Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan starting in 2024 migrates to better secure from various unwanted things, including journal hacking and so on. To submit, the author please visit the new website page of our journal at the link https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/jbat MIGRATION OFFICIAL STATEMENT HERE Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbaurkan is a scientific journal which is focusing on the research, development and applications in biomass conversion processes (thermo-chemical conversion; physicochemical conversion and bio-chemical conversion) and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass. Since 2012, JBAT published 2 issues per year i.e. in June and December. From 2012 to 2016 we published JBAT in Indonesian and English. However, since June 2016 JBAT has only published articles in the English language and continues till now. In 2016, JBAT has been accredited by the Directorate General of Research Empowering and Developments, Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education through SK 36b/E/KPT/2016 for the period of 2016-2021. In 2020, JBAT has been accredited as SINTA 2 by the Ministry of Research and Technology with issue coverage until Vol. 13 No. 2 (2024). In 2025, JBAT has been accredited as SINTA 3 by Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology through SK 10/C/C3/DT.05.00/2025 with issue coverage Vol. 13 No 1 (2024) to Vol. 17 No. 2 (2028). JBAT has a printed and online standard serial number which is p-ISSN 2303-0623 (printed version) and e-ISSN 2407-2370 (electronic version). As an accredited journal, JBAT is conducting journal management online including submission, review process and publication. Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbaurkan is published by Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang and has collaboration with APTEKIM (Asosiasi Pendidikan Tinggi Teknik Kimia Indonesia), EIC (Engineering International Conference) and SNTK (Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia) UNNES. JBAT has been indexed in: DIMENSION | GARUDA | DOAJ | SINTA
Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Agricultural Husk Waste: A Focused Review on Material Design and Energy Performance
The increasing demand for sustainable energy solutions and environmentally responsible waste management has encouraged the exploration of agricultural residues as functional materials for energy harvesting technologies. Among these residues, agricultural husks represent an abundant and underutilized lignocellulosic resource with intrinsic structural and chemical characteristics that are advantageous for triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). This review provides a focused and systematic analysis of agricultural husk–derived materials for TENG applications, with particular emphasis on material design strategies and energy performance. The unique natural architecture of husks, including their fibrous morphology, inherent surface roughness, abundant hydroxyl functional groups, and, in some cases, silica-rich composition, plays a decisive role in charge generation and retention. Various processing approaches such as mechanical grinding, nanoporous silica conversion, chemical functionalization, and composite integration are critically discussed in relation to their influence on electrical output parameters, including open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and power density. Reported studies demonstrate that rational material engineering significantly enhances triboelectric performance and enables practical applications such as wearable sensors, smart agriculture monitoring, portable electronics, and low-power IoT systems. Despite promising progress, challenges remain in terms of biomass variability, moisture sensitivity, long-term durability, and large-scale fabrication. Future development should focus on standardized processing, environmentally compatible modification strategies, and fully biomass-derived device architectures to improve reliability and sustainability. Overall, this review establishes a comprehensive framework for transforming agricultural husk waste into high-performance triboelectric materials and highlights their potential as a viable platform for next-generation self-powered energy systems.
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Analysis on The Effect of Bio-addictive Mixtures Eugenol in Pertamax Green 95 Fuel on Engine Performance
Improving energy efficiency and reducing exhaust emissions from motor vehicles have become a primary focus in the transition towards green energy in the transportation sector. This study aims to analyze the effect of adding eugenol, the main compound in clove oil, to Pertamax Green fuel on engine performance, fuel consumption efficiency, and exhaust emissions in a 2018 Honda Vario 125 motorcycle. The research method is an experimental approach with variations in the fuel mixture of pure Pertamax Green (P0), Pertamax Green + 0.2% eugenol (P1), 0.5% eugenol (P2), and 1% eugenol (P3). Testing was conducted using a dynamometer to measure torque and power, a static method for fuel consumption, and a gas analyzer to analyze CO and HC emission levels. The results showed that adding eugenol generally improved engine torque and power. The P2 mixture (0.5% eugenol) produced the highest torque of 8.48 N.m at 5000 rpm and maximum power of 7.2 HP at 8000 rpm, an increase of 38% and 18%, respectively, compared to pure Pertamax Green. Fuel consumption efficiency also increased by 4.1% with the P2 mixture, while excessive eugenol (1%) decreased efficiency due to slower combustion. In terms of emissions, CO levels decreased by up to 16.7%, and HC levels reduced by up to 22.54% as the concentration of eugenol increased.
