Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy
Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy starting in 2024 migrates from OJS 2 to OJS 3 to better secure from various unwanted things, including journal hacking and so on. To submit, the author please visit the new website page of our journal at the link https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/jstrp Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy [2776-0685] is open access, peer-reviewed journal published by Pharmaceutical Science Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia. The journal publishes only papers describing original findings and review articles of all aspects in developing the field of pharmaceutical science and technology.
The Effect of Alginate-Chitosan/Quaternary Chitosan Concentration on The Release of Propolis (Tetragonula Spp.) in Hydrogel Wound Dressings
The increasing incidence of acute and chronic wounds globally requires the development of effective wound dressings. This study aims to formulate and analyze the release profile of propolis extract (Tetragonula spp.), which has potential biological activity for wound healing, from a hydrogel wound dressing (HWD) based on alginate-chitosan/quaternary chitosan biocomposite as a delivery system that can control its release. Propolis extract, which has been tested positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids/triterpenoids, was formulated into four HWD formulas (F1-F4) with varying ratios using the solvent casting method. The results of the release test in PBS medium at pH 7.4 at 37 C for 48 hours showed that all formulas produced a gradual release. The results of the One-Way ANOVA test on the final cumulative release showed no statistically significant differences (p>0.05). However, descriptively, Formula F2 (4% alginate-8% quaternary chitosan) showed the highest release percentage (99.85%) with the most stable rate, followed by F4 (98.71%), while F3 with high chitosan showed the lowest percentage (86.65%). The best release kinetics analysis followed the Higuchi model (R² ≥ 0.95), indicating that the release mechanism was controlled by diffusion. It was concluded that variations in the alginate and chitosan/quaternary chitosan ratios affected the release pattern and rate, and Formula F2 with a balanced ratio produced an optimal controlled release profile, making it the most ideal candidate for further development as a therapeutic hydrogel wound dressing.
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Comparison of Lead (Pb) Content Analysis Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry with Wet and Dry Destruction Methods in Body Lotion Preparations in Semarang City
Many body lotions are found in circulation without a BPOM RI registration number, which can raise concerns about lead metal contamination. The lead metal content in body lotion can be sourced from the raw material, namely water. Lead metal levels in water range from 0,011 mg/L to 0,076 mg/L. Determination of lead levels uses an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry instrument. The requirement for analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry is that the sample must be in solution form, so a destruction process is necessary because the body lotion sample is in semi-solid form. This study aims to compare two commonly used destruction methods, namely wet and dry destruction. The methodology in this study consists of qualitative analysis, method validation, and quantitative analysis. The test results with qualitative analysis showed negative lead metal content. The results of the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry method validation were: linearity (R2) of 0,9999; LoD of 0,024 mg/L; LoQ of 0,080 mg/L; precision (%RSD) of 0,61%; accuracy (%Recovery) of 100,09% with quantitative results of the percentage of wet digestion sample content, results were: 1,2264 ± 2,96%; 1,7687 ± 4,24%; 1,5036 ± 3,75%; 1,1807 ± 2,92%; and 1,5606 ± 3,88%. This can happen because the wet destruction method is better to use than the dry destruction method which can be seen from the %Recovery.
Antidiabetic and Antihyperuricemic Activities of Salak Madu (Salacca edulis Reinw) Peel Extract in Alloxan- and High-Purine Diet-Induced Mice
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by impaired carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. Hyperuricemia is a condition in which serum uric‑acid levels exceed normal values, namely > 7.0 mg/dL in men and > 6.0 mg/dL in women. Both antidiabetic and antihyperuricemic therapies can be administered pharmacologically and non‑pharmacologically; however, synthetic drugs often produce undesirable side effects. Concerns regarding these adverse effects have led many people to favour herbal remedies that are perceived as safer, one of which is the Salak Madu fruit. Salak Madu (Salacca edulis Reinw.), an emerging premium variety cultivated in Sleman, Yogyakarta, is rich in flavonoids with potential antihyperglycaemic and antihyperuricaemic properties. The present study evaluated the antidiabetic and antihyperuricemic activities of Salak Madu peel extract in vivo using alloxan‑induced and high‑purine‑diet mouse models. Mice were observed over 14 days and treated orally with peel extract at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight (BW). On day 14, the 100 and 200 mg/kg BW doses produced significant reductions in blood‑glucose levels (P < 0.05), indicating a marked antihyperglycaemic effect in hyperglycaemic mice. For serum uric‑acid reduction, significant effects were observed on day 7 at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg BW (P < 0.05), demonstrating a pronounced antihyperuricemic action in hyperuricemic mice.
