Life Science starting in 2024 migrates from OJS 2 to OJS 3 to better secure from various unwanted things, including journal hacking and so on. To submit, the author please visit the new website page of our journal at the link https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/UnnesJLifeSci MIGRATION OFFICIAL STATEMENT HERE Life Science [P-ISSN 2252-6277 | E-ISSN 2528-5009] published original and significant articles on all aspects of Life Sciences (Biology, Genetics, Biological Anthropology, Botany, Medical Sciences, Veterinary Sciences, Biochemical Genetics, Biometry, Clinical Genetics, Cytogenetics, Genetic Epidemiology, Genetic Testing, Evolution and Population Genetics, Immunogenetics and Molecular Genetics). Starting from Vol. 14 (1) 2025, all submitted manuscripts must be in English and include Turnitin and AI plagiarism scan results. Authors are also required to attach ethical clearance files from relevant official institutions for research using human and animal samples. Abstracting & Indexing DIMENSION | SINTA | GARUDA
The Effectiveness of Several Plants as Anesthetics in the Wet Transport System for Oreochromis niloticus Tilapia Fry
Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a highly valuable aquaculture species, yet handling and transportation processes often induce stress that can reduce survival. Anesthetics are commonly used to minimize stress, but synthetic agents may leave residues and potentially harm both fish and consumers. Therefore, natural plant-based anesthetics are increasingly explored as safer alternatives. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of galangal (Alpinia galanga), bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides), and frangipani flower (Plumeria acuminata) extracts as natural anesthetic agents for tilapia fry during transport. The experiment used a completely randomized design with three treatments and five replications. Tilapia fry (3–5 cm) were exposed for six hours to plant extracts at predetermined doses. Measured parameters included induction time, recovery time, and survival rate. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. The results indicated significant differences among treatments. Galangal extract produced the fastest induction (3.9 minutes), quickest recovery (5.5 minutes), and highest survival rate (99.6%). Bandotan extract showed moderate performance, while frangipani flower extract produced the slowest induction, longest recovery, and lowest survival (82%). Overall, galangal extract proved to be the most effective and safest natural anesthetic. The study demonstrates that plant-based anesthetics can reduce transport-related stress without leaving harmful residues, offering practical benefits for sustainable aquaculture, especially in wet transport systems.
Anesthetics, Wet transport, Eugenol, Flavonoid, Saponin
Etnobotani Tumbuhan Obat Masyarakat Desa Lawe Cimanok Kabupaten Aceh Selatan
This ethnobotanical study aims to document the local knowledge of the Lawe Cimanok Village community in South Aceh regarding the use of medicinal plants. The methode used is a mixed methode with a Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) approach involving 30 selected respodents. The results of the study identified 60 species of medicinal plants from 37 families used by community. The analysis shows that leaves are the most commonly used part of the plant (57%), followe by fruit (13%) and rhizomes (10%). The most common processing methods are crushing and boiling, while the most common methods of use are drinking (46%), applying topically (11%), and applying as a poultice (33%). This study also revealed an inseparable spiritual aspect, where treatment is often accompanied by rituals and prayers. These findings represent a complex and holistic traditional knowledge system. However, this cultural heritage is highly vulnerable to exitinction as times change. Therefore, systematic documentation in this study is crucial for preservation efforts and as a database for the future development of herbal medicines based on local wisdom.
Diversity and Distribution of Gastropods in the Southern Coastal Area of Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta
The southern coast of Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, exhibits high gastropod diversity across varied substrates, offering a critical framework to study their distribution and ecological role in coastal ecosystem balance. This study aims to analyze the level of gastropod diversity and distribution in the Sundak Beach, Indrayanti Beach, and Drini Beach areas to support area management and maintain the survival of organisms and water productivity. Research was conducted using a 1x1 meter quadrat plot method systematically placed in the intertidal zone at three coastal locations. Data collection was carried out over a period of three months (October–December 2024). Gastropod species identification was based on shell morphological characteristics, while data analysis included calculations of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’), Simpson dominance index (C), Pielou evenness index (E), abundance (ind/m2), and Morisita dispersion index (Id) to determine distribution patterns. Environmental parameters measured included temperature, pH, and salinity. The results found 23 gastropod species from 12 families across the three study locations, with high diversity values (H’ = 2.63), high evenness (E = 0.84), and low dominance (C = 0.10). The distribution pattern of most species was clumped, influenced by food availability and substrate characteristics. Environmental factors such as temperature (28–31°C), pH (7), and salinity (30–32%) supported the stability of gastropod communities. The findings are expected to provide scientific insight into their community structure and an understanding of the environmental factors influencing their abundance in the intertidal zone.
