Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education
Biosaintifika starting in 2024 migrates from OJS 2 to OJS 3 to better secure from various unwanted things, including journal hacking and so on. To submit, the author please visit the new website page of our journal at the link https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/biosaintifika MIGRATION OFFICIAL STATEMENT HERE Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education {PISSN 2085-191X| EISSN 2338-7610} published scientific papers on the results of biology and biology education research {see Focus and Scope}. Editor accepts the article has not been published in other media with the writing format as listed on page manuscript writing guidelines {see Author Guidelines}. The journal published three times a year, on April, August & December and published by Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang in collaboration with Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia. Biosaintifika was established in 2009. Title with the title Biosaintifika Berkala Ilmiah Biologi. Starting from Volume 5 Number 2 September 2013, this journal is only published three times a year using English language. The name of the journal with subtitles was changed to Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education. Indexing GARUDA SINTA DIMENSIONS DOAJ SCOPUS SCIMAGOJR
Insect Diversity in Horticultural Crops Frequently Sprayed with Pesticides
Insect diversity reflects the complex interaction between insects and their environment, as demonstrated by their various functional roles, including pollinators, predators, parasitoids, decomposers, and phytophage. In horticultural ecosystems, insect diversity can indicate environmental stability because insects help maintain ecosystem balance and support crop productivity through various ecological interactions. This study aimed to analyze insect diversity in horticultural crops frequently sprayed with pesticides located in Bawen, Semarang Regency, Indonesia. The research was conducted in horticultural plantations to collect insect diversity data using hand-collecting and pitfall trap methods. The insect diversity data were analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H), the evenness index (E) and Simpson's dominance index (D), and Environmental factors. The results show that 4,142 insects were found in this study, belonging to 8 orders, 43 families, and 69 species. The insect diversity index indicates a highly diverse insect community with relatively even distribution of individuals among species and low species dominance, suggesting that the horticultural crops in Bawen are ecologically stable, despite routine pesticide application. Seasonal transition and pesticide use show limited variation in their influence on insect diversity. This study supports the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 15 (Life on Land), by conserving insect biodiversity in horticultural ecosystems.
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Bioefficacy of Eugenol-Based Bioinsecticide from Clove Leaf Oil (Syzygium aromaticum) against Brown Planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens)
The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) is one of the most destructive pests of rice, causing significant yield losses and threatening global food security. The extensive use of synthetic insecticides has led to environmental concerns and the development of insecticide resistance, highlighting the need for sustainable alternatives. This study aimed to purify eugenol from clove leaf oil (Syzygium aromaticum), formulate a stable oil-in-water bioinsecticide emulsion, and evaluate its insecticidal and antifeedant activities against N. lugens. Eugenol was enriched through vacuum fractional distillation and characterized using GC-MS, GC, FTIR, and physicochemical analyses. The purified eugenol was subsequently formulated using Tween 80 and ethanol, and its biological activity was assessed through toxicity and honeydew excretion bioassays. Vacuum fractional distillation increased eugenol content from 53.53% to 94.30%. Clove oil and purified eugenol exhibited LC50 values of 0.016% and 0.019%, respectively. In definitive toxicity assays, clove oil caused 90.00% mortality at 0.120%, whereas purified eugenol produced 73.33% mortality at 0.076% after 96 h of exposure. In addition, purified eugenol reduced feeding activity by up to 60%, demonstrating pronounced antifeedant effects. These findings indicate that eugenol contributes to both lethal and sublethal suppression of N. lugens and highlight the potential of clove-derived bioinsecticides as environmentally compatible alternatives for sustainable rice pest management. The study further provides a value-added strategy for utilizing clove leaf oil and contributes to the development of SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and SDG 15 (Life on Land).
Place-based Socioscientific Issues Approach to Enhance Prospective Natural Sciences Teachers’ Critical Reasoning
Critical reasoning plays a crucial role in analyzing and evaluating available information and in formulating appropriate solutions to issues arising in communities today. This role can be enhanced through a place-based socioscientific issues (SSI) approach. This study aims to enhance prospective natural sciences teachers’ critical reasoning through a place-based SSI approach in West Kalimantan in two contexts: the use of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) and tuak (rice wine). This study employed a quasi-experimental, non-equivalent control group pretest–posttest design and involved 64 students at Universitas Tanjungpura. Data were collected using a test comprising critical reasoning dimensions: information evaluation, complexity identification, information sources credibility assessment, and multiperspective. The profile of prospective natural sciences teachers’ critical reasoning showed improvement across all dimensions. The effectiveness of the place-based SSI approach showed a statistically significant improvement (p-value < 0.05) on the dimensions of complexity identification (large effect size), information sources credibility assessment (medium effect size), and multiperspective (medium effect size). The information evaluation dimension was insignificantly different (p-value > 0.05), despite a medium effect size. The findings show that a place-based SSI approach is effective for enhancing prospective natural sciences teachers’ critical reasoning. This study strengthens the SSI-based learning literature, develops scientifically literate citizens, and increases the quality of teacher education programs. Furthermore, this study contributes to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 4 (Quality Education), by increasing the number of individuals with the skills necessary to navigate the ever-changing times and by enhancing the quality of prospective natural sciences teachers in West Kalimantan.