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Thermodynamic Modelling of Phenolic Compound Extraction from Bio-Oil Derived from Multi-Feedstock Biomass Pyrolysis
Biomass exhibits substantial potential as a renewable energy source in the form of bio-oil; however, further upgrading is required, including the separation of phenolic compounds through liquid–liquid extraction (LLE). Previous studies on LLE modelling of bio-oil have explored variations in feedstock type, pyrolysis temperature, extraction temperature, solvent selection, and thermodynamic models. This study focuses on thermodynamic modelling of phenol extraction from bio-oil derived from the pyrolysis of mixed biomass using the NRTL, UNIQUAC, and UNIFAC models. The objectives are to evaluate the influence of extraction temperature and to identify the most suitable thermodynamic model for phenol extraction from bio-oil produced by mixed biomass waste pyrolyzed at 500 °C. The results demonstrate that extraction temperature significantly influences the LLE behaviour of phenol extraction from mixed biomass waste bio-oil across all evaluated models. Correlation analysis and root mean square deviation (RMSD) values indicate that the NRTL model provides the best predictive performance, particularly at an extraction temperature of 40 °C. Furthermore, the NRTL model is identified as the most appropriate thermodynamic model for predicting phenol extraction from bio-oil produced by the pyrolysis of mixed biomass waste at 500 °C. This superior performance is attributed to the NRTL model’s capability to accurately represent liquid–liquid equilibrium in both binary and multicomponent systems, especially under dilute conditions, outperforming the UNIQUAC and UNIFAC models.
Transformation of Biogenic Calcium Carbonate from Waste Eggshells into Hydroxyapatite: A Comparative Study on Crystallographic Characteristics
Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a calcium phosphate–based biomaterial that has been widely applied in biomedical fields due to its excellent bioactivity and biocompatibility. In this study, HAp was synthesized using a wet chemical precipitation method by utilizing eggshell waste as a calcium source, aiming to develop a sustainable and cost-effective synthesis route. The synthesized products were investigated under two different conditions, namely without calcination and with calcination at 900 °C, in order to evaluate the effect of thermal treatment on the structural and microstructural characteristics of HAp. Phase formation and crystal structure were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), while surface morphology and elemental composition were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). XRD results confirmed the formation of hydroxyapatite with a hexagonal crystal structure, and calcination treatment led to sharper diffraction peaks, indicating an improvement in crystallinity. SEM observations revealed that the synthesized HAp particles exhibited irregular shapes with a tendency to agglomerate, which is commonly observed in HAp produced via wet chemical precipitation. EDS analysis verified the presence of the main constituent elements, Ca, P, and O, with a Ca/P atomic ratio of 1.67, which is in good agreement with the theoretical stoichiometric value of hydroxyapatite. Crystallite size was evaluated using several XRD-based methods, including the Scherrer, Monshi-Scherrer, Williamson-Hall, Size-Strain Plot, and Halder-Wagner approaches. The calculated crystallite sizes were found to be within the nanometer scale, with variations depending on the assumptions and principles of each method. Overall, the results demonstrate that wet chemical precipitation using eggshell-derived calcium is an effective approach for producing hydroxyapatite with favorable structural and microstructural properties.
Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl OrangeUsing N-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots/TiO₂ NanocompositeDerived from Orange Peel
The release of azo dyes such as Methyl Orange (MO) from the textile industry poses serious environmental problems due to their toxic, stable, and difficult-to-degrade properties. Conventional treatment methods such as adsorption, coagulation, and chemical oxidation have not been able to effectively degrade dyes, so a more efficient and environmentally friendly alternative approach is needed. Photocatalysis technology is a potential solution because it can mineralize organic compounds into harmless products. However, conventional photocatalysts such as TiO2 NPs have limited activity in visible light due to their large band gap and high electron-hole recombination rate. This study aims to improve the photocatalytic performance of TiO2 NPs through the integration of nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (NCQDs) synthesized from orange peel waste using a one-step hydrothermal carbonization method, then composited with TiO2 NPs through a low-temperature hydrothermal reaction. Characterization was performed using SEM and SEM-EDX to analyze the morphology and elemental composition. Photocatalytic activity was tested against MO degradation under UV irradiation using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that the NCQDs/TiO2 composite had a homogeneous morphology and strong chemical interaction between NCQDs and TiO2 NPs. Degradation efficiency reached 32.5% in 90 minutes, higher than pure TiO2 NPs by 2.5%, with an increase in the reaction rate constant from 2.81×10⁻⁴ to 4.37×10⁻³ min⁻¹ and a decrease in half-life from 41.1 h to 2.65 h. Thus, the NCQDs/TiO2 nanocomposite based on orange peel has potential as a sustainable photocatalyst for the treatment of MO.