Gastropods, Diversity, Distribution, Gunungkidul Coast, Coastal Ecosystem
Diversity of Soil Insects on Hiking Trails in the Forest of Mount Prau
Soil insects are insects that carry out all their activities in or on the soil surface. Soil insects play a vital role as decomposers, predators, herbivores, and soil structure improvers. This study aims to investigate the diversity of soil insects along the hiking trails of Mount Prau with varying levels of hiking intensity, namely the Patak Banteng trail with high intensity, Dwarawati with moderate intensity, and Purwosari with low intensity. The method used was the pitfall trap, with a total of 120 traps installed along the three trails. Insect identification was conducted in the laboratory using a stereo microscope, and environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, soil pH, light intensity, organic carbon (C) content, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and soil texture were measured as supporting data. The results showed 20 soil insect species from 6 orders and 11 families, with a total of 445 individuals. The order Coleoptera was dominant in all plots, particularly the species Xantholinus sp. (Staphylinidae). The highest Shannon-Wiener diversity index was found in the Dwarawati plot (H’=1.90), followed by Purwosari (H’=1.82), and the lowest in Patak Banteng (H’=1.59). High evenness (E) values (>0.6) and low dominance (D) values.
Keanekaragaman Spesies Arthropoda di Badan Air dan Sekitar Mata Air Kecamatan Gunungpati, Kota Semarang
Arthropods are the largest phylum in the Animalia kingdom that can live on land, in freshwater, in the sea, or in the air. Springs are bodies of water that seep out through cracks in rocks to the surface of the ground, serving as a habitat for various Arthropods and the Gunungpati district has several springs in its area. This study aims to analyze the diversity of arthropod species and to describe the abiotic and biotic factors that influence the diversity of arthropod species in the water bodies and around the springs in the Gunungpati district, Semarang City. The research was carried out from October to December 2022, located at five springs, among others. The research was conducted from October to December 2022 at five springs, namely Sendang Jedung, Sendang Lanang Trangkil, Sendang Ndelik, Sendang Mbiru, and Sendang Gede. The data collection method was purposive sampling. The approach used in this research is a quantitative approach with a descriptive research type. The research results showed a total of 1537 individuals and 112 species of arthropods, which included 146 individuals in water bodies and 1391 individuals around springs. The diversity index ranged from moderate to high, between 1.82-3.30. The dominance index values were low, ranging from 0.05-0.29, and the evenness index values fall within moderate to high criteria, ranging from 0.52-0.86. The Sorenson similarity index on the five ponds is considered low. Abiotic factors do not affect diversity too much because it has similar values in the five springs. Therefore, biotic factors (organic matter, litter, and surrounding vegetation) greatly influenced the diversity of arthropod species in water bodies and around the spring in Gunungpati District, Semarang City.
Potensi Rimpang Kencur (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) sebagai Agen Imunomodulator terhadap Performa Ayam Broiler (Gallus domesticus sp.)
Broiler chickens (Gallus domesticus sp.) are one of the most sought-after commodities due to their high productivity, but on the other hand, they are susceptible to stress. Galangal rhizome (Kaempferia galanga) is a medicinal plant containing immunomodulatory compounds that play a role in enhancing and regulating the body's immune system. This study aimed to determine the potential of kencur rhizome on broiler chicken performance. The research design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments and five replications each. The treatments consisted of: KN (plain drinking water), KP (commercial vitamins), P1 (galangal rhizome 20 g/L), P2 (galangal rhizome 50 g/L), and P3 (galangal rhizome 80 g/L). Twenty-five one-day-old Ross 308 broilers were reared for 30 days. Parameters observed included water and feed intake, absolute body weight, relative growth rate, and morphological condition. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, followed by Duncan’s multiple range test at a 5% significance level. The results indicated that kencur supplementation significantly (p<0.05) affected water intake, absolute body weight, and relative growth rate. The P3 treatment (80 g/L) yielded the most favorable outcomes in growth and morphology. These findings suggest that galangal rhizome has potential as an immunomodulatory agent to enhance broiler performance
Comparison of the Rate and Level of Biodegradation of Leaf Waste by Lignocellulolytic Molds from Universitas Negeri Semarang Campus
Biodegradation is a physical decomposition of the substrate caused by the activity of microorganisms by producing products that have benefits for humans. Lignocellulose degrading fungi are microorganisms that play a role in the process of decomposing organic waste. The biodegradation rate of each type of lignocellulose degrading mold is different. The purpose of this research is to comprehensively analyze and compare the rate and level of biodegradation of leaf waste in lignocellulolytic molds isolated from the campus environment of Universitas Negeri Semarang, as well as to identify and evaluate the type of lignocellulolytic mold that shows the highest efficiency in the rate and level of biodegradation of leaf waste. The method used in this research is quantitative method, by measuring the mass ratio and pH of leaf waste media before inoculation and after inoculation. The results of this study are the rate of leaf waste biodegradation based on the ratio of leaf waste mass by Trichoderma koningiopsis mold isolate of 0.015 grams/day, while by Trichoderma erinaceum mold isolate of 0.002 grams/day. Then the rate of leaf waste biodegradation based on the pH change value of leaf waste by Trichoderma koningiopsis mold isolate is higher with a pH change value of 0.3 when compared to the Trichoderma erinaceum mold isolate with a pH change value of 0.1. The superior performance of Trichoderma koningiopsis highlights its potential application in optimizing organic waste decomposition systems and provides a scientific basis for selecting lignocellulolytic fungi in sustainable waste management programs.