Species Listing of Macrofungi in Brgy. Zabali, Baler, Aurora, Philippines
Macrofungi are often perceived as uncharismatic and, hence, are frequently neglected in scientific discussions on wildlife conservation. Several macrofungal studies have been conducted in various parts of the Philippines, most particularly in Luzon. This paper reports the species found in the ultramafic forests of Brgy. Zabali, Baler, Aurora, one of the key biodiversity areas of the Philippines. Particularly, the study aimed to observe the composition of macrofungi during the transition period towards the southwest monsoon (habagat season). An opportunistic sampling method was employed in the study across three collection periods from May to July 2025. We found that the forests of Brgy. Zabali support a diverse array of macrofungal species and are substantially influenced by precipitation. Polyporoid fungi were the dominant species during drier periods, while many fleshy fungi emerged much later, upon an increase in rainfall. A total of 105 specimens were collected, which are categorized under 1 class, 8 orders, 24 families, 39 genera, and 52 species. The family Polyporaceae recorded the highest number of distinct species among other families. Out of 52 species, only 19 were identified to the species level. The study also reports seven (7) newly recorded basidiomycetes in the Philippines, namely, Calocera sp., Laetiporus sp. Marasmius cf. cladophyllus, Panus c.f similis, Phaeotremella sp., Phylloporia cf. alyxiae, and Scleroderma sp. The absence of ascomycete representatives in the study may be attributed to poor timing and a relatively short collection period. Nevertheless, the results of this study provide valuable insights into the long-term monitoring and conservation of Philippine macrofungi.
Effect of Shallot Biopesticide Extract and Liquid Organic Fertilizer on Plant Growth and Suppression of Fusarium-Induced Twisting Disease
Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) is a major agricultural commodity in Indonesia. This plant contributes significantly to the national economy and contains numerous bioactive compounds with various properties, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activity. However, the biggest production constraint is infection by the pathogen Fusarium, known as Twisting disease. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of combining biopesticides and liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) in shallot farming on Fusarium spp. The experiment was conducted using randomize block design with two main parameters. The first parameter was the interval of biopesticide extract applications, namely, no extract, once a week, and once every two weeks. The second parameter was the LOF dosage, including 0, 25, 50, and 75 mL/plant. Plant height, number of leaves, fresh biomass, and disease incidence were observed to evaluate the effect of biopesticides and LOF application. The results showed that a combination of biopesticide extract and LOF positively affected growth but suppressed disease incidence. The combination of once-a-week biopesticide extract and 75 mL/plant LOF applications was identified as the best treatment. In conclusion, biopesticide extract and LOF can be applied for sustainable, environmentally friendly disease management in shallot plants. The results support Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2, 12, and 15 by controlling Fusarium fungal infections in shallots, maintaining production, reducing the use of chemical pesticides, and promoting sustainable agricultural management.
Olfactory and Trail-Following Responses of Coptotermes curvignathus to Selected Plant Leaf Extracts
Subterranean termites, particularly Coptotermes curvignathus, are destructive pests that cause serious damage to wood, crops, plantation commodities, and building structures. The development of plant-based semiochemicals may provide an environmentally friendly alternative for termite management by utilizing natural compounds that influence termite orientation behavior. This study aimed to evaluate the olfactory and trail-following responses of C. curvignathus workers to selected plant leaf extracts and to identify their potential roles as attractants, repellents, or trail-disrupting agents. Leaves of cajuput, eucalyptus, citronella, pine, and tea tree were extracted using 70% ethanol, concentrated by rotary evaporation, and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Olfactory responses were tested using a Y-tube olfactometer, while trail-following behavior was evaluated using a Y-shaped filter paper assay. Each treatment was replicated 15 times using different worker termites, and the data were analyzed using the chi-square test. The highest olfactory response was observed in cajuput extract (80.00%), followed by eucalyptus (60.00%), pine (53.33%), tea tree (40.00%), and citronella (33.33%). In the trail-following assay, cajuput produced the highest positive response (93.33%), followed by pine (80.00%), eucalyptus (53.33%), tea tree (33.33%), and citronella (26.66%). GC-MS analysis showed that cajuput was dominated by α-pinene and 1,8-cineole, while citronella contained geraniol and citronellol, compounds associated with repellent activity. These findings indicate that plant-derived volatile monoterpenes influence termite orientation and trail-following behavior. This research supports SDG 12 and SDG 15 by promoting plant-based termite management and reducing reliance on synthetic termiticides.
Enhancing Conceptual Understanding of Photosynthesis through Integrated 5E Inquiry-Based and Cooperative STAD Learning: A Case Study in Thailand
Photosynthesis is widely regarded as a conceptually complex topic in biology that many students find difficult to understand. Nonetheless, there has been limited research to explore how inquiry-based and cooperative learning can be systematically integrated to support students’ understanding. This study aimed to investigate the effects of an integrated 5E inquiry-based learning model and Student Teams Achievement Divisions (STAD) cooperative learning approach on students’ conceptual understanding of photosynthesis, cooperative learning behaviors, and learning satisfaction. A one-group pretest–posttest quasi-experimental design was employed with 62 Grade 11 students at a public secondary school in Thailand. The intervention was implemented over eight instructional hours. Research instruments included a Photosynthesis Conceptual Understanding Test, a cooperative learning behavior observation rubric, and a learning satisfaction questionnaire. Data were analyzed using paired-sample t-tests, effect size (Cohen’s d), normalized gain (g), and descriptive statistics. The results showed a significant improvement in conceptual understanding, with a very large effect size (d = 1.88) and a medium-to-high normalized gain (g = 0.62). Students also presented high levels of cooperative learning behaviors and very high learning satisfaction. The results indicate that embedding STAD within the 5E inquiry cycle can potentially support both cognitive and social dimensions of learning as well as provide a practical framework for teaching complex biological concepts. This research supports SDG 4 (Quality Education) and SDG 13 (Climate Action) by promoting effective, student-centered learning through inquiry and cooperation, while enhancing students’ understanding of photosynthesis and its role in climate change, and developing the skills needed to address future sustainability challenges.