Curcuma caesia Extract-Based Nanoparticle Formulation in Antibacterial Shampoo Against Staphylococcus aureus and epidermidis Bacteria
Curcuma caesia shows promise as a medicinal plant due to its bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenols, and alkaloids, which contribute to its antibacterial activity. Based on this antibacterial effect, the shampoo formulation was created with variations in the concentration of C.caesia nanoparticles at 10%, 15%, 20%. The shampoo preparation was tested for physical-chemical characteristics, including organoleptic properties, pH levels, viscosity, foam height, and a physical stability test using the cycling-test method. Antibacterial activity tests were then conducted on S.aureus and S.epidermidis, followed by preliminary dermal toxicity tests on test animals, such as mice. The results of the physical-chemical properties test indicated that the preparation met the criteria for a good shampoo. The particle size test of C.caesia extract revealed a size of 229.3 nm. The variation in C.caesia nanoparticle showed differences,as the concentration increased, the color produced was more intense organoleptically, the pH level rose, the viscosity value decreased, and the foam production increased. C.caesia extract nanoparticles, used as an active ingredient in shampoo, demonstrate antibacterial properties. The inhibition zones measured against S.aureus were:F1 at 8.41 mm (moderate), F2 at 9.10 mm (moderate), and F3 at 11.16 mm (strong). Meanwhile, the diameters of the inhibition zones formed against S.epidermidis, namely F1,F2,and F3, were 10.19 (strong),10.45 (strong), and 11.00 (strong),respectively.
Development of a Mulfunctional Edible Film Based on Avocado Seed Starch Reinforced with CMC and Clove Extract for Traditional Dodol Packaging
Edible film is a thin layer, which uses natural materials that can be consumed and used as eco-friendly food packaging. Avocado seed starch is used as the principal matrix of edible film and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is applied as a filler, and clove extract is included as an antibacterial. This study aimed to measure the role of CMC and clove extract as antibacterials on edible film in terms of thickness, tensile strength, elongation at break, and its use as a packaging medium in South Kalimantan dodol snacks in general. Moreover, to define the edible film in terms of morphological structure, functional groups, water vapor permeation, degradation, and antibacterial properties. CMC (10, 15, and 20 w/v) and clove extract (5, 10, and 15, v/v) were combined with 100 mL of distilled water and 30% glycerol (w/v) and stirred. The avocado seed starch (4 g) was then added, and heated at 80 oC during 1 h; it was moulded and baked at 55 oC during 12 h. This research anticipates that edible film will hold promise as a biodegradable packaging that works to preserve food as well as lengthen the shelf-life. The optimal concentration and thickness of 0.136 mm, tensile strength of 4.947 N/mm2, elongation at break of 92.3%, water vapor transmission of 0.212 g/m2h were the best results of the edible film test. The resulting edible film is usable as an environmental friendly food as wrapping material.
EVALUATION OF THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BIO-CHAR DERIVED FROM THE PYROLYSIS OF MORINGA OLEIFERA SEEDS
This study aims to assess the potential of bio-char derived from Moringa oleifera seeds through an evaluation of its physical and chemical properties. Moringa oleifera seeds were processed into fine powder, dried, and then subjected to pyrolysis at 400°C using a microwave reactor. Nitrogen gas was introduced before and during the pyrolysis process to create a low-oxygen environment. The pyrolysis continued until no more condensable vapors were detected, indicating that the thermal decomposition process had reached completion. The resulting bio-char was collected and analyzed to determine its physical and chemical characteristics, including proximate analysis (moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, and fixed carbon), calorific value, and density. The results showed that the bio-char from Moringa oleifera seed powder had a very high fixed carbon content of 79.13% and low volatile matter. The calorific value reached 25.04 MJ/kg, which is comparable to that of low-rank coal. Additionally, the bio-char had a density of 0.905 g/cm³, which is relatively high compared to most biomass-derived bio-chars. These characteristics indicate that bio-char from Moringa oleifera seeds holds significant potential for use as a solid fuel in the form of briquettes or pellets, as a biomass energy source, and as a long-term carbon storage medium for climate change mitigation.