Antibacterial Activity Test of the Combination of Bay Leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) Extract and Nanochitosan Against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis
Indonesia is one of the world’s most biodiverse countries, including in medicinal plants that contain active compounds with potential as sources of modern medicine, particularly for treating bacterial infections. The use of herbal plants as antibacterial agents offers an alternative to overcome antibiotic resistance and the side effects of synthetic drugs. Bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) and nanochitosan are known for their antibacterial properties due to their bioactive compounds. However, studies on their combined effects are still limited. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effectiveness of combinations of bay leaf extract (15%, 25%, and 35%) and nanochitosan (0.5% and 1%) against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was applied, using sterile distilled water as a negative control and 0.1% chloramphenicol as a positive control. The antibacterial activity test was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results showed the positive control produced inhibition zones of 25.45 ± 1.27 mm for E. coli and 25.05 ± 0.39 mm for B. subtilis. The most effective combination was K3 (35% bay leaf extract and 0.5% nanochitosan), which produced inhibition zones of 12.65 ± 0.52 mm and 12.91 ± 0.55 mm, respectively. Statistical analysis using the Tukey HSD post hoc test confirmed significant differences among treatments. These findings suggest that the combination of bay leaf extract and nanochitosan holds promise as an alternative antibacterial agent
Analisis Konsentrasi Logam Berat pada Sedimen dan Air Laut di Perairan Selat Rupat
The Rupat Strait, located between Dumai City and Rupat Island in Riau Province, Indonesia, is an area with high industrial activity, including oil processing and maritime transportation. These activities contribute to the release of various pollutants, particularly heavy metals, into the marine environment. This study aimed to analyze the concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, and Zn) in seawater and sediment samples to assess the extent of contamination and potential ecological risks. A total of nine observation stations and one control station were selected using purposive sampling. Field measurements of physical and chemical parameters were conducted in situ, while laboratory analyses of metal concentrations were performed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The results showed that heavy metals were present at varying levels across all stations. The highest concentration was found for iron (Fe) in sediment at Station 9, reaching 18,476 ppm, while the lowest was cadmium (Cd) in seawater, with an average concentration of 0.001 ppm. Overall, metal concentrations in sediment were significantly higher than in seawater. These findings indicate a potential threat to benthic organisms and call for regular environmental monitoring. The study contributes valuable baseline data for marine pollution management and policy development in the Rupat Strait region.
The Effect of Tamarind Fruit Nanoparticles (Tamarindus indica) on the Sperm Quality of Hyperglycemic Rats
Hyperglycemia is an increase in glucose levels in the blood. This condition can trigger glucose autooxidation which can produce free radicals. Free radicals can cause damage to male reproductive organs and quality. Tamarind fruit has a high flavonoid which has the potential as an antioxidant. This study aims to analyze the effect of tamarind fruit nanoparticles on spermatozoa quality in hyperglycemic rats. This study is experimental with Post-Test Control Group Design. A sample of 15 male Wistar rats were induced by alloxan and then divided into three groups, namely the control group, tamarind fruit nanoparticles with a dose of 30 mg/KgBB (NP1) and 60 mg/KgBB (NP2) for 28 days. Sperm quality was observed with parameters of concentration, motility and viability. The data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA and LSD. The results of the Anova test showed that tamarind nanoparticle treatment could significantly improve sperm quality (P<0.05). The LSD test showed that the concentration, motility and viability of sperm in group (K) were significantly different from groups NP1 and NP2. The highest to lowest average sperm concentration in sequence was in groups NP2 (49.60x106±6.06x106), NP1 (41.60x106±7.40x106) and K (20.80x106±7.56x106). The highest to lowest average percentage of sperm motility in sequence was in groups NP2 (82.20±9.75), NP1 (74.00±4.74), K (47.20±10.66). The highest to lowest average percentage of sperm viability in sequence was in the NP2 group (76.80±4.49), NP1 (72.20±7.12), K (31.60±7.89). The conclusion of this study is that tamarind nanoparticles have an effect on improving sperm quality in hyperglycemic rats.
Keanekaragaman Tumbuhan Berhabitus Pohon, Semak atau Perdu, serta Herba di Bantaran Sungai Kaligarang Kota Semarang
The Kaligarang River is one of the longest rivers in Semarang which is widely used for various purposes over time, this river has changed towards sedimentation and erosion. Therefore, the existence of vegetatiton is important as an ecosystem balancer. The purpose of this study is to study environmental parameters and analyze the diversity of plants found in the Kaligarang watershed. This type of research includes exploratory research with a line plot sampling method (5 quadrant plots) measuring 1x1 meters for herbs, 5x5 meters for shrubs/shrubs, and 10x10 meters for trees in May 2023-May 2024. Research locations at Tinjomoyo station, Tugu Soeharto, and behind PDAM Tirto Moedal. The results showed that the soil types found were sandy loam, clay, and dusty clay; soil pH between 5.51-6.23; C-organic content 0.32-0.94%; light intensity between 2950-7610 lux; ambient temperature 38°C-45°C, and air humidity 24%-43% which means that the quality of the environment is quite supportive of plant growth quite well. The results of the calculation of plant species diversity (H') with tree habitus was found at station 1 was 0,69 (low) and the highest at station 3 was 0.97 (low); the lowest shrub at station 2 was 0.45 (low) and the highest at station 3 was 1.19 (medium); and the lowest herbaceous at station 1 was 1.25 (medium) and the highest at station 2 was 2.92 (medium). The conclusion from these results is that environmental factors and plant diversity values at each station are different.