Antioxidant Activity of the Tithonia diversifolia, Moringa oleifera, and Curcuma longa Extract Combination Against Oxidative Stress in a Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice
The induction of acute inflammation in the lung tissue is triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated activation of the TLR4 receptor. The combination of Tithonia diversifolia (T), Moringa oleifera (M), and Curcuma longa (C) extracts holds potential for synergistic anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the aqueous TMC extract combination on reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and enhancing Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Nuclear Factor Erythroid-2 Related Factor 2 (NRF2) expression in LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in BALB/c mice. Thirty-six BALB/c mice were divided into five groups: negative control, LPS positive control, and three treatment groups receiving varying doses of the combined extract (TMC-1: 500/300/200; TMC-2: 200/500/300; TMC-3: 300/200/500 mg/kg BW). Treatments were administered orally for 14 days, followed by intraperitoneal LPS induction (0.5 mg/kg BW). Extract combination (TMC) significantly mitigated LPS-induced oxidative stress in a mouse acute lung injury model. Post-LPS therapy reduced MDA levels dose-dependently (16.96–8.68% vs. LPS 36.52%), restored SOD activity near normal (5.74–13.84% vs. LPS 25.23%), and normalized NRF2 expression (8.68–9.58% vs. LPS 17.11%). The TMC combination significantly reduced MDA levels and normalized the NRF2–SOD pathway, with the strongest SOD restoration at P2 (5.74%). These results confirm the role of TMC in strengthening the endogenous antioxidant system. This study provides scientific evidence for the development of the TMC extract combination as a potential phytopharmaceutical agent to mitigate oxidative stress and support tissue repair in inflammatory conditions such as ALI. Ultimately, this research supports UN SDG 3 (Targets 3.4 and 3.b) by developing an affordable respiratory protective agent, while simultaneously advancing SDG 15 through the sustainable pharmacological utilization of local plant biodiversity.
Development of Taksonify Mobile Application for Learning Biological Taxonomy with Gamification and Computer Vision
Taxonomy and scientific names are the most important things that make up the foundation of biology education at the secondary level. But a lot of students have trouble with these subjects because of the old-fashioned way of teaching and all the Latin words. Traditional textbook-based teaching methods make this problem even worse. This study tackles the challenge students encounter in comprehending biological taxonomy by developing Taksonify, a mobile application aimed at enhancing taxonomy education through gamification and computer vision. The ADDIE development model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation) was used in the study. Expert validation was performed, and the application was evaluated on 35 tenth-grade students through pre-test and post-test assessments. An expert validation score of 4.73 (media) and 4.44 (content) showed that the evaluation was very likely to work. The average score went up from 16.91 (pre-test) to 20.44 (post-test), with a gain score of 0.69 (moderate). This means that comprehension improved a lot. These results show that Taksonify is a good way to learn about biological taxonomy because it helps students understand the subject much better. The use of Taksonify demonstrates the potential of mobile-based learning tools to improve science education quality, fostering greater interest and understanding of biology among secondary students. This research supports SDGs 4 (Quality Education) particularly Targets 4.1 and 4.4, by improving student learning outcomes and strengthening ICT skills. It develops innovative mobile-based, gamified, and computer vision supported learning media to enhance the effectiveness of biology education.
Visual Auditory Kinesthetic (VAK) learning styles
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Aglaonema Putative MYB Gene for Anthocyanin Regulation in Plants
The red colour in Aglaonema leaves is influenced by anthocyanin accumulation, which is synthesized through a series of reactions catalyzed by specific enzymes. These proteins are encoded by genes regulated by transcription factors, among which the MYB gene family plays a vital role. The research aimed to identify a putative MYB gene in Aglaonema that encodes an MYB-transcription factor and analyze its relationship with several previously reported MYB genes involved in anthocyanin regulation. We aligned six gene sequences from Araceae and used a highly conserved region among five sequences to design the AMYB primer. Phylogenetic analysis of the Aglaonema putative MYB gene (amplified by the AMYB primer) and three previously characterized MYB genes from other plant species revealed that the AMYB primer was successfully constructed with optimal properties. The Aglaonema putative MYB gene sequence shares the highest similarity with HvMYB, known to activate HvMYC2 – a gene strongly associated with anthocyanin expression in plants, highlighted by a bootstrap value of 97% and a genetic distance of 0.3. The findings provide a reference for primer design and gene identification in Aglaonema, contributing valuable data for genetic conservation and plant breeding programs. This research supports the Sustainable Development Goals of Good Health and Well-Being (number 3) and Life on Land (number 15). Aglaonema plants, developed to produce unique leaf color patterns, can improve farmers' economic well-being and, in turn, enhance their overall well-being. Furthermore, Aglaonema development can enrich ornamental germplasm collections, thereby contributing to increased biodiversity in Indonesia.
Orchid Mycorrhizal Fungi Combination to Overcome Water Stress in Dendrobium Spectabile Orchids
One strategy to mitigate drought stress is using orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) of the Rhizoctonia type. This study aims to determine the use of a combination of Rhizoctonia mycorrhiza isolated from the roots of two Dendrobium orchid species and watering intervals on Dendrobium spectabile seedlings. The research method used was a randomized block design (RBD) with 2 factors and 5 replications: the first factor was inoculation of OMF isolated from the roots of Dendrobium fimbriatum (D1), Dendrobium phalaenopsis (D2), and a combination of OMF D1 + D2 (D3). The second factor included watering intervals every 2-days (W1), 4 days (W2), and every 6-days (W3). The results showed that OMF inoculation factors on D. spectabile gave significantly different results on plant height, leaf length, root length, plant fresh weight, and plant dry weight, with the best results using the OMF combination (D3). The watering interval factor gave significantly different results on plant height and number of roots, with the best results on watering every 4-days (W2). The highest chloroplast content was found in D3W3 (0.89), while proline accumulation reached its peak at D2W3 (0.135). Microscopic observations confirmed the formation of pelotons in the root cortex. Overall, the combined OMF inoculum applied with a 4-day watering interval (D3W2) is a promising approach to improve drought tolerance in D. spectabile seedlings. This research supports SDG 15 (Life on Land Ecosystems), as a solution to overcome water stress, the main cause of desertification and land degradation that affects the growth of orchid species in nature.
