Business and Economic Analysis Journal starting in 2024 migrates from OJS 2 to OJS 3 to better secure from various unwanted things, including journal hacking and so on. To submit, the author please visit the new website page of our journal at the link https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/beaj MIGRATION OFFICIAL STATEMENT HERE p-ISSN 2776-9682| e-ISSN 2798-396X Business and Economics Analysis Journal is a journal published by Universitas Negeri Semarang-Indonesia, who only publish scientific research in the field of economic and business issues. This journal also receives all of the articles from developing and developed countries. This journal focuses on economics and business research through quantitative and qualitative approaches. There are many more problems related to economics study and business. Therefore, the Business and Economics Analysis Journal only publishes original research in the scope of Agricultural Innovation and Industry, Development Economics, Environmental Economics, Regional Economics, Economics Policy, Monetary and Public Policy, and Natural Resources of Economics. The journal aims to publish a scientific article from researchers from Indonesia and other countries.
Modeling the U.S. Federal Reserve Influence on Indonesia’s Interest Rates: A Markov-Switching Approach
This study aims to examine how changes in the United States’ monetary policy, such as interest rates and GDP, affect Indonesia’s economic policy, as reflected in Indonesia’s interest rate. The study employs the Markov Switching Dynamic Regression (MSDR) method to analyze these effects, using secondary data obtained from the Federal Reserve. This data includes variables for Indonesia’s and the United States’ interest rates, as well as other control variables. The results show that Indonesia’s interest rate, both in expansionary and contractionary conditions, tends to be influenced by the U.S. interest rate. In contrast, the U.S. GDP has no significant effect on Indonesia’s monetary policy. These findings suggest that external financial conditions, particularly those from the United States, have a significant impact on the economic situation of developing countries, including Indonesia.
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Analysis of Regional Financial Performance of East Java Province
East Java Province, as one of the regions with the largest economic and population contribution in Indonesia, plays a strategic role in realizing sustainable and inclusive regional development. In the context of regional autonomy that emphasizes accountability and efficiency of budget management, regional financial performance analysis is important to assess the extent to which provincial governments are able to manage fiscal resources independently, effectively, and sustainably. This study aims to find out the regional financial performance of East Java Province during the period 2016-2022. This study uses a quantitative research method with realized data from regional revenues, government transfer revenues, capital expenditures, regional expenditures, and regional original revenues from the Directorate General of Budget Balance Data Portal for 2016-2022. The ratio analysis method, namely a) fiscal decentralization, b) financial independence, c) financial dependence, d) efficiency and e) financial effectiveness, and f) regional financial compatibility was chosen because it was able to provide a comprehensive and multidimensional picture of the fiscal performance of East Java Province within the framework of regional autonomy, as well as reveal the strengths, weaknesses, and sustainability of its financial management. This approach is relevant for assessing not only the size of the budget but also the quality, impact, and long-term fiscal resilience. The results of fiscal decentralization showed a very good category, financial independence showed a high category with a pattern of delegative relationships, financial dependence showed a high category, financial effectiveness showed a very effective category, and financial efficiency showed a less efficient category. In the harmony of regional expenditure, it is divided into 2. First, the capital expenditure ratio shows a poor category. Second, the operating expenditure ratio shows a fairly good category. The findings of this study provide an empirical basis for local governments to develop fiscal policies that are more efficient, sustainable, and results-oriented, as well as an evaluation material in strengthening regional autonomy. At the academic level, the study enriches discussions about the relationship between fiscal decentralization and regional financial performance, particularly in the context of large provinces with complex fiscal burdens such as East Java.
DETERMINANTS OF NON-OIL AND GAS IMPORT VALUE IN INDONESIA
Indonesia continues to rely heavily on imports, particularly non-oil and gas imports, which can threaten economic stability. However, existing studies rarely examine how domestic macroeconomic indicators jointly affect this dependency. This study aims to fill that gap by analyzing the influence of money supply (M2), BI Rate, and inflation rate on the value of non-oil and gas imports in Indonesia. Using monthly time series data from 2020 month 1 to 2023 month 4 (40 observations), this study employs a multiple linear regression model to evaluate both partial and simultaneous effects of the three independent variables. The results show that money supply (M2) and inflation rate have a significant positive impact. In contrast, the BI Rate significantly affects the value of non-oil and gas imports. These findings suggest that increased liquidity and rising inflation may stimulate import activity, while higher interest rates tend to suppress it. The study provides important insights for Bank Indonesia and policymakers in designing macroeconomic strategies to stabilize the import sector. Strengthening the coordination of monetary and fiscal policies is recommended to manage import growth while maintaining economic stability.