Vanilla Callogenesis with the Addition of Picloram and BAP under Dark and Light Conditions
Vanillin is a secondary metabolite in vanilla, with a 1%–3% content. Tissue culture is an effective alternative for producing plant secondary metabolites. This study aimed to analyze the effect of picloram and BAP under light and dark conditions on the callogenesis of vanilla leaf explants. A randomized block design was used with two factors: picloram concentration (0 ppm, 2.5 ppm, 5 ppm, 7.5 ppm) and BAP (0 ppm, 1 ppm, 2 ppm, 3 ppm), as well as lighting conditions (light and dark). Vanilla leaf explants were cultured on MS medium and incubated for three months. The observed parameters included the time for explants to curve, the percentage of curved explants, the time of callus formation, the percentage of callus-forming explants, and callus morphology. The results showed that PGRs type/concentration significantly affected the percentage of curved explants but had no significant effect on other parameters. Lighting and its interaction with PGRs had no significant effect. The best combination of picloram and BAP resulted in 100% curved explants but was less optimal for inducing callus formation in vanilla leaf explants. This study can open scientific insights into the combination of picloram and BAP and the effects of different lighting in vanilla leaf callogenesis.
Efek Ekstrak Buah Belimbing Wuluh terhadap Kadar SOD Paru Tikus yang Dipapar Asap Rokok
Cigarette smoke contains a variety of chemical compounds that are harmful to more than 4000 particles that are particularly harmful to cell metabolism such as tar, nicotine, and CO. Cigarette smoke is a free radical that can cause oxidative stress if excessively inhaled in the lungs. Oxidative stress can be characterized by a decrease in SOD levels. SOD enzymes are naturally occurring antioxidants produced in the body to neutralize free radicals. This study aims to find out the effect of Averrhoa bilimbi fruit extract on the lung SOD level of male rats exposed to cigarette smoke. This study used 25 male rats divided into five groups, namely the normal (K) group, the negative group given exposure to cigarette smoke (K-), the treatment group given exposure to cigarette smoke and the extract A. bilimbi fruit 3 mg/kgBB (K1), treatment group given exposure to cigarette smoke and fruit extract A. bilimbi 6 mg/kgBB (K2), treatment group given exposure to cigarette smoke and fruit extract of A. bilimbi 12 mg/kgBB (K3). The antioxidant content of the A. bilimbi fruit extract is analyzed using the DPPH method and the SOD level of the lungs is measured by the calorimetric method. Analysis of SOD data using One Way Anova test and LSD test. The results of the antioxidant test of the A. bilimbi fruit extract showed a 23.37% antioxidant status. The results of statistical tests of A. bilimbi fruit extract on lung SOD levels exposed to cigarette smoke have a real effect. Each group showed real differences in the form of K (79.99%), K- (21.07%), K1 (52.14%), K2 (64.29%), K3 (72.86%). From the results of the research that has been carried out, it can be concluded that the fruit extract of A. bilimbi has an effect on the increase in the SOD level of mice exposed to cigarette smoke.
Studi Etnobotani Manten Kopi sebagai Kearifan Lokal di Perkebunan Kopi Kawisari Blitar
Manten kopi is a traditional ritual practiced at Kawisari Plantation, Blitar, symbolizing coffee beans as a "couple" united through ceremonial processes. This study identifies the types of plants and plant parts used in the ritual, analyzes its philosophical significance, and identifies the local knowledge associated with the tradition at Kawisari Coffee Plantation, Blitar. The research employs a qualitative design with a survey method. Data were gathered through interviews and observations, with informants chosen using purposive sampling. The participants included ritual leaders and coffee farmers. The findings reveal that 11 plant species are utilized in the ritual, including coffee (Coffea sp.), pisang raja (Musa paradisiaca var. Sapientum), rice (Oryza sativa), jasmine (Jasminum sambac), champak (Michelia champaca), ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata), rose (Rosa sp.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), croton (Codiaeum variegatum), coconut (Cocos nucifera), and banyan (Ficus benjamina). The plant parts used comprise leaves and flowers (36.36%), fruits (18.18%), and seeds (9.09%). The manten kopi ritual holds philosophical significance as an expression of gratitude for an abundant harvest and a hope for better harvests in the future. It reinforces cultural, spiritual, and agrarian values while preserving local wisdom to maintain harmony between humans, nature, and culture.