Defense Related Gene Expression and Biochemical Responses in Cymbopogon nardus Under Stresses
Cymbopogon nardus employs complex molecular and biochemical mechanisms to adapt to biotic and abiotic stresses through regulation of gene expression, antioxidant activity, and ion transport. This study analyzed the expression of CnWRKY12, CnSOD, and CnHKT1 genes along with the enzymatic activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Methods used Quantitative PCR and biochemical assays and enzymatic responses with HPLC. Results showed that CnWRKY12 was strongly upregulated under drought (5.75-fold) and fungal infection (5.05-fold), confirming its role as a transcription factor regulating the phenylpropanoid defense pathway. The SOD gene exhibited the highest induction under drought (3.0-fold). Meanwhile, CnHKT1 expression has been highly induced under salinity (7.31-fold) but has been repressed under drought and fungal stress, thereby indicating its role in maintaining Na⁺/K⁺ ionic homeostasis. Enzymatic assays to have supported: PAL activity to have been highest during fungal infection (1.03 unit mg⁻¹ protein), whereas SOD activity to have peaked under drought conditions (0.99 unit mg⁻¹ protein). The correlation between gene expression and enzyme activity has demonstrated an integrated defense mechanism in C. nardus, in which CnWRKY12-PAL interactions have strengthened biotic resistance and CnHKT1 has regulated ionic balance under salinity. These conclusions into stresspecific defense responses have contributed to a broader understanding of tolerance mechanisms in aromatic and medicinal grasses. This research to growth SDG’s Good Health and Well being because this research has the potential to increase the production of bioactive compounds from plants that are beneficial for human health.
Effect of Aging Duration on Antidepressant Activity and Sensory Properties of Whey Kefir-Fermented Solo-Bulb Black Garlic
Depression is a prevalent mental disorder worldwide, and conventional antidepressants often cause side effects that reduce patients’ quality of life. Therefore, developing safer natural alternatives is essential. Solo-Bulb Black Garlic (SBBG), a fermented single-clove garlic, exhibits various health benefits, including potential antidepressant activity. This study evaluated the antidepressant effect of whey kefir–fermented SBBG aged for 7, 14, and 21 days in male mice subjected to chronic mild stress (CMS). Antidepressant activity was assessed using the Forced Swimming Test (FST) by measuring immobility, swimming, and climbing behavior, while leukocyte and erythrocyte counts indicated immune responses. The SBBG-21 group exhibited the greatest reduction in immobility duration (1.08 ± 0.30 minutes), accompanied by increased swimming (1.39 ± 0.11 minutes) and climbing (1.53 ± 0.20 minutes) durations. Leukocyte (7.89 × 10³ cells/µL) and erythrocyte (6.19 × 10⁶ cells/µL) counts were close to normal levels. Organoleptic scores for SBBG21 were highest for color (3.54±1.29), aroma (3.17±1.29), taste (3.00 ±1.28), texture (3.35±1.08), and overall preference (3.20±1.11). These results indicate that whey kefir-fermented SBBG aged for 21 days has potential as a functional food with antidepressant properties. It also offers a safer natural alternative to conventional antidepressants, with good acceptability and the potential to improve mental health and quality of life. Furthermore, this research supports SDGs 3 by promoting alternative strategies for managing depression and SDGs 12 by utilizing natural fermentation processes and value-added agricultural products.
Lyophilized Terminalia catappa Leaf Extract: A Natural Algicide, Improves Survival of Poecilia reticulata in Aquaria
The search for plant-derived solutions as an alternative to synthetic aquarium water conditioners has driven interest in aquaculture due to the linkage of poor water management to environmental degradation and ecosystem imbalance. This study assessed the effectiveness of lyophilized Terminalia catappa leaf extract as a natural algicide and water conditioning agent in aquaria containing Poecilia reticulata. Three concentrations (500, 1000, 1500 ppm) were tested, alongside negative and positive controls during the 30-day experiment. Throughout the study, water quality parameters, algal proliferation, and fish survival were monitored. The treatment groups exhibited improved survival, compared to the untreated control. 1000 and 1500 ppm significantly delayed and reduced algal growth. The extract stabilized water conditions and maintained water quality parameters within biologically acceptable ranges. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of lyophilized T. catappa leaf extract as an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to conventional water conditioners. This study can benefit both environmental health and resource-efficient fish production by promoting plant-based strategies that reduce reliance on synthetic chemicals. Additionally, this study supports the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals: SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) by improving water and quality management, SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) through the use of natural and biodegradable materials, and SDG 14 (Life Below Water) by minimizing ecological risks associated with chemical pollutants in aquatic systems.