Formulation of Lip Balm from Nanoparticles of Beetroot Extract (Beta vulgaris L) and Testing of Sunscreen Activity
Background: As a tropical country, Indonesia faces the risk of skin damage due to year-round sun exposure, including on the lips, which are susceptible to UV effects such as dryness, cracking, and hyperpigmentation. This study utilizes the betacyanin content in beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.)—a phenolic compound with photoprotective properties that can counteract UV free radicals. This study applies nanotechnology through the formulation of beetroot extract nanoparticles to optimize sunscreen activity. Aim: This study aims to evaluate and compare the sunscreen activity between lip balm formulations containing beetroot extract nanoparticles and beetroot extract lip balm formulations, as well as to determine the extent of the effectiveness of nanoparticle-based lip balm in providing protection against UV rays. Materials and Methods: This study extracted beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) using the maceration method with 96% ethanol, yielding a concentrated extract (yield 34%) with a dark red color. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenolics (20 mg GAE/g), tannins, and alkaloids in beetroot. The nanoparticle extract was successfully formulated with a size of 1.05 nm (PDI 0.403) and a zeta potential of -21.0 mV. Among the seven lip balm formulations, F6 (30% nanoextract) demonstrated the best performance with an SPF of 25.25 (ultra category), %Te of 0.26%, and %Tp of 0.61%, as well as optimal physical stability (homogeneous, melting point 70°C, pH 4.5–6.5). The nanoextract formulas (F4–F6) significantly outperformed conventional extracts (F1–F3) in sunscreen activity, demonstrating the effectiveness of nanotechnology in enhancing UV protection. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that beetroot nanoparticle extracts have potential as an effective and safe natural sunscreen lip balm for lip protection
Lip balm, nanoparticles, beetroot, sunscreen, SPF
Optimisation of SSG (Sodium Starch Glycolate) and Avicel PH 102 in the Formula of Orally Disintegrating Acetaminophen Tablets by Simplex Lattice Design Method
Background: ODT acetaminophen tablets are an alternative drug therapy for patients who have difficulty in swallowing tablets or capsules. Additional ingredients that play an important role in the ODT tablet formula are disintegrants. The disintegrants used in this study were avicel ph 102 and SSG. The use of disintegrants can help increase the dissolution rate and accelerate the destruction time. Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum formula of ODT acetaminophen tablets and analyse the effect of SSG and avicel ph 102 on dissolution and disintegration time. Material and Methods: Determination of acetaminophen ODT tablet formula was carried out running in design expert software with the simplex latice design method. Preparation of ODT acetaminophen tablets was carried out by direct felting. The evaluation of ODT acetaminophen tablets was IPC physical evaluation, determination of content, and dissolution. Determination of the optimum formula was done by simplex latice design method. Results: The results showed that all ODT acetaminophen tablet formulas fulfilled all the requirements of the IPC test, physical evaluation, dissolution, and determination of levels according to the Pharmacopoeia VI edition standards. Formula 3 produced the fastest disintegration time of 3 minutes, but the dissolution rate of 100% was reached in the 15th minute. It is suspected that gel formation in the SSG swelling mechanism slowed down the dissolution rate. While formulas 1, 2, and 4 which have a longer disintegration time reached >80% dissolution in the 10th minute. Conclusion: The optimum formula results with the simplex latice design method were SSG 8% and avicel ph 102 7%. Avicel ph 102 and SSG had the effect of accelerating the destruction time and slowing down the dissolution rate.
In Silico Drug Design of Sembukan (Paederia scandenz) As Anti-Breast Cancer Agents
cancer is a disease of excessive cell growth and is one of the cases of disease that has increased every year. cancer treatment therapy in the form of chemotherapy drugs has various side effects so that safer long-term treatment is needed, namely using herbal medicines such as sembukan plants (Paederia scandens). This research was conducted using experimental methods computationally through in silico methods as a potential prediction test as a reference for further studies. isolate compounds are carried out molecular tethering against progesterone, estrogen, HER2, and NfkB receptors using PyRx 0.8 software. Then the isolated compounds were tested for the feasibility of chemical and pharmacokinetic properties and toxicity using the Lipinski Rules of Five data base and ADMETLab 3.0. Furthermore, visualization was carried out to see the bonding interaction between ligand and receptor protein using Biovia Discovery Studio 2024 software. Based on the results of molecular tethering compounds Kaempferol 3-rutinoside-7-glucoside, Cosmetin, Quercetin 3-o-rutinoside-7-o-glucoside, Daidzein and Linarin have the potential as inhibitors respectively against progesterone, HER2, Nf-kB, estrogen and overall average receptors with each binding affinity value of -9. 6 kcal/mol, -9.8 kcal/mol, -9.8 kcal/mol, -10.8 kcal/mol, -8.9 kcal/mol and -9.0 kcal/mol respectively. The best physico-chemical properties were obtained for Daidzein and Linarin compounds. Visualization data generated that Kaempferol 3-rutinoside-7-glucoside, Cosmetin, Quercetin 3-o-rutinoside-7-o-glucoside, Daidzein and Linarin compounds have similar interactions and amino acid residues with control drugs so that they are predicted to have similar pharmacological effects as breast anticancer.