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Bio-Oil From Pyrolysis of Moringa Oleifera Seeds Using Microwave Technology
This research aims to assess the potential of bio-oil from Moringa oleifera seeds through the analysis of physical and chemical characteristics resulting from the pyrolysis process. Raw materials in the form of Moringa oleifera seed powder were pyrolyzed at 400°C using a microwave reactor. To create oxygen free pyrolysis conditions, nitrogen gas was constantly flowed into the system at a rate of 0.15 NL/min. The process temperature was monitored using a K-type thermocouple, and the reaction was stopped when condensed vapor output was no longer observed. The pyrolysis products in the form of bio-oil and bio-char were then collected and weighed to determine the product fraction. Furthermore, the bio-oil was analyzed to determine its physical and chemical properties, including density, pH, and an indication of its constituent compound components. The results showed that pyrolysis under these conditions produced a dominant amount of bio-char (54.3%) and bio-oil of 24.7% of the total weight. The bio-oil obtained had a high density, in the range of 0.97-1.00 g/cm³, with a relatively acidic pH of 4.5-5.5. Although the bio-oil yield is not high, its complex chemical properties, particularly the content of phenolic compounds, nitriles, and amides, show great potential to be developed as a valuable bio-chemical base material such as antioxidants, biophenols, resins, and bioplastic raw materials. These findings strengthen the prospect of Moringa oleifera seeds as a strategic local biomass for sustainable bioindustry.
biomass, bio-oil, characteristics, moringa oleifera, seeds, pyrolysis
Process Simulation of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) Pyrolysis using Open-Source DWSIM: Analysis of Temperature-Dependent Product Yields
This study investigates the pyrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) using the open-source process simulation software DWSIM to evaluate the impact of temperature on product distribution, particularly bio-oil, biochar, and pyrolysis gas. OPEFB, an abundant lignocellulosic waste from Indonesia’s palm oil industry, holds significant potential as a renewable biomass feedstock. The simulation model was developed based on thermochemical conversion principles and was validated against selected experimental data from the literature. Results show that pyrolysis temperature significantly influences the yield and composition of the products. The gas yield increased with temperature up to 460°C, dominated by CO, CO₂, and H₂ due to the decomposition of volatile organic matter. However, gas yield declined beyond 460°C, likely due to secondary reactions converting gas precursors into liquid products. The optimal temperature was found to be around 510°C, offering a balanced yield of bio-oil and gas with minimal biochar formation. The chemical composition of bio-oil included furfural, phenols, alcohols, and acetic acid—compounds derived from the breakdown of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Biochar yield decreased with temperature, but its quality improved in terms of carbon content and fixed carbon fraction. This study highlights the utility of DWSIM as an accessible and transparent tool for simulating biomass pyrolysis. Future work should focus on refining the kinetic parameters, experimental validation of simulation results, and integrating downstream processing for fuel and chemical recovery.
Utilization of Biochar from Catalytic Pyrolysis of Mixed Biomass Waste for Bio Briquette Production
The increasing depletion of fossil fuel reserves and the need for sustainable energy alternatives have accelerated research on biomass-based briquettes. This study investigates the effect of different catalyst types (6% zeolite, 6% activated carbon, and no catalyst) and binder concentrations (5%, 10%, and 15% w/w) on the physicochemical properties of bio briquettes derived from a mixture of sugarcane bagasse, palm empty fruit bunches (TKKS), and rice husk. Key performance parameters analyzed include moisture content, ash content, and calorific value. The lowest moisture content (2.1%) was obtained using 6% zeolite with 15% binder, while the lowest ash content (5%) was recorded using 6% activated carbon with 5% binder. In terms of energy potential, the highest calorific value (4431.42 cal/g) was achieved with 6% zeolite and 5% binder. However, none of the samples met the SNI 01-6235-2000 calorific value standard (>5000 cal/g), though all met the ESDM minimum threshold (>3500 cal/g), indicating their potential for domestic use. Statistical analysis revealed a quadratic relationship between binder concentration and both moisture and calorific value, highlighting the importance of formulation optimization. The results demonstrate that catalyst type and binder concentration play a critical role in determining the quality of bio briquettes, and a balance between low moisture, minimal ash, and high calorific value must be achieved for practical application. This study supports the development of eco-friendly and renewable solid fuels as a viable substitute for fossil fuels in household energy needs.