Antiproliferative and Apoptosis-Inducing Effects of Iodine Molecule in Differentiated Primary Thyroid Cancer Cells: In Vitro Study
Thyroid cancer poses a persistent clinical challenge, particularly when conventional therapies fall short. Growing evidence suggests that molecular iodine (I₂) may exert direct antitumor effects beyond its classical role in thyroid hormone synthesis. This study evaluated the antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects of I₂ on primary cell cultures derived from differentiated thyroid cancer tissue and established dose- and time-response relationships. Primary cultures were exposed to I₂ at concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 100 µM for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Cell viability was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, with IC₅₀ calculated accordingly. Apoptosis was characterized by acridine orange/propidium iodide (AO/PI) double-staining, analyzed by fluorescence microscopy and ImageJ software. I₂ demonstrated clear antiproliferative and apoptotic activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The strongest effect appeared at 100 µM after 72 hours, reducing viability to 1.39% (p < 0.001). At the IC₅₀ of 2.09 µM, iodine significantly suppressed proliferation and induced apoptosis, with an apoptosis rate of 81.77% ± 12.24% (p = 0.004). These findings confirm the meaningful antineoplastic potential of I₂ against differentiated thyroid cancer cells. This study supports SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being), contributing to efforts to develop more equitable, effective cancer treatment options and to reduce cancer-related morbidity globally.
Innovation Augmented Reality-Based E-Magazine to Improve Students' STEM Literacy in Human Excretory System Learning
Abstract. The rapid development of information and communication technology in Industry 4.0 has transformed education and requires innovative learning approaches to develop students’ 21st-century skills, particularly STEM literacy. Indonesian students still demonstrate low achievement and engagement in STEM learning, as well as a lack of interactive digital learning resources. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an Augmented Reality-Based E-Magazine (E-Magazine AR) as an innovative learning resource for the human excretory system material, to improve students’ STEM literacy. The research employed a one-group pretest-posttest experimental design involving eighth-grade students of Junior High School 27 Semarang. Data were collected using STEM literacy tests administered before and after the learning intervention. The results showed a significant improvement in students’ STEM literacy, with an N-Gain score of 0.77 (from 59.12 in the pretest to 91.32 in the posttest), categorised as high. The paired sample t-test also indicated a significant difference (p < 0.05), confirming the effectiveness of the E-Magazine AR. Additionally, 91% of students achieved very high criteria after the intervention. These findings indicate that the E-Magazine AR is an effective digital learning media for enhancing students’ STEM literacy. This research supports SDGs 4 on quality education by promoting innovative digital learning in science education. It also contributes to SDGs 9 by advancing the digitalization of educational infrastructure through the integration of AR technology into E-Magazine learning media. The findings contribute to science education by providing an interactive and scalable learning solution that enhances students’ understanding, engagement, and readiness for a technology-driven learning environment.
The Influence of Chitosan on the Physical Properties of Avocado Seed Starch-Based Biofoam
The global reliance on styrofoam has left us with a crisis of non-biodegradable waste. To tackle this, our study explores a sustainable alternative, i.e., converting avocado seeds, which are an overlooked agricultural byproduct, into biodegradable foam (biofoam). We focused on characterizing avocado seed starch and investigating how the addition of chitosan influences the foam’s physical performance. The properties observed in this research include tensile strength testing with a universal mechanical tester, microstructure analysis using SEM, biodegradability, and water absorption. In addition, characteristics of the starch, including granule size and shape using a polarized microscope, and crystallinity using XRD, were also analyzed. Our analysis revealed that the starch granules are primarily spherical (7.2–41.7 µm) with a B-type crystalline structure. By incorporating 20% chitosan, we observed a significant structural shift from uniform globular cells to a bubble-like matrix, which tripled the material’s tensile strength from 0.07 MPa to 0.263 MPa. Furthermore, the chitosan acted as a vital functional filler, reducing water sensitivity and slowing the rate of biodegradation to more practical levels. These results offer a compelling case for materials science: we can transform food waste into high-performance, eco-friendly packaging. By aligning with UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs) 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), this research provides a tangible pathway toward a circular economy, proving that the future of plastics might just be hidden in our organic waste. Using avocado seed waste to produce starch, a raw material for creating eco-friendly biofoam, promotes sustainable production and consumption patterns.
Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Biosynthesized Zinc Oxide–Silver (ZnO–Ag) Nanocomposites Using Manihot esculenta Leaf Extract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an important opportunistic pathogen responsible for nosocomial infections, poses a threat in clinical care. Metal-metal oxide nanocomposites have been developed as antibacterial agents due to their synergistic effects. In this study, zinc oxide-silver nanocomposites (ZnO–AgNCs) were synthesized using Manihot esculenta leaf extract as a bioreductant, with extract concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% (v/v) and AgNO₃ concentrations of 6 and 8 mM. The samples were characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, PSA, SEM-EDX, and their antibacterial activity was tested using the disk diffusion method. The best formulation was obtained for ZnO–AgNCs with 5% extract + 8 mM AgNO₃, which exhibited an SPR peak at 331 nm and an average particle size of 48.04 nm. SEM-EDX revealed an irregular and agglomerated morphology and confirmed the presence of Zn, O, and Ag. The nanocomposite showed strong antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa with an inhibition zone of 15.83±0.64 mm. These findings highlight its potential for further development in infection control, particularly in medical applications. This study supports the Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs) on Good Health and Well-being (No. 3) through the development of antibacterial materials.