The Effect of Nanotechnology in the Formulation of Butterfly Pea Flower (Clitoria Ternatea) Extract Cream on the Antibacterial Activity of Acne-Causing Propionibacterium acnes
Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disease caused by the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes. Common therapy using topical antibiotics can cause resistance if used long term. It is necessary to develop therapy using natural ingredients of butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea) which has the potential for antibacterial activity and is made into a cream formulation with nanoparticle technology that can increase drug bioavailability. This study used an experimental method with the stages of maceration extraction of butterfly pea flowers using 96% ethanol, making nanoparticle extracts using the ionic gelation method (sodium alginate and CaCl₂), and making nanocreams using the high-energy emulsification method. The formulation formulations consisted of formula 1 extract cream, formula 2 extract nanoparticle cream, and formula 3 butterfly pea flower extract nanocream with a concentration of 5%. Particle size characterization was carried out using the Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), while the antibacterial activity test was carried out using the well diffusion method against Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. The characterization results showed that the size of the extract nanoparticles was 378 nm, the extract nanoparticle cream was 4402 nm, and the nanocream was 465 nm. Physical evaluation showed that all three formulas met good standards and were classified as O/A type creams. The nanocream formulation had the highest antibacterial activity with an average inhibition zone of 6.3 mm (moderate category), while the extract cream and extract nanoparticle cream showed lower inhibition, 4.2 mm and 1 mm respectively (weak category), so that the telang flower extract nanocream formulation was the most effective in inhibiting the growth of Propionibacterium acnes.
The Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Bangle Rhizome (Zingiber purpureum Roxb.) on Reducing Blood Sugar Levels in Hyperglycemic Mice: In vivo and In silico Studies
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease in which blood sugar levels are uncontrolled. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is uncontrolled blood sugar levels that occur due to insulin resistance or reduced body sensitivity to insulin. Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, pharmacologically, uses oral antihyperglycemic drugs and injectable antihyperglycemic drugs. Although effective, antidiabetic drugs often cause adverse side effects. Indonesian people are concerned about synthetic drugs because of the potential side effects caused so that people are encouraged to look for more natural or herbal alternative treatments that are believed to have antidiabetic activity, one of which is ginger. Bangle (Zingiber purpureum Roxb.) is one of the plants that belongs to the zingiberaceae or ginger family. Bangle rhizome has a major compound of curcumin of 2,633% w/w and phenylbutanoid which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) agonist activity. With this activity, the antidiabetic potential of bangle rhizome was tested in vivo using alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice, observed in 14 days with bangle rhizome extract doses of 100mg/kgBW, 200mg/kgBW, 400mg/kgBW, and in silico to determine compounds that have antidiabetic activity. The results obtained from the in vivo test for reducing blood sugar on days 7 and 14 had a significance value of 0.383 (p>0.05) and 0.253 (p>0.05) which means that the administration of bangle rhizome extract did not have a significant effect on reducing blood sugar in hyperglycemic male mice. The in silico test conducted was in line with the in vivo results where bangle rhizome extract had greater potential for anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and fat metabolism activities. The PASS Online results did not show any activity related to insulin sensitivity or alpha glucosidase inhibitor activity.
Formulation and Antibacterial Activity Testing of Nanoemulsion Cream from Coriander Seed Extract (Coriandrum sativum L.) in Inhibiting Protein Synthesis of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria
Bullous impetigo is a contagious skin infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus, characterized by the formation of fluid-filled bullae. The use of topical antibiotics for impetigo treatment has side effects, including the increased risk of bacterial resistance, leading to reduced efficacy. Natural alternatives such as coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum L.) have the potential as antibacterial agents with fewer side effects. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the antibacterial activity of a nanoemulsion cream containing coriander seed extract against Staphylococcus aureus. The extraction of coriander seeds was carried out using the maceration method with 96% ethanol to obtain a thick extract, followed by phytochemical screening to qualitatively identify bioactive compounds and a quantitative total flavonoid test, which resulted in a flavonoid content of 61.64 mg QE/g. The nanoemulsion was formulated using PEG 400 and VCO as the oil phase, while Tween 80, distilled water, and coriander seed extract at concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% were used as the aqueous phase. The nanoemulsion was then incorporated into a cream base containing stearic acid, cera alba, and white vaseline as the oil phase, and TEA, propylene glycol, methylparaben, and distilled water as the aqueous phase, heated in a water bath at 75°C. The resulting preparations were evaluated and tested for antibacterial activity using the well diffusion method. The bioactive compounds identified in coriander seed extract include alkaloids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, and flavonoids, which exhibit antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial test results showed that the inhibition zones for F1 (2.5%), F2 (5%), and F3 (7.5%) were 15.00 mm, 22.00 mm, and 28.33 mm, respectively, while the positive control had an inhibition zone of 30.67 mm. The highest antibacterial activity was obtained at the F3 concentration (7.5%) with an inhibition zone diameter of 28.33 mm, classified as very strong.
Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus L.) Peels and Formulation as Anti-Acne Cream
Background: Cucumber is proven to have pharmacological activities as antimicrobial. Some of the secondary metabolites contained in cucumber fruit have antimicrobial activity. Aim: This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of cucumber peels against Staphylococcus epidermidis and to make anti-acne cream using cucumber skin extract. Material and Methods: The extraction of cucumber peels extract with maceration using 96% ethanol solvent. Phytochemical screening to determine the compounds contained in the extract. The antibacterial activity test of the extract was carried out through liquid and solid dilution methods to determine the MIC and MBC values. The extract was then made into a cream with varying concentrations of stearic acid and TEA as an emulsifier and then evaluated and tested for antibacterial activity using the agar diffusion method. Results: Cucumber peels extract contains steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and saponins that have antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis with an MIC value of 2.5% and an MBC value of 5%. The results of the cream evaluation test show that formula F(3) is the most optimal formula for inhibiting Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria with a cucumber skin concentration content of 4.5%. The antibacterial activity test has an inhibition zone of 33-52.70 mm with a very strong category.
Formulation and Test of Antioxidant Activity of Serum Active Fraction of Red Pomegranate Skin Extract (Punica granatum L.) by FRAP Method (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power)
Aging of the body occurs with age, which can be seen in the skin. Skin aging is a physiological process that occurs in the human body. Free radicals are one of the causes of skin aging. By using antioxidant compounds, you can stop the increase in free radicals. Red pomegranate peel extract (Punica granatum L.) is one of the natural ingredients for a natural antioxidant, cause it’s contains polyphenols such as tannins. The aim of this research was to determine the fraction of pomegranate peel extract with the highest antioxidant activity and to determine the optimal serum formula for the red pomegranate peel fraction. The antioxidant activity testing method used in this research is the FRAP method (ferric reducing antioxidant power). The sample extract is fractionated, and then the fraction that has the highest antioxidant activity is made into a serum preparation formulation and preparation evaluation test. Based on the results of total tannin levels in all samples also showed positive results with a change in the color of the solution to bluish. The results of the antioxidant activity of all samples were categorized as very strong antioxidants as stated in the IC value50 < 50 ppm. Optimizing the antioxidant serum formulation used HPMC concentrations of 0.5%, 1% and 2% respectively. The results obtained from testing antioxidant activity obtained IC values50 the best was 0.368 ppm for the ethyl acetate fraction of red pomegranate peel. Optimizing the serum formula used a HPMC concentration of 1%, with an IC value50 amounting to 133,903 ppm.
Antibacterical Activity Test of Suji Leaf Fraction (Dracaena angustifolis (Medik.) Roxb) against the Growth of Staphylococcus Epidermidis Acne-Causing Bacteria
The suji plants is a plant that has benefits as an antibacterial, one of which is the leaves. Suji leaves contain chemical compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, and tannins. The compounds can function as antibacterials. The study aims to determine the value of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of suji leaf fractions against Streptococcus epidermidis bacteria. The antibacterial test method used is liquid dilution and solid dilution. The results obtained were the most active fraction that was able to inhibit Staphylococcus epidermidis was the n-hexane fraction with a KHM value of 6.25% and KBM 12.5%. The results obtained show that the N-Hexane fraction of suji leaves which is the most active fraction in inhibiting bacterial growth is not as good as clindamycin and ethanol extract in inhibiting Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria, where ethanol extract has a KBM value of 6.25%. Meanwhile, clindamycin which is a positive control has been able to inhibit and kill the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria at a concentration of 0.1%. The results of KBM values obtained from the most active samples are ethanol extract > n-hexane fraction > ethyl acetate fraction > ethyl acetate insoluble fraction. Bioautography KLT results show that the compounds responsible for antibacterial activity are thought to be flavonoids, steroids, and triterpenoids.
Validation Study of the Method of Analysis of Fe (II) Levels in Blood Addition Tablet Preparations by Wet Destruction and Dry Destruction Methods by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry
Iron is one of the micro minerals needed in the human body. One effort to meet iron needs can be done by consuming blood supplement tablets that contain iron. The iron content contained in blood supplement tablets needs to be known by carrying out quality testing to ensure that the preparation contains the specified ingredients and quantities. The UV-Vis spectrophotometer is an alternative method for determining iron levels because it has lower operating costs and is simpler but has high sensitivity. Determining the iron content to be analyzed requires a complexing agent to form colored compounds. The complexing compound often used in this research is phenantorline. The requirement for metal analysis using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer is that the sample must be in solution form so a digestion process needs to be carried out. Destruction is divided into two, namely dry and wet destruction. This study aims to compare two digestion methods that are commonly used, namely wet digestion and dry digestion in determining Fe (II) levels in blood supplement tablets. In this research, method validation will also be carried out which aims to show that the testing procedures used obtain the expected results consistently and continuously. Validation of analytical methods carried out includes linearity test parameters, detection limit tests, quantitation limit tests, accuracy tests and precision tests. . Linearity is indicated by R2 of 0.9986; detection limit of 1.10 mg/L; quantitation limit of 3.62 mg/L; accuracy of dry digestion and wet digestion between 80-120%; and precision of dry digestion and wet digestion as indicated by an RSD percentage below 2%. Quantitative test results showed that the percentage levels of blood added tablet samples from wet digestion and dry digestion were 91.52% respectively; 100.09%; 96.15%; 100.96%; 100.67%. and 93.39%; 108.29%; 99.47%; 93.47%; and 92.57%.
