no. 1 (2016): 68–73.
Deutsch, Jillian, and Stephanie Bodoni. ‘Meta Renews Warning to E.U. It Will Be Forced to Pull Facebook’. Time, 8 February 2022. https://time.com/6146178/meta-facebook-eu-withdraw-data/.
Doi, Teruo. ‘The Territoriality Principle of Patent Protection and Conflict of Laws: A Review of Japanese Court Decisions’. Fordham International Law Journal 26, no. 2 (2002). https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1874&context=ilj.
Ebers, Martin. ‘Standardizing AI - The Case of the European Commission’s Proposal for an Artificial Intelligence Act’. In Di Matteo/Cannarsa/Poncibò (Eds) The Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence: Global Perspectives on Law and Ethics. Cambridge University Press, 2022. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3900378.
European Commission. Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL LAYING DOWN HARMONISED RULES ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ACT) AND AMENDING CERTAIN UNION LEGISLATIVE ACTS, Pub. L. No. COM(2021) 206 final 2021/0106(COD) (2021).
———. Regulation (EC) No. 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (Rome II) (2021). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32007R0864&from=EN.
———. ‘White Paper on Artificial Intelligence - A European Approach to Excellence and Trust COM(2020) 65 Final’, 19 February 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_en.pdf.
European Union. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) (2016). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj.
Federal Republic of Germany. Act against Restraints of Competition (GWB) (n.d.). https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gwb/index.html.
Fezer, Karl-Heinz. Repräsentatives Dateneigentum - Ein zivilgesellschaftliches Bürgerrecht. Studie der Konrad-Adenauer-Striftung e.V., 2018. https://www.kas.de/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=f828a351-a2f6-11c1-b720-1aa08eaccff9&groupId=252038.
Fezer, Karl-Heinz, and Stefan Koos. Internationales Wirtschaftsrecht. 5th ed. Staudinger BGB. München: Sellier/de Gruyter, 2019.
Grupo Gigante v Dallo&Co., No. No 00-57118 (US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 15 December 2004).
Intel Corp. v European Commission ('Intel’), No. C-413/14P (European Court of Justice 6 September 2017).
Klindt, Thomas. ‘Code is Law’. NJW-aktuell 9 (2020): 3.
Koos, Stefan. ‘Artifical Intelligence as Disruption Factor in the Civil Law: Impact of the Use of Artifical Intelligence in Liability, Contracting, Competition Law and Consumer Protection with Particular Reference to the German and Indonesian Legal Situation’. Yuridika 36, no. 1 (2021): 235–62. https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v36i1.24033.
———. ‘ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE – SCIENCE FICTION AND LEGAL REALITY’. Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law 6, no. 3 (20 December 2018): 23–29. https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.v6i3.135.
———. ‘Digitalization of University Education and Research as Consequence of the Covid-19 Pandemic - A Paradigmatical Change’. submitted, 2021.
———. ‘Global Responsibility and International Mutual Consideration in the Business Law - Theory and Reality’. In Proceedings 6th AFHI Conference, 21–28. Bandung: Epistema Institute, 2016.
———. ‘Globalisierung, Extraterritorialität und internationalisierte sozial verantwortete Interessenverfolgung im Wettbewerbsrecht’. In Marktkommunikation Zwischen Geistigem Eigentum und Verbraucherschutz: Festschrift für Karl-Heinz Fezer zum 70. Geburtstag, 264–74. München: C.H.Beck, 2016.
———. ‘Machine Acting and Contract Law – The Disruptive Factor of Artificial Intelligence for the Freedom Concept of the Private Law’. UIR Law Review 5, no. 1 (2021): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.25299/uirlrev.2021.vol5(1).6890.
———. ‘Protection of Behavioural Generated Personal Data of Consumers’. Medan: EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.26-1-2019.2283267.
———. ‘The Individual and the Property in Virtual Worlds’. submitted, 2022.
Lessig, Lawrence. Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace. New York: Basic Books, 2000. https://lessig.org/images/resources/1999-Code.pdf.
Luhmann, Niklas. Das Recht der Gesellschaft. 1st ed. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1995. https://luhmann.ir/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Das-Recht-der-Gesellschaft.pdf.
———. Vertrauen: Ein Mechanismus der Reduktion sozialer Komplexität. 5th ed. Stuttgart: UTB, 2014.
Lundstedt, Lydia. Territoriality in Intellectual Property Law - A Comparative Study of the Interpretation and Operation of the Territoriality Principle in the Resolution of Transborder Intellectual Property Infringement Disputes with Respect to International Civil Jurisdiction, Applicable Law and the Territorial Scope of Application of Substantive Intellectual Property Law in the European Union and United States. Stockholm: Stockholm University, 2016. https://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:972658/FULLTEXT01.pdf.
Mathur, Vishal. ‘Call the Bluff: Meta Cannot and Will Not Unfriend Europe’. Hindustan Times, 8 February 2022. https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/call-the-bluff-meta-cannot-and-will-not-unfriend-europe-101644335650745.html.
Meessen, Karl Matthias. Völkerrechtliche Grundsätze des internationalen Kartellrechts. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1975.
Peukert, Alexander. ‘Territoriality and Extraterritoriality in Intellectual Property Law’. In Handl/Zekoll/Zumbansen (Eds), Beyond Territoriality: Transnational Legal Authority in an Age of Globalization, 189–228. Queen Mary Studies in International Law. Leiden/Boston: Brill Academic Publishing, 2012. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1592263.
Playboy Enterprises Inc. v Chuckeberry Publishing Inc., No. 939 F.Supp. 1032, 1040 (US District Court for the Southern District of New York 19 June 1996).
Romero Moreno, Felipe. ‘“Upload Filters” and Human Rights: Implementing Article 17 of the Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market’. International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 34, no. 2 (2020): 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600869.2020.1733760.
Rupprecht Podszun, and Christian Kersting. ‘Modernisierung des Wettbewerbsrechts und Digitalisierung’. Neue Juristische Online-Zeitschrift 19, no. 10 (2019): 321–25.
Schmidchen, Dieter. Vertrauen und Recht: Eine ökonomische Analyse. CSLE Discussion Paper 2000–04. Saarbrücken: Universität des Saarlandes, Center for the Study of Law and Economics (CSLE), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/23062.
Shapiro, Susan P. ‘The Social Control of Impersonal Trust’. American Journal of Sociology 93, no. 3 (1987): 623–58.
Shidarta. ‘Ethics and Law in a Digital Society - A Study of Legal Philosophy’. Presented at the 2nd International Conference on Law, Economic and Governance ICOLEG 2021, Universitas Diponegoro, 29 June 2021. https://youtu.be/Fnp90LxtVe8.
Simpson, Jeffry A. ‘Chapter 25: Foundations of Interpersonal Trust’. In Kruglanski/Higgins (Ed.) Social Psychology - Handbook of Basic Principles, 2nd ed., 587–607. New York/London: The Guilford Press, 2007.
‘Volkszählungsurteil’, 1 BvR 209/83, BVerfGE 65, 1-71 (Bundesverfassungsgericht, Urteil des Ersten Senats 1983).
Welfare, Anthony. Commercializing Blockchain - Strategic Applicationsin the Real World. Hoboken, 2019.
Zak, Paul J., and Stephen Knack. ‘Trust and Growth’. The Economic Journal, 2001, 295–321.
Zelger, Bernadette. ‘EU Competition Law and Extraterritorial Jurisdiction – a Critical Analysis of the ECJ’s Judgement in Intel’. European Competition Journal 16, no. 2–3 (2020): 613–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441056.2020.1840844.