The Effect of KNO3 Addition on the Properties of Coconut Shell Charcoal Briquettes
This research investigates the effects of incorporating potassium nitrate (KNO₃) into coconut shell charcoal briquettes, emphasizing their physical and chemical characteristics. Briquettes were manufactured utilizing coconut shell charcoal powder, tapioca flour as a binder, and different concentrations of KNO₃ (0% and 10%) as an additive. The aim was to assess the impact of KNO₃ incorporation on the water content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, calorific value, and density of the briquettes. The findings indicated that incorporating KNO₃ resulted in elevated water and ash content, adversely affecting combustion efficiency. Briquettes with increased water content demonstrated reduced mechanical strength and inferior combustion performance. The addition of KNO₃ led to an increased volatile matter content, facilitating ignition of the briquettes while simultaneously resulting in higher smoke emissions. The addition of KNO₃ resulted in a decrease in fixed carbon content, which subsequently lowered the calorific value of the briquettes. The formulation without KNO₃ produced the densest briquette, suggesting that including KNO₃ reduced the briquette density. The inclusion of KNO₃ enhances ignition characteristics; however, it concurrently diminishes the briquettes' overall quality regarding combustion efficiency and calorific value. The Briquette B_1 exhibited the highest results in this investigation, with water content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon content, calorific value, and density values of 4.97%, 1.87%, 17.25%, 80.88%, 7014 Cal/g, and 0.90 g/cm³, respectively.
Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite from Green Mussel Shells Using Micro-wave Method Through Ultrasonic Mixing Process and Magnetic Stirrer Stirring
Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a biomaterial containing calcium phosphate with the chemical formula which is similar to the structure of human bone, so it is good for the purpose of healing human bones and teeth. HAp synthesis has several methods that can affect the results of HAp synthesis, such as the method of mixing CaO with phosphate, namely mixing with ultrasonic machines and magnetic stirrers. However, the discussion about the difference of HAp results with the mixing method of ultrasonic machine and magnetic stirrer is still rarely done. Therefore, it is important to examine and compare the characteristics of HAp synthesized by ultrasonic and magnetic stirrer mixing. The result of XRD test shows that HA1 has a purity of weight percentage (wt.%) of HAp crystal of 99.8%, while HA2 has a weight percentage (wt.%) of HAp crystal of 97.7%. For the FTIR test results of both specimens detected the presence of phosphate groups, and hydoxide, where both are the basic form of hydroxyapatite. Carbonate groups were also detected in the test, but it cannot be said to be bad because carbonate is a natural substitute for phosphate.
Conversion of Palm Cooking Oil to Bio-Plasticizer by Sulfuric Acid Catalyzed
The increasing environmental and health concerns associated with conventional phthalate-based plasticizers have driven research toward sustainable alternatives. This study investigates the epoxidation of palm cooking oil (PCO) using sulfuric acid as a catalyst to produce epoxidized palm cooking oil (EPCO) as a bio-based plasticizer. The epoxidation process was conducted at various temperatures and catalyst concentrations to evaluate their effects on iodine value, double bond conversion, and viscosity. Optimal epoxidation was achieved at 50 °C and 1 wt% sulfuric acid, resulting in an iodine value of 1.86 g I₂/100 g and a C=C conversion rate of 65.53%. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the successful formation of oxirane rings, as evidenced by the appearance of C–O–C stretching peaks. The epoxidized product exhibited increased viscosity and density, indicating successful structural modification. Furthermore, blending tests with PVC showed good miscibility and plasticizing performance, supporting EPCO’s potential application as a renewable, non-toxic plasticizer in polymer processing.