THE ROLE OF FOREIGN DEBT, EXPORTS, AND EXCHANGE RATES IN INCREASING INDONESIA'S FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES
Indonesia’s foreign exchange reserves fluctuate due to global and domestic economic dynamics. The problem lies in how key economic factors can maintain the stability and sustainability of national foreign exchange reserves. This study aims to determine the role of foreign debt, exports, and exchange rates in increasing Indonesia’s foreign exchange reserves. This research uses secondary data obtained from the World Bank. The analysis method uses Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) with multiple linear regression. The results show that foreign debt, exports, and exchange rates have a positive effect on Indonesia’s foreign exchange reserves. The implications of this research show that the government needs to strengthen the coordination of fiscal and monetary policies to maintain the stability of foreign exchange reserves. Foreign debt management must be directed toward productive financing that drives exports and economic growth. In addition, a stable and adaptive exchange rate policy is necessary to maintain foreign exchange reserves amid global economic changes.
ANALYSIS OF RICE MARKETING EFFICIENCY THROUGH THE STRUCTURE CONDUCT PERFORMANCE APPROACH
This study aims to analyze the efficiency of rice marketing in Ngawi Regency. This study uses the Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) method to analyze the efficiency of rice marketing. The data collection methods involved surveys and structured interviews with actors in the rice distribution chain. The snowball sampling method is used in this study to follow the marketing flow from farmers to end consumers. The study's results indicate that five main distribution channel patterns were identified. Each actor in the distribution chain has different contributions to marketing activities, including exchange functions, physical functions, and facility functions. The Farmer's Share value in each rice marketing channel in Ngawi Regency shows the proportion of price acceptance received by farmers compared to the price paid by end consumers. The analysis of five rice marketing channels in Ngawi Regency shows that channel 2 has the highest Farmer’s Share (54.62%), while channel 5 is the most cost-efficient with a π/c ratio 1.32. This study contributes to agricultural marketing studies by highlighting the importance of evaluating distribution channels based on the balance between the value received by producers and cost efficiency.
THE IMPACT OF CRIME ON TOURISM VISITS IN CENTRAL JAVA: A PANEL DATA APPROACH
Crime generates insecurities, which limit tourism in several ways: reduced tourist destination appeal, increased perceptions of the risk of being victimized as a tourist, harm to destination image, increased transaction costs, and reduced institutional quality. This study employed a panel data approach to investigate the impact of criminal acts on tourist arrivals in 35 Central Javanese districts/cities from 2020 to 2024. Control variables included tourist attractions, accommodation, restaurants, vehicles, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings revealed a significant negative relationship between criminal cases and tourist visits, underscoring security's crucial role. Conversely, tourist attractions, accommodation, and restaurants positively affected arrivals. As expected, the COVID-19 pandemic negatively influenced tourism. Notably, the study found no significant impact from the prevalence of violence against children and women or the ratio of vehicles. Comparative analysis (between tourism-based and non-tourism-based regions) shows that crime consistently deters and attractions consistently promote tourism in all areas. Still, accommodation positively impacts tourism-based economies, while restaurants promote tourism in both regions. These results highlight the necessity of enhancing security measures at tourist destinations, fostering the development of sustainable attractions, and ensuring adequate supporting infrastructure to stimulate tourism sector growth in Central Java.