Purification and Molecular Characterization of Protease from Lacticaseibacillus paracasei IN17 Isolated from Fermented Fish (Inasua)
Protease is a protein degrading enzyme that is widely used in the food fermentation and protein processing industries. An example of a fermented fish product known as inasua, which originates from Maluku in Indonesia, is a proteolytic bacterial source. The aims of this study were to purify, characterize, and analyze the molecular characteristics of the protease produced by Lacticaseibacillus paracasei IN17. Proteases from extracellular and intracellular fractions were partially purified using dialysis and ammonium sulfate precipitation. Metal ion effects, kinetic parameters, electrophoretic analysis, and the ideal pH and temperature were all used to assess the enzymatic properties. The extracellular protease enzyme showed an increase in specific activity from 0.079 to 0.182 U mg-¹ with a yield of 18.9%. Maximum activity was observed at pH 6.0 for the extracellular enzyme and pH 7.0 for the intracellular fraction at 37 °C. Mn²⁺ enhanced the activity, and the kinetics analysis showed higher catalytic efficiency in the extracellular enzyme. An active protein band ~26 kDa was detected, and structural modeling revealed a conserved Ser–His–Asp catalytic triad. This work seeks to expand current knowledge of LAB proteolytic systems derived from non-dairy fermented foods by integrating purification strategies, enzymatic profiling, and gene analysis. This research supports SDGs 3 and SDGs 12 by promoting functional food development and responsible utilization of local microbial resources.
Microbiological and Nutritional Properties of Fermented Artocarpus integer Mesocarp (Mandai) from West Kalimantan, Indonesia
Mandai—traditionally made from Artocarpus integer mesocarp—originates from Central, South, and East Kalimantan and has been adopted in West Kalimantan. However, data on the microbiological and nutritional properties of West Kalimantan mandai have yet to be revealed. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the microbiological and nutritional properties of mandai. Mandai samples were obtained from one traditional producer. The analysis of microbiological properties included bacterial isolation, followed by molecular identification through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The analysis of nutritional properties includes the determination of proximate, crude fiber, amino acid, and essential mineral profiles. Microbiological properties showed that the mandai contains four Enterobacter species. However, no lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were detected in the samples. Meanwhile, the nutritional properties indicate a high concentration of moisture, ash, and essential minerals; low levels of total fat, protein, and carbohydrates; as well as the existence of L-serine and L-tyrosine. The total energy obtained is 15.50 kcal/100g. Therefore, it can be concluded that although mandai contains nutritional values, the presence of Enterobacter poses a food safety risk. As the first to analyze the microbiological and nutritional properties of mandai obtained from West Kalimantan, this study benefits science and society, as the unexpected finding of Enterobacter emphasizes the urgency of production process standardization. Moreover, this study correlates with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2 and 3 due to the main focus of this study, which reveals crucial information regarding the safety of consuming mandai, which can benefit health from the nutrients it contains.
Protective Effects of Curculigo latifolia Root Extract on Testicular Function in Mice Exposed to 7,12-Dimethylbenz(A)Anthracene
The testis, a vital reproductive organ in males, is highly susceptible to damage from chemotherapy. The root of Curculigo latifolia contains secondary metabolites that have potential as anticancer agents and protective agents for reproductive health. This study aims to evaluate the protective potential of crude extract from C. latifolia in suppressing testicular carcinogenesis induced by DMBA in vivo. This study employed a completely randomized design with five treatment groups, including negative and positive controls, as well as three treatment groups receiving doses of C. latifolia root extract at 300, 600, and 900 mg/Kg body weight. Testicular carcinogenesis was induced by oral administration of DMBA at a dose of 20 mg/Kg body weight twice a week for six weeks. The data of sperm quality, including motility, viability, sperm concentration, and testicular microanatomical structures, analysed by ANOVA one-way test, revealed significant effects from oral administration of C. latifolia root extract (p < 0.05). Overall, C. latifolia root extract improves sperm quality and protects the testicular microanatomical structure against DMBA exposure. Novelty in this study explores the local herbal agent potential (C. latifolia root extract), decreasing reproductive damage and alopecia from DMBA carcinogenic effects. Thus, these findings directly contribute to reaching Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG3) by ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being in all aspects for all ages.
High-Performance Thermotolerant Local Strains for Sustainable Tropical Bioethanol Production via Adaptive Laboratory Evolution
High fermentation temperatures will remain a major limitation to competitive bioethanol production in tropical countries and regions. The objective of the present study was to enrich indigenous microbial strains, improve their performance through Adaptive Laboratory Evolution (ALE), and identify a promising candidate for sustainable bioethanol production. A design an exploratory-comparative laboratory study design was used. Four isolates, Candida tropicalis (CT-BKL01), Kluyveromyces marxianus (KM-BKL02), Bacillus coagulans (BC-BKL03), and Zymobacter palmae (ZP-BKL04), were isolated, characterised, and evolved at elevated temperatures (up to 60 generations). Statistical methods included t-tests (paired and unpaired), fold-change values from proteomics, and nonlinear regression using the Monod-Haldane model. ALE results showed ALE significantly increased the specific growth rate, the activity of the enzyme (p < 0.05), and promoted overexpression of HSP70, GroEL, and ADH-II, whereas its improvement in ethanol titer was observed at 45 °C, with BC-BKL03 as the best strain exhibiting μmax of 0.63 h-¹ that had strong model-appropriate fits (R² ≥ 0.98). From a scientific point of view, this study offers an excellent non-recombinant approach for strain improvement without genetic modification. Operationally, this work contributes to SDGs 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and SDGs 13 (Climate Action) by enabling efficient production without active cooling. It enables regional energy sovereignty and reduces carbon emissions, offering a scalable solution for the renewable energy industry in tropical countries.