Impact of Bagasse Carbonization Temperature on Activated Carbon Properties for Chromium Hexavalent Adsorption and an Environmental Analysis
The electroplating industry releases a high concentration of Chromium Hexavalent [Cr(VI)] up to 48.7 mg/L, significantly surpassing the quality standard of 0.1 mg/L. The activated carbon adsorption process is a cost-effective and straightforward approch to reducing the concentration of Cr(VI). Activated carbon can be produced from bagasse which is rich in cellulose. Due to limited information on the effect of carbonization temperature on the properties of activated carbon from bagasse, this study aims to identify the effect of carbonization temperature range from 450°C to 600°C and how it affects the performance of adsorbing Cr(VI). In addition, this study analyses the environmental impact of activated carbon production from bagasse with different temperature operating conditions through life cycle assessment. The research has four stages: carbonization, activation, adsorption, and environmental impact analysis. The result indicates that higher temperatures enhance the performance of activated carbon to adsorb Cr(VI) and produce the best-activated carbon quality. However, the environmental impact of performing at the highest temperature (600°C) is also the highest while having the lowest yield. Therefore, a temperature of 550°C is suggested to achieve fair product quality with good adsorbing performance, high yield, and less harming the environment. The hotspots of the production process lie in the freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, acidification, and human toxicity due to using of H2SO4 and electricity.
Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticle Using Bio-Reductant from Wuluh Star Fruit (Averrhoa Bilimbi L.) Extract and Their Activity as Sunscreen
Synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been carried out using AgNO3 solution as precursor with wuluh star fruit extract as bioreductant and reacted under the sunlight. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were tested for its sunscreen activity. The synthesized has been done with optimation of AgNO3 precursor and bioreductant. Based on absorbances value using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, it is shown that silver nanoparticles from 1,5 mM AgNO3 and 25% (v/v) extract are more stable than the other variation for 4 days. The characterization of silver nanoparticles using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) instrument result shows the morphology of rounded silver nanoparticles with diverse sizes at range 6,9 – 27,7 nm, and with average particle size of 14,8 nm. Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) instrument shows the distribution of silver nanoparticles at range under 100 nm. Sunscreen activity of silver nanoparticles shows the SPF value of 44,14 with ultra protection type and on high level. The SPF value obtained indicates that silver nanoparticles can be applied as sunscreen.
Sustainable Magnetic Biocomposites Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch/Sago Dregs-Based with High Active Amine as Green Materials
Palm oil empty fruit bunches (POEFB) and sago dregs (SD) are agricultural wastes that contain cellulose fibers. The one of utilization is used as raw materials for magnetic biocomposites. The objectives of this research are to determine the optimal composition of POEFB-SD fibers for the formation of amine magnetic biocomposite. The resulting biocomposite is characterized based on morphological, amine content, elemental content, crystalline structure, and functional groups. First, POEFB and SD)fibers were dried and ground to approximately 60 mesh. These fibers then underwent delignification at 80 °C for 2 h using a 1% w/v NaOH solution. A one-step solvothermal process followed, wherein different ratios of delignified POEFB and SD fibers (1:0; 1:1; 1:2; and 1:3) were added to a mixture containing ethylene glycol, FeCl3·6H2O, and 1.6-hexanediamine, and heated to 200 °C for 6 h. The resulting magnetic biocomposites contain Fe and amine at about 98.26% and 3.83 mmol.g, respectively. The magnetite was confirmed by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) through characteristic peaks at 36°, 43°, and 57°. Furthermore, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed N–H bending vibrations and Fe-O bonds in the biocomposites at 1620 cm−1 and 585 cm−1, respectively. The arrangement of the matrix, iron, and amine groups on the biocomposites' is promising candidates as good adsorbents for advanced biocomposites and green materials.
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Valorization of Empty Palm Oil Fruit Bunch Fiber as Hydrophobic Cement Board
The penetration of property business and technology has increased significantly increased due to economic improvement. One of the materials in high demand is cement board. Cement board compost of agricultural waste limits its application due to its easily absorbing water. Herein, we used the empty palm oil fruit bunch as a filler in cement board and coated it with polystyrene from styrofoam waste. The board shows good mechanical strength and fulfill the minimum requirement for cement board standard of Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The board also shows hydrophobic properties, and no water droplets permeate the surface even after 4 h. These findings open a new application for cement board not only for the interior but also for the exterior.