CASE STUDY: HOUSEHOLD FACTORS AND ELDERLY WORK DECISIONS IN INDONESIA
Indonesia is one of the countries with a large elderly population. The high participation rate of the elderly workforce can cause this. This kind of challenge, if it does not receive special attention from the government, can cause several new problems, especially in the issue of employment. Therefore, this study was conducted to see how household characteristics influence the decision of older people to work. The data used in this study is sourced from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) 5th wave. The methodology used in this paper is a logit econometric model. This logit model is used because the dependent variable from this study is a dummy variable. From the analysis results, evidence was found that household characteristics, such as the type of work, education level, marital status, health status, and residential area status, significantly impact the decision of older people to work. By understanding the characteristics of households that influence older people's decision to work, we can design more effective policies and programs to support older people and ensure their well-being, especially at retirement age, such as pension schemes and social protection programs.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEADING SECTORS IN THE HINTERLAND AREA OF NUSANTARA'S CAPITAL CITY
The relocation of Indonesia's capital from Jakarta to the Capital City of Nusantara (Ibu Kota Negara/IKN) in East Kalimantan aims to address development inequality and promote equitable economic growth. As IKN’s hinterland, Balikpapan City, Samarinda City, Kutai Kartanegara District, and Paser District are crucial in supporting this vision. This study analyzes the comparative advantages and potential sectors for development in these areas using a quantitative approach with secondary data from 2010 to 2023. Location Quotient (LQ) and Dynamic Location Quotient (DLQ) analyses identify key sectors, and an overlay analysis is used to conclude which sectors are the leading sectors, visualized through Tableau. Balikpapan has 12 base sectors, with manufacturing, transportation, and warehousing as the strongest. Samarinda has 14 base sectors, led by finance and other services. Kutai Kartanegara District and Paser District rely on agriculture, forestry, fisheries, mining, and quarrying. Forecasting suggests all sectors in these regions have the potential to become leading industries. Balikpapan City and Samarinda City should optimize the service and industrial sectors, while Kutai Kartanegara District and Paser District must diversify beyond primary industries. This strategy supports inclusive and sustainable growth, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and shaping future IKN policies.
ECONOMIC GROWTH DETERMINANTS OF ASEAN COUNTRIES: BEFORE AND AFTER THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Economic growth in ASEAN countries in recent decades has attracted the attention of many parties, both academics and practitioners. This study evaluates the various factors contributing to ASEAN countries' economic growth. The factors analyzed include human development index, exports, foreign investment, exchange rates, population, and dummy variables (before and after) the COVID-19 pandemic. This research uses a quantitative approach with the object of research, namely ASEAN countries, from 2018 to 2022. Data sources from the World Bank, the National Statistics Bureau, and other credible sources. Based on the results of the analysis, the human development index and foreign investment have a positive and significant effect on economic growth. In contrast, exports, exchange rates, population, and dummy variables positively and insignificantly impact economic growth. Suggestions that can be given are that each country must pay attention, especially to policies on exports, which include duties, excise, and taxes. In addition, a large quantity of population does not guarantee the success of a nation, therefore it is necessary to pay attention to the quality side as well, this can be done by paying attention to the education side which correlates with the demand for labor, so that there is no imbalance between demand and supply of labor.
STUDI MIKROEKONOMI DAN MAKROEKONOMI: PENGARUH TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI DAN KOMUNIKASI TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS DI INDONESIA
Perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi (TIK) secara global dapat meningkatkan produktivitas. Penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh penggunaan TIK terhadap produktivitas dari sudut pandang analisis mikro ekonomi dan makro ekonomi karena tidak semua sektor usaha dapat digeneralisir, terutama sektor pertanian yang memiliki diferensiasi yang tinggi. Analisa mikro ekonomi dalam penelitian ini menggunakan data IFLS wave 5 tahun 2014 dengan menggunakan regresi Ordinary Least Square (OLS) dari jenis data cross section pada 176 usaha pertanian dan 2.066 usaha non pertanian di Indonesia. Analisa makro ekonomi menggunakan data publikasi BPS tahun 2015-2020 pada 34 provinsi di Indonesia dengan pendekatan Panel Least Square (PLS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada tingkat mikroekonomi, penggunaan TIK berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap produktivitas di sektor pertanian dan non-pertanian. Namun, pada tingkat makroekonomi mengindikasikan bahwa dampak positif signifikan hanya ditemukan pada sektor non-pertanian, sedangkan pada sektor pertanian, penggunaan TIK menunjukkan pengaruh negatif terhadap produktivitas.. Hal ini mencerminkan rendahnya literasi teknologi dan pemanfaatan TIK yang belum optimal oleh petani. Temuan ini menegaskan pentingnya pendekatan yang disesuaikan dengan karakteristik sektor untuk memaksimalkan manfaat TIK terhadap produktivitas ekonomi.