Identification of Indonesian Endemic Orchidaceae using Sequence Alignment and Genetic Distance
Orchid is an ornamental plant commodity with a high contribution to horticultural production in Indonesia. Efforts to fulfill market demand have caused the hybridization of many orchids to improve quality and create uniqueness in orchid horticulture. Hybridization is influenced by the genetic distance between orchid species to be crossing over. This study aimed to analyze the genetic relationship of the Indonesian endemic Orchidaceae family using sequence alignment and genetic distance. This descriptive exploratory research uses the bioinformatics method with the genetic distance as a variable. The procedure in this study begins with collecting sequence data in FASTA format, aligning sample sequence data, constructing phylogenetic trees, computing amino acid composition, computing Pairwise Distance, and ends with data analysis. The sample was 16 species of orchids that were selected using a purposive sampling technique with complete sequence data in GenBank. The genetic relationships of the 16 species consist of two major clades. Each clade has a pair of species connected by a straight vertical line indicating genetic distance <0.003 or close category. In the first clade, there are three pairs of closely related species (Vanda pumila – Dendrobium trilamellatum, Cymbidium dayanum – Aerides odorata, and Coelogyne pandurata – Coleogyne asperata). While in the second clade, only one pair of species is closely related, namely Phalaenopsis corningiana – Phalaenopsis tetrapis. This research information confirms the DNA-based identification of endemic Indonesian orchids, which has a positive impact on the accuracy of biodiversity inventory and monitoring. This research supports SDG 5. The data provides a scientific basis for terrestrial ecosystem conservation and prevents biodiversity loss through more accurate species identification.
Effect of BAP and Osmotic Regulators on the Germination of Synthetic Seeds of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
Sugarcane is the raw material for sugar. Limited availability of planting materials has led to a decline in sugar production. The development of synthetic sugarcane seeds offers an alternative for large-scale propagation with long-term storage. This study aims to evaluate the effect of BAP and osmotic regulators on the germination and storage capacity of synthetic sugarcane seeds. The synthetic seeds were produced using the encapsulation technique, whereby basal shoots of the NXI 1-3 sugarcane variety were inserted into 3% sodium alginate and treated with various concentrations of BAP (0 ppm, 0.5 ppm, 1 ppm, 1.5 ppm, 2 ppm), mannitol (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%), and PEG (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%) and then dripped into a 100 mM CaCl2. The results showed that BAP at a concentration of 1.5 ppm provided the best response, with the fastest germination time (4.6 days) and the highest germination percentage (100%). Among the osmotic regulators, 3% mannitol produced the longest germination time (21.75 days), with seed viability of 85% and germination percentage of 60%, demonstrating its effectiveness in extending seed storage life. BAP increases seed viability and growth performance, while mannitol effectively maintains seed dormancy so that it can be used to maintain sugarcane seed availability. This study also supports the achievement of the SDGs, particularly SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) through increased seed production to ensure sugarcane seed availability, and SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) through the application of encapsulation methods as a biotechnology innovation to increase seed production.
Analysis of ellagic acid response in Nephelium lappaceum peel extract in the obesity rat model
Naphelium lappaceum L or Rambutan in Indonesian, fruit peel has been identified as a potential source of polyphenolic compounds, including ellagic acid, geraniin, and corilagin. Ellagic acid has been reported to have strong antioxidant activity, inhibit adipogenesis, increase lipid oxidation, and reduce plasma lipid concentrations in obese animal models. This study aimed to analyze the response of ellagic acid contained in N. lappaceum peel extract on lipid profiles and liver histology in obese rat models. Twenty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: normal (P1), obese (P2), ellagic acid (P3), O-RPE (Obese rats treated with RPE) 15 mg/kgBW (P4), and O-RPE 30 mg/kgBW (P5). Treatment was administered for 30 days. The results showed that administration of ellagic acid and RPS (O-RPE) significantly improved metabolic parameters in obese rats. ANOVA analysis revealed lower LDL (p < 0.05), reduced triglycerides, and improved liver histology scores in treatment groups compared to the obese control, while other parameters showed favorable but non‑significant trends. In conclusion, ellagic acid in RPE demonstrates potential as a herbal anti-obesity agent by improving lipid profiles and liver tissue structure. This research highlights the innovative use of N. lappaceum peel as a source of bioactive compounds for obesity management, an area that remains underexplored. This research supports SDGs 3 (Good Health and Well‑being) by offering natural interventions for obesity, and SDGs 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) by promoting sustainable use of agricultural waste.
Antibacterial Activity and Salinity Tolerance of Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Marine Macroalgae
Marine organisms, especially macroalgae, are unique microhabitats for endophytic bacteria that have the potential to provide unique microhabitats for endophytic bacteria that can produce bioactive compounds with antimicrobial activity. However, the exploration of endophytic bacteria from marine macroalgae, especially those directly associated with host tissues, remains relatively limited. This study aims to isolate endophytic bacteria from various macroalgae and explore the antibacterial potential and salinity resistance of these endophytic isolates. This study aims to identify the potential isolates that produce antibacterial compounds at the molecular level. The antibacterial activity was qualitatively evaluated using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. The salinity tolerance of the bacterial isolates was assessed by growing them on media with varying NaCl concentrations. Molecular identification of the isolates was performed through 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequence analysis. The results showed that isolate H3 had the highest antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtillis and Staphylococcus aureus, with inhibition zones of 28.9 + 2.3 mm and 26.2 + 4.36 mm, respectively. Isolate R1A showed the highest inhibitory activity on S. aureus and Escherichia coli, with inhibition zones of 25 + 1.08 mm and 35 + 2.9 mm. Salinity resistance test results showed that isolate R1A was able to grow well at a 10% (w/v) NaCl concentration. Molecular identification results with 16S rRNA gene analysis showed that isolate H3 has similarities with the species Lysinibacillus fusiformis, isolate R1A has similarities with Bacillus mojavensis, and R2C has similarities with Bacillus stercosis. This study suggests that endophytic bacteria from macroalgae represent promising and sustainable sources of novel antibacterial agents for pathogen control in high-salinity aquaculture systems. This study aligns with SDG 3 and SDG 14 by supporting human health initiatives and the sustainable utilization of marine biodiversity.