Dismilaritas Kadar Low Density Lipoprotein Kolesterol pada Pasien Dislipidemia dengan Metode Homogenous Formula Friedewald di RSUD Mardi Waluyo Kota Blitar
Dyslipidemia is one of the primary risk factors for vascular disease, which can lead to an increase in the number of lipid profile tests. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is one of the signs of dyslipidemia and can be examined using the direct method (homogeneous) or the Friedewald formula. This examination method has its own advantages and disadvantages. This study aims to determine the difference in LDL cholesterol levels using the direct method and the Friedewald formula in dyslipidemia sufferers at Mardi Waluyo Hospital, Blitar City. The research design carried out is a cumulative analytical research with a cross survey approach. This study was conducted on 40 patients who underwent lipid profile examinations at the Laboratory of Mardi Waluyo Hospital, Blitar City. Blood samples that are examined and included in the dyslipidemia criteria are then checked for LDL cholesterol levels with the Friedewald formula. Based on the results of the study, the results of the statistical analysis of the Independent test sample t-test with a meaningfulness level of 95% (α = 0.05) were obtained by the LDL t statistic result (1.706) < t table 2.02439. There was no significant difference in the results of the LDL cholesterol examination of the direct method and Friedewald formula in people with dyslipidemia, For this reason, further research is needed to determine LDL cholesterol levels, both in the extract and with the Friedewald formula, using the gold standard method for LDL cholesterol examination in accordance with the recommendations of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) is ultracentrifugation as a comparison of LDL cholesterol research
Direct method friedewald formula; LDL-Cholesterol Levels; Patients with Dyslipidemia
Kualitas Nata de pina dengan Pemberian Ekstrak Kecambah Kacang Hijau (Phaseolus radiata L.) yang diperlakukan dengan Air Cucian Beras dalam Perkecambahannya
Nata de pina is a low-calorie organic food rich in fiber, made from pineapple juice (Ananas comosus L.). A supporting factor for the growth of Acetobacter xylinum (nata-forming bacteria) is a nitrogen source. The use of nitrogen sources such as non-food-grade zwavelzure ammoniak (ZA) is considered environmentally unfriendly, so an alternative solution is to use mung bean sprout extract as an organic nitrogen source. This study aims to determine the quality of nata de pina in terms of thickness, fiber content, color, texture, taste, and aroma with the application of mung bean sprout extract (Phaseolus radiata L.), which is treated with rice washing water during sprouting. Data analysis employed ANOVA and Duncan’s further test, with 7 treatment concentrations: control (0%), ZA 1%, mung bean sprout extract at 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%. Each concentration was repeated 4 times. The nata layer formed on the fourth day and was harvested on the fourteenth day. The results showed that the best nata quality was obtained with a 1.5% mung bean sprout extract concentration, with a thickness of 1.09 cm, fiber content of 2.85%, and an organoleptic assessment with a score of 4 (like criteria). The resulting nata had a chewier texture, a fresh sour pineapple aroma, a yellowishwhite color, and a sweet taste. This study provides an effort to utilize pineapple juice waste and rice-washing water waste as potential raw materials for the development of healthy and environmentally friendly food products.
Table of Contents: Life Science 13 (2) 2024
Life Science Edition 13 (2) 2024 consists of 9 articles which fall within the scope of microbiology, zoology, botany and ecology. Articles were written by academics from 3 university, such as Universitas Negeri Semarang, Universitas Diponegoro, and Universitas Tanjungpura.
Tingkat Pemanfaatan Teripang Ekonomis Penting di Perairan Kepulauan Karimunjawa
Sea cucumbers are an economically important fishery commodity in great demand by both local and international audiences. As time goes by, the need for sea cucumbers increases and people make excessive use of sea cucumber resources until they reach the status of over-exploitation. This makes it necessary to know the level of utilization of sea cucumbers in Karimunjawa. This research was carried out on August - September 2023 in Tanjung Gelam, Karimunjawa. The purpose of this research is to find out the catch per unit effort, maximum sustainable potential/maximum sustainable yield, and the level of utilization of sea cucumbers in Karimunjawa waters. This research uses a survey method with the survey carried out to collect data regarding catches and fishing trips for fishermen directly. The data analysis method uses model calculations Schaefer. From the research results, it was found that the average CPUE production value was 4 kg/trip. The potential MSY value obtained is 2.857 kg/year with an optimum effort (f opt) of 620 trips/year. The level of utilization of sea cucumbers has an average value of 93,27% which is categorized as optimum, so there is no need to make additional efforts because the catch is already optimal and if it is added it will cause an excess catch.
CPUE, Karimunjawa, MSY, Sea cucumbers, Utilization rate
Pengaruh Laju Injeksi Karbondioksida terhadap Oksigen Terlarut dan Pertumbuhan Spirulina platensis
Indonesia has a high and continually increasing total greenhouse gas emission. Carbon dioxide absorption can be mitigated by utilizing the photosynthesis process of microalgae. Spirulina platensis was chosen as the sample to be cultivated in this study due to its ease of cultivation and its status as a large-scale carbon dioxide absorber. The objective of this research is to analyze the effect of varying carbon dioxide injection rates on dissolved oxygen and the growth of S. platensis. This research employed an experimental method involving semi-mass cultivation using a 12 L volume tube photobioreactor (PBR) as a container with three treatment variations. These variations included culture P0 (without injection/control), culture PA (0.5 L/minute), and culture PB (1 L/minute). The data analysis revealed that the variation with an increase in dissolved oxygen levels and enhanced growth of S. platensis was most optimal in culture PB (1 L/min). One-way ANOVA results showed significant differences between culture P0 (without injection) and classified data indicating that culture PB (1 L/min) fell into a high-level classification. The average dissolved oxygen value for culture PB (1 L/min) was 7.9 mg/L, with a cell density average of 0.651 cells/ml and a dry biomass weight of 3.8 grams. The conclusion drawn is that varying carbon dioxide injection rates significantly affect dissolved oxygen levels and the growth of S. platensis, as evidenced by cell density and biomass calculations. The effect on the S. platensis culture is a notable increase in both parameters. The application of varying carbon dioxide injection rates in the cultivation of S. platensis may serve as a reference for identifying the optimal carbon dioxide injection rate during semi-mass cultivation.