Characterization of Sago Starch-Based Biofoam with Corn Husk Fiber Filler
The use of biofoam is one of the ways to reduce plastic waste that pollutes the environment. In this research, we want to develop biofoam from sago starch as a basic ingredient with the addition of corn husk fiber filler and the addition of magnesium stearate which aims to improve mechanical characteristics, thermal, morphological, water absorption and biodegradabillity. Variations of corn husk fiber used were 45 g, 50 g, 55 g and 60 g, with variations in the concentration of NaOH solvent used for cellulose extraction were 3%, 5%, 7% and 9%. The mechanical characteristics (tensile strength) of the resulting biofoam range from 1.37 – 2.45 MPa. The chemical bonding of biofoam was seen through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and showed that biofoam is hydrophilic which binds to water so that it is easily degraded by soil. Thermal characteristics were tested through Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and showed a melting point of 410.68oC at 45 g of fiber and 5% NaOH and a melting point of 410.86oC at 55 g fiber and 5% NaOH. Thermal stability was analyzed through Thermal Gravimetry Analysis (TGA) and the most thermally stable biofoam was biofoam with 45 g of corn husk fiber and 5% NaOH. The surface morphology test using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) showed that the morphological structure of the corn husk fiber biofoam was uneven and there were bubbles on the surface of the biofoam. The water absorption test shows results between 5.72 – 14.43%. The lowest density test for biofoam is using 55 g fiber weight and 3% NaOH concentration, while the highest density is 60 g fiber weight and 9% NaOH concentration. The results of the biodegradability test showed that the biofoam decomposes completely within 40-45 days, the soil moisture factor greatly affects the rate of biodegradability.
The Effect of Carbonization Time on The Quality Coconut Shell and Melinjo Shell Briquettes
This study explores the impact of different durations of carbonization on the production of briquettes. Briquettes are produced through carbonization process conducted at different time intervals, including 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes, with a ratio composition of coconut shells and melinjo shells is 90:10. Various carbonization durations were examined to determine their influence on briquette properties, consisting of calorific value, water content, ash content, volatile matter, and density. The conclusion of this study reveals that a longer duration of carbonization results in higher values of calorific and ash content compared to shorter durations. Moreover, longer carbonization periods are associated with reductions in water content, volatile matter, and density of the briquettes. Through experimental analysis, the research indicates that the most effective duration of carbonization is 150 minutes. The briquettes produced with a 150-minute carbonization period possess a calorific value 6,004 cal/g, water content 4.65 %, ash content 4.78 %, volatile matter 6.17 %, and density 0.86 gr/cm3.
Enhanced Biogas Production from Tapioca Wastewater Through the Microbial Electrolysis Cell-Assisted Anaerobic Digestion Process at Various Urea Additions
In Indonesia, tapioca wastewater is one of the most abundant organic wastewater. It has a great deal of potential for use as a substrate for biogas, but it contains a high ratio of chemical oxygen demand (COD) to nitrogen (N). For this reason, adding nitrogen sources, such as urea, is crucial. Meanwhile, microbial electrolysis cell-assisted anaerobic digestion (MEC-AD) is a novel technology that can be applied to enhance biogas production. Thus, the purpose of this study was to ascertain how adding urea affected the biogas yield from tapioca wastewater through the MEC-AD process. There were six digesters, namely A (MEC-AD urea 0.25 g), B (MEC-AD urea 0.5 g), C (MEC-AD urea 1 g), D (MEC-AD urea 1.5 g), E (MEC-AD without urea), F (AD without urea). The MEC-AD process was carried out at room temperature using a batch system. The results revealed that the MEC-AD (without urea) generated a biogas yield 2.3-fold higher than AD alone (without urea). Then, an increase in urea addition in the MEC-AD process from 0 to 1.5 g enhanced biogas yield from 106.4 to 268.8 mL/g-COD. It means that in MEC-AD, the urea addition of 1.5 g generated 2.5 times more biogas yield than without urea addition. The MEC-AD with urea addition of 1.5 g had the most stable substrate pH and the highest volatile fatty acids during the process. The MEC-AD (without urea) gave a higher COD removal efficiency (21%) than AD alone (without urea), namely 14%. Then, an increase in urea addition from 0 to 1.5 g in MEC-AD increased COD removal from 21% to 38%. Therefore, the best variable was MEC-AD with a urea addition of 1.5 g. This innovation is expected to reduce environmental pollution and provide biogas as alternative energy to substitute the use of fossil fuels.