UV-Vis Spectrophotometer of Blood Addition Tablets
Identification And Determination of Levels the Drug Chemical Sibutramin Hydrochloride in Body Slimming Herbs Circulating in the City of Salatiga
Background: Sibutramine hydrochloride is strictly prohibited from being present in weight loss herbal medicines according to the regulations of the Indonesian National Agency of Drug and Food Control (Badan POM RI) No.KH.00.01.43. However, due to increasing competition, many traditional medicine producers seek greater profits by adding sibutramine hydrochloride (SH) to their products. Aim: This study aimed to establish the validity of the UV-VIS spectrophotometer method for analyzing sibutramine hydrochloride and to test the levels and content of sibutramine hydrochloride in weight loss herbal medicine samples sold in Salatiga City. Materials and Methods: A total of 8 samples of weight loss capsules obtained from traditional medicine stores in Salatiga City were subjected to qualitative and quantitative tests. Validation parameters included linearity, limit of detection (LoD), limit of quantification (LoQ), precision, and accuracy. Results: The study revealed a linear regression equation of y=0.0397x + 0.046 with r=0.9975 and r^2=0.9950, with a maximum wavelength of 223 nm. The LOD was 1.01 mg/L and LOQ was 3.37 mg/L. Precision, expressed as % RSD, was 0.147%, and percent recoveries (% recovery) were 98.263%, 89.337%, and 91.703%. Qualitative tests on each sample compared spectra and maximum wavelengths with standard sibutramine hydrochloride spectra, identifying samples A, B, C, E, and F as negative for sibutramine hydrochloride, while samples D, G, and H tested positive. Quantitative analysis determined sibutramine hydrochloride concentrations in weight loss herbal medicines using linear regression equations. The concentrations in samples D, G, and H were 6.0117 mg/L, 6.7254 mg/L, and 6.0117 mg/L, respectively. The percentage content of sibutramine hydrochloride in samples D, G, and H was 3.00%, 3.36%, and 3.00%, respectively. Conclusion: The UV-VIS spectrophotometer method is validated for analyzing sibutramine hydrochloride in weight loss herbal medicines across all tested parameters. Samples A, B, C, E, and F were found negative for sibutramine hydrochloride, whereas samples D, G, and H tested positive.
Analysis study of Methampyrone in jamu pegal linu circulating in Semarang City using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrophotometry and UV-Vis Spectrophotometry
Traditional medicine (jamu) has been widely known as an alternative medicine because its side effects are mild, easy to obtain, and cheaper than synthetic medicines. One of the herbal medicines used as a pain reliever in Indonesia is called Jamu Pegal linu. Analgesic drugs are often added illegally to herbal remedies to treat aches and pains. Methampyrone is an example of a medicinal chemical that can most likely be added to jamu pegal linu. The National Food and Drug Administration reported the discovery of contamination in the form of medicinal chemicals. The distribution of herbal medicines containing medicinal chemicals that are dangerous to the public is prohibited based on Minister of Health Regulation no. 007 of 2012. This study aims to determine the content and levels of the medicinal chemical methampyrone in jamu pegal linu in Semarang City. In this study, jamu pegal linu sold in Semarang City will be analyzed for the medicinal chemical content of methampyrone. This research is an experimental study to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the medicinal chemicals of the drug methampyrone in jamu pegal linu. The qualitative analysis method uses FTIR to identify functional groups. The quantitative analysis method uses UV-Vis Spectrophotometry which has been validated to determine the levels of methampyrone contained in jamu pegal linu. The results of qualitative analysis tests using FTIR show that methampyrone contains functional groups such as C=O (amide), C=C (aromatic), C-H, O=S=O, C-O, S=O, and C-H out-of-plane. The readings from the fifth samples (A, B, N, I, and L) were positive for methampyrone due to the presence of these functional groups, which are characteristic of methampyrone. Validation of the analytical method using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry demonstrates its suitability for quantifying methampyrone levels in jamu pegal linu. The method validation parameters include a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9997; limit of detection (LOD) of 0.275966 mg/L; limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.9198867 mg/L; precision expressed as % RSD of 0.1444%; and accuracy indicated by %recovery of 82,7544%; 84,005%; and 85,721%. The results from the validated analysis method reveal the presence of methampyrone in jamu pegal linu across the five samples (A, B, N, I, and L), with concentrations in each sample measured at 3,594 ± 0,002%; 1,507 ± 0,003%; 1,386 ± 0,003%; 2,900 ± 0,003%; and 31,870 ± 0,028%.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry (FTIR)
Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Ethanol Extract and Fraction of Water Hyacinth Stem (Eichhornia Crassipes (Mart.) Solms) Using DPPH Method
Background: Water hyacinth has been shown to have radical scavenging activity as an antioxidant. Some secondary metabolites contained in water hyacinth have antioxidant activity. Aim: This study aims to identifying the antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts, fractions, and isolates of water hyacinth stems. Material and Methods: The extraction of water hyacinth stem with maceration using 96% ethanol solvent. The antioxidant activity test of the extract, fraction, and isolate was carried out through , DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) methods to determine the IC50 values. Phytochemical screening to determine the compounds contained in the isolation. The active fraction was then made into an isolate FTIR and GC-MS to determine the compounds. Results: Phytochemical screening test on isolate B8 is suspected to be positive for terpenoid or monoterpenoid compounds, The functional groups of isolate active ethanol extract of water hyacinth stem (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) consist of functional groups C-H, C-H aliphatic, CH3, C-O, C=C aromatic, Carboxylic acid stretch, Methylene CH bend, tert-butyl.
Antibacterial Activity Test of Guava Leaf Ethanol Extract against Staphylococcus epidermidis and its Formulation as Anti-Acne Serum
Skin is a layer of tissue that spreads over the entire surface of the body. On the surface of the skin, sweat glands secrete waste products through the skin pores in the form of sweat. Acne (Acne vulgaris) is a condition where the pores are clogged and cause pockets of pus to become inflamed. Guava leaves (Psidium guajava L.) contain alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, saponin and steroid compounds that are believed to have antibacterial activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of guava leaves (Psidium guajava L.) against Staphylococcus epidermidis made in serum dosage form. In this study, guava leaf extract was tested to determine the value of MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Level) using the liquid dilution method and MBC (Minimum Bactericidal Level) using the solid dilution method by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone. The results showed that the MIC of guava leaf extract was obtained at a concentration of 0.05 while the MBC results of guava leaf extract were obtained at a concentration of 5%. Serum preparation is a low viscosity preparation that delivers active substances through the skin surface which has more active ingredients and less solvent content. Serum preparation formulations were made in several concentrations, namely F0 0%, F1 2%, F2 4%, and F3 6%. Physical evaluation of the preparation included organoleptic, homogeneity, adhesion, spreadability, pH, and viscosity. The antibacterial activity test of serum preparations was carried out by the pitting diffusion method. The results showed that F3 had the largest inhibition zone of 13 mm and was included in the strong category.
Formulation of Peel-Off Gel Mask From Manilkara Zapota (L) P. Royen Leaves Extract and Antibacterial Activity Against
Sawo leaves contain alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and steroids which are antibacterial. This study aims to obtain the best concentration of Sawo leaf ethanol extract (Manilkara zapota (L) P. Royen) formulated as a peel-off gel mask preparation based on antibacterial activity test against Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. This study used laboratory experimental method. Sawo leaf extract peel-off gel mask preparation formula was made with concentration variations of 0.1%; 0.3%; 0.6%; 2.5%; 5% and 10%. Sawo leaf plant extract was obtained by maceration using 96% ethanol solvent. Identification of compounds was carried out using phytochemical screening, spray TLC and Bioautography TLC. Antibacterial testing of extracts was carried out using solid dilution and liquid dilution methods. The antibacterial test of the preparation using the wells diffusion method had the largest diameter of the inhibition zone at a concentration of 8% with an inhibition zone diameter of 14.1 mm and the inhibition ability was categorized as strong. It can be concluded that the concentration of 2%; 4%; 6%; 8% is good to be formulated as a peel-off gel mask preparation and is categorized as strong inhibition ability.