Analisis Kadar Kalsium pada Batita Stunting Kota Semarang
Calcium (Ca) is a type of micronutrient that is important for children, especially during toddlerhood (children under three years of age), in their growth and development, where if the body lacks Ca, the bone mineralization process will be low and result in low mineralization of the matrix of new bone deposits, affecting the work of osteoblasts. As a result, children's linear growth will be hampered, and there is a risk of stunting. The research objective is to analyze calcium levels in stunted toddlers aged between 6-36 months in Semarang City. This research is an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional research design carried out in Bandarharjo and Tanjungmas sub-districts. The research sample consisted of 20 stunting toddlers and 20 non-stunting (normal) toddlers with an age range of 6-36 months. The independent variable in this study itself is blood calcium levels. The statistical analysis used was the Mann-Whitney U test. The results revealed that Ca levels in stunted toddlers were 9.95 mg/dL, meanwhile for normal toddlers, it is 16.51 mg/dL. Statistically, it shows that calcium levels in stunted toddlers are significantly different from those in normal toddlers (p = 0.000). In conclusion, there is a statistically significant difference in Ca levels between stunted and normal toddlers aged 6–36 months in Semarang City. The findings suggest that Ca status constitutes an important nutritional factor to be addressed in efforts to prevent stunting among toddlers.
Estimasi Populasi dan Habitat Monyet Ekor Panjang (Macaca fascicularis Raffles, 1821) di Desa Ngesrepbalong, Jawa Tengah
Mount Ungaran leaves an important ecosystem as a habitat for various species, including long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis Raffles, 1821). Long-tailed macaques (MEP) are a type of animal that is not protected according to PP No. 106 of 2018. In the IUCN, the conservation status of MEP has changed from the vulnerable category to endangered and is included in Appendix II based on CITES. Estimation of the population of a species is very necessary to provide an overview of the existence of the species in an area. There has been no research on the estimation of the population and habitat of MEP in Ngesrepbalong Village. The purpose of this study was to analyze the estimation of the MEP population and the condition of the MEP habitat in Ngesrepbalong Village, Central Java. The method used in this study was the survey method with the calculation of concentration points (concentration count). This method is used on various types of wild animals that gather in groups at observation points that have been previously determined based on the results of preliminary surveys along with the habitat conditions analyzed to produce an estimate of the MEP population and habitat at the research location. The results of the analysis of the estimated MEP population in Ngesrepbalong Village found 53 individuals in two groups at two observation points, namely Gunungsari and Separe with the percentage of the MEP population based on sex, namely 28% juveniles, 38% juveniles, and 34% adults. The increasing number of young MEP individuals indicates that the population will increase assuming a constant mortality rate. Poaching and habitat carrying capacity are the most influential factors in the difference in population numbers at the two observation points. The highest MEP encounters were at the Gunungsari observation point.
Keanekaragaman Serangga dan Tingkat Kerusakan Akibat Serangan Hama pada Tanaman Jeruk
Citrus are a horticultural commodity that has high economic value and tends to be liked by many people. In the Bawen area, Semarang Regency, there is a plantation that cultivates various types of orange plants. Many citrus plants have signs of pest attacks that have not yet been identified. This research aims to obtain data related to insect diversity and the level of damage caused by insect pest attacks on citrus plants. This research is an exploratory type of research, using a survey method. The research location was determined using purposive sampling by taking three fields of Siam Honey, Sumowono and Pamello oranges. Insect sampling was carried out using pitfall trap, yellow trap, direct observation and interviews. The results of the study showed that the diversity index was H' = 3.3, honey siam = 3.3, pamello orange (H' = 3.1) and sumowono siam (H' = 2.9). The similarity value of the three types of orange is 0.8 and the dominance is 0.05 (honey siamese), 0.06 (pamello) and 0.07 (sumowono). At the time of research, orange plants were in the generative phase so they could attract more insects. The level of damage due to pest attacks is classified as moderate. The conclusion of this research is that the highest species diversity value is Siam Honey, then Pamello orange and Siam Sumowono, the presence of insects is evenly distributed and no one species dominates. The benefit of this research is to obtain information regarding the diversity of insect types and the level of damage caused by insect pest attacks.