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THE INFLUENCE OF INVESTMENT, LABOR, AND TECHNOLOGY ON REGIONAL INCOME AND INEQUALITY
The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of investment, capital expenditure, labor, and technology on GRDP per capita and income inequality in Indonesia. The analysis technique uses Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) processed with WarpPLS 8.0. The object of this research is 34 provinces in Indonesia in 2016-2022. The results showed that domestic investment, capital expenditure, labor productivity and technology, and information and communication development index positively affected GRDP per capita. Foreign investment and working population have no effect on GRDP per capita. Domestic investment and labor productivity harm income inequality. Technology, information, and communication development index positively affects income inequality. Foreign investment, capital expenditure, working population, and GRDP per capita do not affect income inequality.
THE INFLUENCE OF INFRASTRUCTURE INEQUALITY AND CAPITAL ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS IN DISTRICS/CITIES OF WEST NUSA TENGGARA PROVINCE 2017-2021
The inequality in education and health infrastructure has resulted in human development indicators not being achieved optimally. Infrastructure and spending in the education and health sectors have increased but the average length of schooling and life expectancy are low, while GRDP per capita tends to decrease from 2017 to 2021. The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the effect of infrastructure inequality and government spending on education and health on human development. The results of the analysis show that the panel data regression estimation. In equation I, infrastructure inequality and education spending partially affect the average years of schooling. In equation II, health spending and health infrastructure inequality partially affect life expectancy. In equation III, education infrastructure inequality and life expectancy partially negatively affect GRDP per capita. Education and health expenditure, average years of schooling, and health infrastructure inequality partially have no effect on GRDP per capita. Suggestions that researchers provide based on the results of the study are to build equitable education and health infrastructure according to community needs. Effective and efficient use of education and health expenditure budgets according to community needs.
ANALISIS ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE DI NEGARA MIDDLE-LOWER INCOME ASEAN TAHUN 2000-2020
Peningkatan emisi karbondioksida seringkali berkaitan dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang tinggi. Berdasarkan pada Hipotesis Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh dari pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap emisi karbondioksida. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh dari globalisasi ekonomi dan konsumsi listrik fosil terhadap emisi karbondioksida. Dalam mengukur globalisasi ekonomi, penelitian ini menggunakan indeks globalisasi Konjunkturforschungsstelle KOF. Sampel yang digunakan adalah data panel dari 8 negara ASEAN tahun 2000-2020an menggunakan metode fixed effect. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa hipotesis EKC terbukti. Pada tahap awal, pertumbuhan ekonomi dapat meningkatkan emisi CO2. Namun, pada titik tertentu, pertumbuhan ekonomi dapat mengurangi tingkat emisi CO2. Globalisasi ekonomi dan konsumsi listrik fosil masing-masing berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap emisi karbondioksida, menandakan bahwa semakin ter-globalisasi ekonomi suatu negara, maka emisi pun akan semakin meningkat, sehingga perumusan kebijakan untuk meningkatkan Produk Domestik Produk (PDB) hingga titik balik dan kebijakan mengenai regulasi lingkungan perlu dilakukan.
PERAN EKSPOR DALAM MEMODERASI PENGARUH FASILITAS KITE DAN KURS TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI
Kestabilan serta pertumbuhan ekonomi dalam suatu negara merupakan salah satu permasalahan yang harus dihadapi oleh semua negara di dunia tanpa terkecuali dengan negara Indonesia. Pertumbuhan ekonomi seharusnya dapat memperlihatkan tren yang meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Namun demikian perkembangan pertumbuhan ekonomi di negara Indonesia dalam waktu 5 tahun terakhir dapat dikatakan fluktuatif. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kinerja ekspor dalam memoderasi pengaruh insentif fiskal melalui skema fasilitas KITE (Kemudahan Impor Tujuan Ekspor) dan nilai tukar mata uang terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan objek penelitian negara Indonesia dari tahun 2010 hingga 2022. Sumber data diperoleh dari Badan Pusat Statistika, Direktorat Jenderal Bea dan Cukai serta laman Bank Indonesia. Analisis data dilakukan dengan Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) menggunakan aplikasi SPSS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fasilitas KITE (Kemudahan Impor Tujuan Ekspor) tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi, sedangkan nilai tukar mata uang berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Kinerja ekspor tidak memoderasi fasilitas KITE (Kemudahan Impor Tujuan Ekspor) terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi namun memoderasi secara positif dan signifikan nilai tukar mata uang terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi.
