Crypto Laundering Dalam Rezim Hukum Uni Eropa: Evaluasi EU AML/CFT Regulation Package
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15294/ipmhi.v5i2.41955Keywords:
Alur Kebijakan, Crypto Laundering, EU AML/CFT Regulation Package, Kerangka Kerja Smart-RegulationAbstract
Massifnya perkembangan cryptocurrency di era kontemporer turut dibayangi dominasi aktivitas illegal crypto laundering yang tercatat hingga mencapai 32 milliar USD dan melonjak hingga 58,7 milliar USD di akhir 2023 serta diperkirakan 117-750 milliar Euro beredar di jaringan keuangan Uni Eropa. Merespon fenomena tersebut, Uni Eropa mengesahkan EU AML/CFT Regulation Package sebagai upaya mitigasi crypto laundering sekaligus mengupayakan kepatahuan atas Rekomendasi 15 & 16 FATF. Penelitian terdahulu mengungkapkan bahwasanya EU AML/CFT Regulation Package yang digadang-gadang menjadi tolok ukur regulasi global, justru dihadapkan dengan inefektivitas regulasi terhadap pasar crypto yang justru memengaruhi aktivitas crypto laundering. Namun demikian penelitian terdahulu tidak dilandaskan pada kaidah analisis kebijakan publik. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas EU AML/CFT Regulation Package dengan paradigma ex-post evaluative impact assessment sekaligus menilai kesesuaian regulasi dengan setiap aspek dari smart-regulation framework. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian hukum normatif. Analisis data menggunakan kerangka kerja alur kebijakan publik Howlett & Ramesh Model. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwasanya EU AML/CFT Regulation Package efektif dalam mencegah fragmentasi regulasi internal, akan tetapi pelaksanaan dihadapkan dengan permasalahan over-regulation dan peningkatan compliance-costs secara tidak proporsional sehingga berdampak pada fenomena regulatory arbitrage. Oleh karena itu, artikel ini mengusulkan alternatif kebijakan kepada Uni Eropa berupa kebijakan pemenuhan elemen smart-regulation serta mengimplementasikan mekanisme self-regulation dan co-regulation sebagai upaya deregulasi.
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