Pengaruh Lama Penyimpanan Biji Kopi Liberika pada Suhu Kamar terhadap Mutu Mikrobiologis dan Kadar Okratoksin A
Liberica coffee is one of the leading commodities in several regions so it has quite high economic potential. Coffee beans can be stored for quite a long time, more than one year, even more than 4 years before going through the roasting process. However, during long storage periods coffee beans can be attacked by microorganisms such as mold (ochratoxigenic and non-ochratoxigenic). This research aims to determine the effect of storage time on the quality of Liberica coffee beans, both microbiologically and chemically. The benefit of this research is to provide information on the quality of Liberica coffee beans. This research is a laboratory experimental research. The long storage time for coffee beans was 36 and 39 weeks. The results of the research showed that the yeast mold rate (AKK) on Liberica coffee beans stored for 39 weeks was greater than those stored for 36 weeks. The increase in AKK during storage is thought to be due to the presence of insects, temperature and humidity factors. A total of three mold isolates were found at week 36 and there were six mold isolates at week 39. The percentage of fungal isolate attacks at both weeks 36 and 39 was dominated by fungi of the Mucorales order (Mucor sp. and Absidia sp.). In the 36th week the attack of Mucor sp. amounted to 36.67% while in the 39th week the Mucor sp attack. 20%. and Absidia sp. 23.33%. Ochratoxin A (OTA) levels from week 36 to week 39 did not increase but instead decreased. This occurs due to OTA degradation by ochratoxin-degrading molds which are thought to be Aspergillus sp. during storage.
Pengaruh Variasi Metode Ekstraksi Metabolit Sekunder Bakteri Endofit Daun Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) terhadap Pertumbuhan Escherichia coli dan Bacillus subtilis
Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) is one of the many tropical plants found in Indonesia. The leaves of the rambutan plant are known to be used as medicine, so they have the potential to be a source of endophytic bacteria that can produce beneficial compound. This study aims to isolate, identify of endophytic bacteria from rambutan leaves, and test their activity as an antibacterial with two different secondary metabolite extraction methods, namely maceration with 70% methanol and without maceration. This study used experimental research with a Completely Ramdomized Design (CRD). Isolation of endophytic bacteria from rambutan leaves produced two isolates (D1 and D2). The results of identification through macroscopic, microscopic, and biochemical test showed that two pure isolates had similarities to genus Bacillus sp. Antibacterial activity testing was carried out using well diffusion method. Based on the results of antibacterial test showed that extraction method with 70% methanol produced an extract that was more effective as an antibacterial with average diameter of clear zone formed for Escherichia coli bacteria were 13.55 mm (Isolate D1) and 12.13 mm (Isolate D2) and that of Bacillus subtilis bacteria were 16.27 mm (Isolate D1) and 19.69 mm (Isolate D2). This finding contributes to the fact that the type of secondary metabolite extraction method of rambutan leaf endophytic bacteria influences the sensivity as an antibacterial.
Potensi Pemberian Bakteri Penghasil IAA (Pseudomonas sp. IAA1 dan Bacillus sp. IAA2) terhadap Perkecambahan Zea mays saccharata Sturt.
Indigenous peatland bacteria producing indole acetic acid (IAA) hormone function to help in the physiological process of plants during vegetative growth of plants. This study aims to determine the effect of giving IAA-producing bacteria (Pseudomonas sp. IAA1 and Bacillus sp. IAA2) and to determine the best density of IAA-producing bacteria for sweet corn germination (Zea mays saccharata Sturt). This study used a completely randomized design (CRD), with 8 treatment levels and 3 replications. The research data were analyzed using Ms. Excel by finding the average germination time. The results showed that the provision of IAA-producing bacteria had an effect on the germination time of sweet corn plants. The treatment of giving Bacillus sp. IAA2 bacteria with a bacterial density of 1.04 × 107 cells/mL gave the best results in the germination time of sweet corn with an average germination time of 2.00 days, while Pseudomonas sp. IAA1 has a bacterial density of 1.51 × 107 cells/mL and an average sweet corn germination time of 2.25 days. The bacterial consortium of Pseudomonas sp. IAA 1 and Bacillus sp. IAA2 has a bacterial cell density of 2.04 cells/mL and an average sweet corn germination time of 2.30 days. These indigenous bacteria producing IAA can be developed into biofertilizers so that they can replace chemical fertilizers that can harm the environment, especially the soil.
Potensi Penambahan Kombinasi Bakteri Pelarut Fosfat dan Penambat Nitrogen terhadap Jumlah Daun dan Lebar Daun Cabai Rawit Varietas Dewata F1
The combination of phosphate-dissolving and nitrogen-fixing bacteria can increase plant productivity and nutrient availability as an environmentally friendly biofertilizer candidate. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of a combination of bacterial strains P1, P2, P3, N1, N2, and N3, on the growth of cayenne pepper, and to determine the best treatment of the combination of bacterial strains. The research was conducted from May to August 2023. The research was carried out by watering bacterial isolates on the cayenne pepper planting media. Observations were made for 2 months after transplanting. Data analysis used a completely randomised design with 9 treatment levels, namely, KP, KN, A (P1+P2+P3+N1); B (P1+P2+P3+N2); C (P1+P2+P3+N3); D (PI+P2+P3+N1+N2); E (P1+P2+P3+N1+N3); F (P1+P2+P3+N2+N3); G (P1+P2+P3+N1+N2+N3), with 4 replications. The results showed that the combination of phosphate-solubilising bacteria strains (P1, P2, P3) and nitrogen-fixing bacteria strains (N1, N2, N3) had a significant effect on the parameters of the number of leaves and leaf width of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.). Treatment A (P1+P2+P3+N1) is a combination of bacterial strains that gives the best results on leaf width (5.20 cm) and number of leaves (47.75 strands). This biofertilizer enhances plant productivity and prevents environmental pollution.