WILLINGNESS TO PAY PRODUK EKONOMI KREATIF BERLABEL RAMAH LINGKUNGAN DI KALANGAN GENERASI MILENIAL KOTA SEMARANG
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari dan menganalisis berapa besar nilai yang bersedia dibayarkan generasi milenial di Kota Semarang untuk produk ekonomi kreatif berlabel ramah lingkungan menggunakan analisis Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) dan determinasi willingness to pay dengan regresi linier berganda. Model penelitian ini berupa penelitian kuantitatif dengan data primer yang didapatkan dengan cara pengisian kuesioner dari 100 responden yang merupakan kelompok generasi milenial di Kota Semarang. Variabel independen dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitas produk, tingkat pendidikan, tingkat pendapatan, dan kesadaran lingkungan. Hasil yang diperoleh nilai koefisien determinasi sebesar 62% dan seluruh variabel bebas secara bersama-sama memiliki pengaruh terhadap willingness to pay produk ekonomi kreatif berlabel ramah lingkungan. Sedangkan untuk masing-masing variabel bebas yaitu: kualitas produk berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap willingness to pay produk ekonomi kreatif berlabel ramah lingkungan, tingkat pendidikan dan tingkat pendapatan memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap produk ekonomi kreatif berlabel ramah lingkungan, dan variabel kesadaran lingkungan tidak memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap willingness to pay produk ekonomi kreatif berlabel ramah lingkungan.
INTERACTION BETWEEN GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE, GOOD GOVERNANCE, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE ASIA AND AFRICA REGION
This research is motivated by the gap phenomenon in Asia and Africa, where there is a discrepancy between theory and previous research and the reality in these two regions. Based on government governance data, Asia and Africa have institutional qualities that could be better than other regions in the world. However, poor institutional quality does not reduce economic growth in the Asian and African regions. This research uses data from the World Bank and World Governance Indicators for the 2000-2022 period using variables of government governance, government spending, and economic growth. This research uses the FMOLS method using Eviews 10. The research results show that political stability, regulatory quality, and control of corruption have a positive and significant effect on economic growth in the Asian and African regions. Meanwhile, the effectiveness of government performance and the rule of law positively and significantly impact economic growth in the Asian region but do not influence the African region. The research results on the voice and accountability variables show no influence on economic growth in the Asian region. Still, the African region positively and significantly impacts economic growth.
DETERMINAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DAN KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN PADA NEGARA BERKEMBANG DI ASIA-PASIFIK
Pertumbuhan ekonomi Asia-Pasifik merupakan hasil dari integrasi berbagai negara terhadap ekonomi global. Namun demikian pertumbuhan di wilayah tersebut menyebabkan beberapa masalah diantaranya masalah lingkungan. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi dan kualitas lingkungan negara berkembang di kawasan Asia-Pasifik. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan objek penelitian yaitu negara berkembang di kawasan Asia-Pasifik dari periode 2015 hingga 2020. Sumber data dikumpulkan dari laman World Bank Indicator dan Transparency International serta laman kredibel lainnya. Analisis data dilakukan dengan analisis data panel menggunakan aplikasi Eviews 12. Berdasarkan hasil analisis maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa determinan pertumbuhan ekonomi adalah tingkat korupsi, konsumsi energi dan perdagangan bebas. Sedangkan determinan kualitas lingkungan adalah tingkat korupsi dan konsumsi energi. Saran yang dapat diberikan yaitu perlunya setiap negara untuk menjaga iklim ekonomi serta stabilitas politik dan hukum untuk dapat menarik investor asing masuk ke negaranya. Selain itu, perlu juga untuk mengkaji kebijakan investasi asing untuk lebih mendorong pemerataan pembangunan.