Sunscreen Activity Test on Iler Leaf Ethanol Extract Cream (Coleus Scutellarioides (L) Benth) In Vivo
Indonesia is one of the countries known as a tropical climate country with a high intensity of sun exposure. The sun's UV rays have health benefits. However, UV rays also have negative effects on skin health. Therefore, additional protection against solar UV rays is needed, namely by using sunscreen preparations derived from Iler Leaves (Coleus scutellarioides (L) Benth) which contain flavonoid and phenolic compounds. The purpose of this study was to determine the most optimal ethanol extract cream formula of iler leaf (Coleus scutellarioides (L) Benth) after preparation evaluation and determine the sunscreen activity of iler leaf ethanol extract cream (Coleus scutellarioides (L) Benth) in vivo. This research is a real pure experiment or also called True Experimental Research and uses The post test Only Control Group Design method. The results obtained from the evaluation of the ethanol extract of iler leaf cream preparation formula are with a cream formula consisting of 1.5% iler leaf extract, 18% stearic acid, 2% TEA, 2% cetyl alcohol, 8% glycerin, 0.2% metal paraben, 0.02% propyl paraben and aquadest. And after in vivo testing on white rats, it was found that the ethanol extract cream preparation of iler leaves had sunscreen activity as evidenced by the erythema effect that appeared after exposure under sunlight. So it can be concluded that the most optimum cream formula is a formula containing 18% stearic acid and 2% TEA. And the iler leaf ethanol extract cream has sunscreen activity after in vivo testing.
Optimization of The Concentration of Precipitation Reagent in Cyclamate Analysis and Determination of Cyclamate Contents in Jamu
: Sodium cyclamate is one of the food additives sweeteners that are often added to food products including jamu. It has a low price and a taste 30 - 50 times sweeter than natural sugar. It is known that excessive & longterm use of sodium cyclamate can cause adverse health effects. Currently, the standard method used to detect the presence of cyclamate refers to the precipitation method of SNI 01-2893. However, the level of sensitivity of the method is unknown. This study aims to determine the sensitivity of the precipitation method of SNI 01-2893, as well as to optimize reagents that have better sensitivity to be used as a reference for cyclamate precipitation reagents and applied to measure cyclamate in jamu. The determination the method’s sensitivity is based on the smallest concentration of cyclamate standard that can be detected by the method. Optimization of the precipitation reagent was carried out on 6 variations of precipitation reagent concentration to obtain a new formula that has a better sensitivity than the SNI 01-2893 method. Jamu samples were tested using the new optimized reagent formula. The result showed the detection limit of the of SNI 01-2893 method is 5 ppm. Optimization of the precipitation reagent formula with the composition of HCl 10%, BaCl2 10%, and NaNO2 20% showed as the highest sensitivity. It was marked by an increase in the amount of precipitate formed and had a detection limit of up to 0.9 ppm. Based on testing using the new reagent, 9 out of 10 jamu samples were positive for cyclamate. The cyclamate levels of the 9 jamu samples were measured using the spectrophotometric method, the results showed cyclamate levels are in the range of 4.3 - 6.32 mg/kg sample and meeting BPOM requirements.
Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Kersen Bark (Muntingia Calabura L) & It’s Formulation as an Anti-Acne Cream
Background: Kersen (Muntinga calabura) bark is one of the medicinal plants that can be used to treat acne. The ethanol extract of kersen bark contains alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, saponin, and terpenoid compounds that have potential as antibacterials. Objective: This study aims to make a cream preparation from ethanol extract of kersen bark and to determine the antibacterial activity against acne-causing bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis. Methods: Extraction was done by remaceration method and 96% ethanol solvent was used to obtain the extract of kersen stem bark. Phytochemical screening was carried out to determine the secondary metabolites in the extract. The antibacterial activity test of the extract was carried out using the solid liquid dilution method to determine the KHM and KBM values. The extracts were then formulated into M/A (oil in water) cream preparations, then physically evaluated and tested for antibacterial activity using the pitting diffusion method. Results: Kersen bark contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids that show antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis with KHM and KBM values at a concentration of 3.125%. The physical properties of the creams showed that all creams met the requirements with 5% concentration as the minimum limit for the preparation to have antibacterial activity. Conclusion: Kersen bark extract cream formulation with the greatest antibacterial activity was obtained at a concentration of 10%, where the higher the concentration of extract used, the higher the antibacterial activity.
RETRACTED: Detection and Determination of Captopril Using Silver Nanoparticles Based Colorimetric Method
This article has been retracted. Reason: This article has been retracted following a mutual agreement between the authors and the journal that the manuscript should not proceed to publication. The retraction is issued to ensure the integrity of the academic record Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) in 2018 showed an increase in the prevalence of hypertension in Indonesia. Captopril is one of the antihypertensive drugs that is often prescribed because it is affordable and effective in lowering blood pressure, but captopril also has several side effects. Therefore, the development of sensitive, simple, rapid and cost-effective analytical techniques for the determination of captopril is urgently needed. This research aims to develop a colorimetric detection of captopril using silver nanoparticles and analyze its performance in measuring the captopril in tablet samples. The parameters studied include linearity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision. The results of the research show that silver nanoparticles can be used for qualitative detection of captopril which is characterized by a color change and absorbance decrease of the sample solution. The results of the performance test of the developed method showed good results. The linearity test showed a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9915 with the regression equation obtained was y = 0.263x + 129.26. The limit of detection (LOD) value is 0.0206 ppm and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) is 0.0687 ppm. In the accuracy test results, the recovery percentage (%recovery) was 95.3% and the precision test with the relative standard deviation (%RSD) obtained was 0.85%. The captopril content obtained in the 50 mg captopril tablet sample preparation was 98.0%.