Potensi Bakteri Pelarut Fosfat dan Bakteri Penghasil IAA Asal Tanah Gambut terhadap Perkecambahan Tanaman Jagung (Zea mays L.)
Phosphate solubilizing bacteria and IAA-producing bacteria are bacteria that can help plant growth through their use by increasing the availability of phosphate (P) in the soil and helping plants absorb nutrients in the soil. This study aims to determine the effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and IAA-producing bacteria isolated from peat soil on the germination of corn (Zea mays L.) plants grown on peat soil. This research was conducted from June to September 2023 with a completely randomized design (CRD). Testing the effect of phosphate-solubilizing and IAA-producing bacteria was carried out using the method of soaking seeds and watering bacterial suspensions on plants. The results showed that A5 treatment had a significant effect on the number of leaves parameter, with A5 treatment (Bacillus cereus PF12, P13 and PF16 + Pseudomonas stutzeriIAA1) producing a germination percentage (100%), the number of leaves (5.09 strands) while the parameters of plant height and root length showed that all treatments were not significantly different.
Kepadatan Bakteri Biofertilizer Cair Air Kelapa Menggunakan Bakteri Pelarut Fosfat (Bacillus spp.) Asal Tanah Gambut Kalimantan Barat
Biofertilizer is an environmentally friendly fertilizer, has a long release time so it can be absorbed by plants long enough, and has enzymatic activities such as binding nitrogen and dissolving phosphate. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (BPF) can dissolve phosphate that was previously unavailable to become available. This research aims to further examine the potential of BPF isolates from Kalimantan as a liquid biofertilizer agent using coconut water as a medium. The research was conducted for 3 months, from June to August 2023 at the Microbiology Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science Tanjungpura University, Pontianak. This research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 8 treatments and 3 replications using the Total Plate Count method. The results of the study showed that the highest treatment is a treatment of A4 on day 6 with an average density of 9,4x108 CFU/mL. The BPF which has the highest potential as a biofertilizer is found in treatment A4, the combination bacterial isolates of Bacillus sp1 and Bacillus sp2, supported by the high population treatment of A4 during each storage. Liquid biofertilizers have many advantages compared to solid biofertilizers, including having a higher number of microbial cells, longer shelf life, greater protection against the environment and better effectiveness in the field. This study can provide information on the density of liquid biofertilizer bacteria using environmentally friendly coconut water media for the community by using phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (Bacillus spp.) from West Kalimantan peat soil.
Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Buah Asam Kalimbawan (Sarcotheca diversifolia (Miq) Hallier F) terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli
Asam kalimbawan (Sarcotheca diversifolia (Miq) Hallier F) is a native plant found in Kalimantan, especially in West Kalimantan. This species belongs to the Oxalidaceae family, known for producing compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aims to investigate the antibacterial activity of kalimbawan tamarind fruit extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. Fruit extraction was carried out using the maceration method with methanol solvent, and the antibacterial activity was performed using the disc diffusion method. This research utilized a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with seven treatment levels and four replications for each bacterium. The test concentrations of the extract against S. aureus and E. coli were 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 g/mL, as well as ciprofloxacin and 10% DMSO. The study results revealed that all concentrations of the extract were able to inhibit the growth of the test bacteria, as indicated by the presence of a clear zone. The effective extract concentrations against S. aureus and E. coli bacteria were 0.4 g/mL and 0.3 g/mL, respectively, with corresponding zone diameters of 16.55 mm and 14.22 mm, respectively. Asam kalimbawan, which has been traditionally used by the people of Sambas Regency, has the potential to be developed as a source of natural metabolite-derived medicines.
Potensi Cadangan Karbon Tersimpan dan Serapan Karbon pada Ekosistem Hutan Kota Tinjomoyo Semarang
The increase in GHGs in Semarang City, caused by the increase in motorized vehicles and industrial activity, has resulted in a decrease in environmental quality in urban areas and air pollution. Data from the Semarang City Environmental Service (2019), shows that total CO2e emissions in 2018 were dominated by CO2, namely 33,505,357.22 tons of CO2 (85.24%) of the total CO2e tons of GHG emissions. To reduce CO2 emissions in Semarang City, one way that can be done is by utilizing urban forests which can absorb carbon dioxide. Based on these conditions, estimates of stored carbon reserves and carbon uptake in urban forests need to be calculated to determine the CO2 that plants in urban forests can absorb. This research aims to analyze the amount of stored carbon reserves and carbon uptake in the Tinjomoyo Semarang City Forest ecosystem. This research uses an exploratory method carried out through direct observation and measurement in the field. The sampling technique used is the belt transect method. The stand measurement method is carried out using the Non-Destructive Test (NDT) method or by not damaging the research samples. Stand data analysis was carried out using the allometric equation method. Based on calculation results, the number of individual stands in the Tinjomoyo Semarang City Forest area is 367 individual stands. The total amount of biomass is 125.5 tonnes/ha, the total carbon stock is 57.72 tonnes/ha and the total amount of carbon uptake is 211.8 tonnes/ha. This research shows that the estimated carbon reserves stored in the Tinjomoyo City Forest ecosystem, Semarang are 57.72 tonnes/ha with a carbon uptake value of 211.8 tonnes/ha.