DETERMINAN MINAT MELANJUTKAN STUDI PERGURUAN TINGGI PADA SISWA AKUNTANSI SMK NEGERI 1 BATANG
Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) merupakan jenjang pendidikan menengah yang mempersiapkan lulusannya siap memasuki dunia kerja. Namun seiring berjalannya waktu, persyaratan untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan semakin tinggi dan memerlukan sumber daya manusia dengan tingkat pendidikan yang tinggi. Penelitian ini menguji pengaruh motivasi belajar, status sosial ekonomi orang tua, prestasi belajar, persepsi biaya pendidikan, dan efikasi diri terhadap minat melanjutkan pendidikan ke perguruan tinggi pada siswa akuntansi di SMK Negeri 1 Batang. Populasi penelitian ini terdiri dari siswa akuntansi kelas X sampai XII SMK Negeri 1 Batang tahun ajaran 2023/2024, dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 168 siswa. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan proporsional random sampling dengan teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah uji regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa motivasi belajar berpengaruh positif terhadap minat melanjutkan studi di perguruan tinggi. Status sosial ekonomi orang tua, prestasi belajar, persepsi biaya pendidikan, dan efikasi diri tidak berpengaruh terhadap minat melanjutkan studi ke perguruan tinggi. Pihak sekolah disarankan untuk memberikan motivasi dan fasilitas kepada siswa untuk melanjutkan ke jenjang pendidikan yang lebih tinggi.
ANALISIS PENGARUH FAKTOR EKONOMI DAN SOSIAL TERHADAP INDEKS KEBAHAGIAAN DI ASEAN-5
Indeks kebahagiaan dianggap sebagai pengukuran alternatif karena dapat mengukur aspek-aspek yang memiliki dampak langsung terhadap kesejahteraan manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan pengaruh pendapatan dan faktor-faktor lain di luar pendapatan terhadap indeks kebahagiaan di ASEAN-5. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah regresi data panel dengan pendekatan Fixed Effect Model (FEM). Variabel dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari variabel independen termasuk pendapatan per papita, pengangguran, dukungan sosial, dan belanja pemerintah, dan variabel dependen adalah indeks kebahagiaan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel pendapatan per kapita, dukungan sosial, dan belanja pemerintah memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap indeks kebahagiaan. Sementara itu, variabel pengangguran memiliki pengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap indeks kebahagiaan. Penelitian ini juga menyarankan bahwa pemerintah di setiap negara ASEAN-5 harus mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi, peduli terhadap masyarakat, menjaga tingkat pengangguran, dan meningkatkan belanja pemerintah pada pendidikan sehingga nantinya dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan subjektif melalui indeks kebahagiaan.
DETERMINAN KINERJA KEUANGAN PADA KOPERASI PEGAWAI REPUBLIK INDONESIA (KPRI) KABUPATEN BREBES
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh kemandirian, karakteristik koperasi, akuntabilitas, tipe auditor dan kualitas Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM) terhadap kinerja keuangan pada KPRI Kabupaten Brebes. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan yaitu penelitian kuantitatif dengan model regresi. Data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan data primer dan sekunder yang diperoleh dari Dinas Koperasi, Usaha Mikro dan Perdagangan dan Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Brebes. Populasi berjumlah 47 Koperasi dan yang dijadikan sampel 44 dengan teknik purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kemandirian koperasi tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja keuangan, karakteristik koperasi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja keuangan, akuntabilitas tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja keuangan, tipe auditor tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja keuangan dan kualitas SDM berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja keuangan. Seharusnya pihak manajemen koperasi mampu meningkatkan dalam menjalankan usahanya sehingga akan mendapatkan Sisa Hasil Usaha (SHU) yang tinggi dan dapat menjadikan anggotanya bertambah sejahtera dan untuk kemandirian koperasi sebaiknya dapat membina jaringan dengan lembaga lain agar SHU yang dihasilkan oleh koperasi dapat lebih optimal.