Anti-Inflammatory Activity Test of Combination Ethanol Extract of Papaya Leaves (Carica papaya L.) and Celery Leaves (Apium Graveolens L.) in Male White Rats
Background: Papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) and celery leaves (Apium graveolens L.) are suspected to have anti-inflammatory activity due to their secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, steroids, and terpenoids. Aim: This study aims to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of a combination of ethanol extracts of papaya leaves and celery leaves compared to the use of single extracts and standard anti-inflammatory drugs. Material and Methods: The method used is the Rat Hit Paw Edema, which induces inflammation in the rat paw using carrageenan. Twenty-five rats were divided into 5 treatment groups: negative control (CMC-Na 1%), positive control (Na Diclofenac 4.5 mg/kgBW), papaya leaf ethanol extract 50 mg/kgBW, celery leaf ethanol extract 200 mg/kgBW, and a combination of papaya leaf ethanol extract 25 mg/kgBW and celery leaf ethanol extract 100 mg/kgBW. Data collection was done by measuring the paw thickness using calipers at 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, and 480 minutes after carrageenan injection. Data were analyzed by calculating the percentage of inflammation, percentage inhibition, anti-inflammatory percentage, and statistical tests to determine the effectiveness of the extract combination. Results: Phytochemical screening results showed that the ethanol extract of papaya leaves contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and steroids, while the ethanol extract of celery leaves contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. The combination of ethanol extracts of papaya and celery leaves showed the highest anti-inflammatory effect at 20.80%, compared to papaya leaf extract at 16.40%, celery leaf extract at 16.93%, and the positive control at 18.75%. Conclusion: Statistical analysis showed that the combination of extracts had a synergistic effect, with One Way Anova and LSD results being significantly different compared to the use of single extracts.
Study In Silico of the Activity of Bioactive Compounds from Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) Bark as Anti-inflammatory
Cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum verum) contains various bioactive compounds that can be used in drug development, one of which is anti-inflammatory. Inflammation is the body's defense response to the occurrence of an injury from objects unknown to the body, such as bacterial infections, trauma, autoimmune, viruses and toxins. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of bioactive compounds in cinnamon bark. This research method was carried out using the Dr. Duke's Phytochemical database. Duke's Phytochemical database to collect bioactive compounds in cinnamon bark, PubChem to download the ligand structure of bioactive compounds, PASS (Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substance) Online for screening the anti-inflammatory activity value of bioactive compounds, SEA and Swiss Target Prediction are used to determine the target protein, STRING is used to analyze the interaction between target proteins, Cytoscape is used to predict tissue topology, Pyrex is used for molecular docking, and Biovia Discovery Studio is used to visualize docking results. There are 16 cinnamon bark compounds that have a Pa value > 0.5. Based on the docking results, compounds that have a Pa value> 0.5. Based on docking results, beta caryopyhllene, caryopyhllene, fatty acid, and isocaryopyhllene compounds have PPARA activator mechanism with binding affinity of -7.4 kcal/mol, -7.9 kcal/mol, -7.8 kcal/mol, and -5.6 kcal/mol. Caffeic acid compounds have an MMP-9 activator mechanism with a binding affinity of -5.7 kcal/mol. Visualization of docking results shows that isocaryopyhllene and caffeic acid compounds have similar interactions and amino acid residues with control drugs so that they can be used as anti-inflammatory agents.
Anti-inflammatory, Cinnamomum verum, In Silico
Comparison of Eco - Scale Between UV - Vis Spectrophotometry and Thin Layer Chromatography - Densitometry Methods on The Determinination of Retinoic Acid in Facial Cream Preparations
Retinoic acid, a compound derived from vitamin A and its active metabolites, is often found in cream preparations and can be used without a doctor's prescription. This research aims to analyze the retinoic acid content in facial cream preparations and determine the environmental friendliness of the analytical method used. The materials used in this research were PBFI retinoic acid, methanol, TLC plates, n-hexane, acetone, and three facial cream samples. UV - Vis Spectrophotometry and Thin Layer Chromatography - Densitometry are methods used for assay analysis and Eco - Scale is a method for determining greenness. The research found that three cream samples tested positive for retinoic acid, which has been banned by BPOM since 1999. The UV-Vis Spectrophotometry method measured retinoic acid content of 0.103%, 0.266% and 0.256%, with a total score of 24 points. The Thin Layer Chromatography - Densitometry method measured retinoic acid content of 0.0213%, 0.0314%, and 0.027%, with a score of 50 points. It can be concluded that the UV - Vis Spectrophotometry method is more environmentally friendly compared to the Thin Layer Chromatography - Densitometry method based on Eco - Scale analysis.
Thin Layer Chromatography – Densitometry