The Environmental Factors Enhance the Growth and Survival of Rhizophora Seedlings
Coastal ecosystems are synonymous with mangrove trees. Threatened mangrove existence is tantamount to reduced biological existence, weakened coastal protection, and reduced carbon storage. Moreover, mangrove growth naturally depends on the quality of seedlings supported by proper nursery management. This study aims to evaluate the impact of four environmental factors (light intensity, salinity, pH, and tidal frequency) on the growth and survival of Rhizophora: Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, and Rhizophora apiculata cultivated in nurseries with a water system integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT). A single-factor design was applied, with each treatment bed containing 600 seedlings (200 per species) and an uncontrolled bed as a control. Weekly random sampling of 20% of seedlings from each treatment for eight weeks. Data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA with treatment and species as fixed factors, followed by the Tukey HSD test at a significance level of 5%. The results showed that R. mucronata in the light treatment (without shade net) achieved the highest survival rate (98.8%) and the largest stem diameter, which was 0.698 cm. In addition, the highest seedling height was R. mucronata in the high-yield salinity treatment, reaching 56.78 cm, and the highest number of leaves was recorded in R. apiculata in the salinity treatment, with an average of 6.92 leaves per seedling. IoT-integrated nurseries stabilize water supply and tidal cycles, reduce mortality to below 10%, and enhance seedling quality. These findings indicate that nursery environmental management can improve the consistency of mangrove seedling growth and support large-scale restoration.
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The Effect of Beauveria bassiana on the Development of Bactrocera dorsalis Complex at Various Soil Depths
Bactrocera dorsalis complex is a pest that causes losses in agriculture because it causes damage and rotting of fruits and vegetables. Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus that produces secondary metabolites that can infect pests. This study aimed to determine the effect of B. bassiana on the growth of B. dorsalis complex at different soil depths. This study adopted a randomized factorial design with two factors. The first factor was treatment, which consisted of control, water addition, and Streptomyces sp. application. The second factor was soil depth, consisting of eight pupation depth treatments of 0, 4, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 cm. The pupae were placed in a mica tube with a diameter of 5 cm and covered with sieved soil. Replication was carried out four times. The observed parameters included dead pupae, successful imago, normality, and development time. B. bassiana treatment significantly increased pupal mortality, decreased successful survival, and the normality of the imago. B. bassiana treatment also significantly extended the development time of all imago parameters. Soil depth significantly affected pupal mortality and all imago parameters. Soil depth significantly affected the development time of successful imagoes, but not the development time of normal and abnormal imagoes. These findings suggest that B. bassiana effectively controls fruit fly pupae in soils of varying depths. This study provides a foundation for integrating entomopathogenic B. bassiana into fruit fly control strategies targeting the pupal stage. This research supports SDGs Zero Hunger because the result directly contributes to sustainable agriculture through biological control of the fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis), a major pest of horticultural crops, reduced crop losses, and increased agricultural productivity, as well as provides an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical pesticides.
Potential of Wild Ginger (Zingiber zerumbet) Rhizome Extract as Antioxidant and Antibacterial
Indonesian people have long used wild ginger (Zingiber zerumbet) as an ingredient in traditional medicine and rituals. Its rhizomes have been shown to contain several bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antibiotic activity that are believed to be able to treat typhoid fever. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Z. zerumbet extract using ethanol and methanol as solvents. Z. zerumbet extract was purified, LC-MS tests were conducted to identify active compounds, phenolic and flavonoid content tests were conducted using colorimetry methods, DPPH tests were conducted to measure antioxidant activity, and Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) tests were conducted to measure antibacterial activity. LC-MS analysis proved that Z. zerumbet contains active compounds such as flavonoids with their derivatives, such as kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin, etc. Z. zerumbet with ethanol solvent had stronger antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 125.97 μg/mL) than methanol solvent (IC₅₀ = 404.91 μg/mL). In contrast, ethanol solvent had lower antibacterial activity than methanol solvent. The findings of this study show that the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Z. zerumbet depend on the solvent used and can be used as an alternative natural remedy for treating typhoid-related infections. This research supports the three goals of the SDGs by strengthening public knowledge of Z. zerumbet as a traditional medicinal ingredient, thereby improving disease control and the quality of public health through natural medicinal ingredients.
Mosaic of Drosophila Behavior Due to Bisphenol-A Exposure: From Hyperactivity to Aversion
Bisphenol-A (BPA) is classified as an endocrine-disrupting chemical that is widely found in everyday food. However, various studies have reported inconsistent results regarding the effects of this exposure on behavior. This study aimed to evaluate how dose, genetic background, and duration of exposure interact to shape behavioral responses in Drosophila melanogaster exposed to BPA. Three strains (Wild-type, white-eye, and black-body) were cultured on a medium containing 0, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/mL BPA for two generations. Before exposure (G0), after the first generation of exposure (G1), and after the second generation of exposure (G2), three behaviors were measured: larval crawling speed, number of larval contractions, and larval exploration distance. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a non-monotonic pattern in behavioral responses. Each behavior exhibited distinct sensitivities to treatment factors, and complex interactions were observed between genetic factors, dose, and time (generation). Furthermore, the effects of BPA are not general but rather specific to the type of behavior observed. Generational effects are evident in some behavioral data. In addition, fly strain plays a role in determining the effect of exposure on behavioral responses.