The Influence of The Weight of N,N’-Methylene-bis-Acrylamide as Crosslinker on The Ability of Chitosan-Graft-Poly (Acrylic Acid) Superabsorbent to Water Retention in Sandy Soil
Enhancing the agricultural productivity of sandy soil can be achieved by incorporating a superabsorbent material that serves dual purposes: improving water retention and gradually releasing fertilizer nutrients. The objective of this study is to determine the influence of the weight of N,N’-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker in chitosan-graft-poly(acrylic acid) superabsorbent on water holding and water retention in sandy soil. The superabsorbent was prepared by mixing a chitosan solution with ammonium persulfate as a catalyst and acrylic acid, which had been neutralized with KOH. Subsequently, the mixture was cross-linked using MBA. The resulting superabsorbent indicated that an increase in the weight of MBA decreased the swelling ratio and increased water retention due to a denser network structure. The water holding capacity for superabsorbent prepared with all MBA weights was nearly the same. The highest swelling ratio and water retention were 167.552 g/g and contained 7.6% water on day 7 for the superabsorbent crosslinked with 0.015 g of MBA.
Adsorption of Rhodamine B From Industrial Wastewater Using Bottom Ash Adsorbent from Palm Oil Mill Boiler Combustion: A Fixed-Bed Column Study
Increased textile industry production increases water pollution, especially rhodamine B dyes that are difficult to degrade. Global efforts to reduce water pollution through the adsorption process have been carried out with various adsorbents, the utilization of bottom ash from palm oil mill boiler combustion waste is still very minimal. This study examines the effect of contact time and bottom ash adsorbent mass on the adsorption capacity and absorption efficiency of rhodamine B using a fixed bed column adsorption process. The results showed that the longer the adsorption time, the higher the absorption efficiency. In the rhodamine B adsorption process, the best absorption efficiency was 98.308% at 10 cm bed height for 120 minutes and the best absorption capacity was 0.474 mg/g at 12 cm bed height for 150 minutes. The R2 price of Langmuir isotherm was 0.9999. FTIR analysis showed the presence of -OH, C-H, C=C and C-O functional groups that play a role in the adsorption process. The surface area of bottom ash from SAA test was 94.517 m2 /g. The SEM-EDX test analysis results had dominant elements of C, O and Si which showed good adsorption activity. From the results of the study that bottom ash from the combustion of oil palm mill boilers can be used as an effective adsorbent in reducing rhodamine B.
Effect of Heating Time Variation on The Activation of Modified Palm Oil Fly Ash as β-Carotene Adsorbent on Crude Palm Oil
Crude Palm Oil (CPO) contains β-carotene as source of pro-vitamin A. Alternative adsorbent that can be used to adsorb β-carotene is Palm Oil Fly Ash (POFA). This study aims to determine the ability of POFA activated with H3PO4 and Cu/Zn impregnation to adsorb β-carotene from CPO to obtain characteristics data of modified POFA and its ability to adsorb β-carotene. The main materials used were CPO and POFA. The parameters observed were the characterization and performance test of 9% H3PO4-activated POFA produced at various heating times for 90, 150, and 210 minutes with Cu/Zn impregnation. BET analysis showed the POFA with heating time of 90 minutes had the largest surface area of 19.4785 m2/g, XRD showed the presence of CuO, ZnO, quartz, and SiO2 diffraction patterns, FTIR showed that the POFA contained O-H groups, O-H, Si-H, Al-O, asymetric Si-O, and Si-O-Si bending vibrations, and SEM-EDX results showed that POFA has hollow pores and a rough spherical surface. Based on the results of UV-Vis Spectrophotometry analysis, the most optimal result was obtained in the β-carotene adsorption process with POFA-modified 2 variations of activation heating time for 150 minutes, which succeeded in adsorbing 86% of ꞵ-carotene.
Surface Treatment of Wood Polymer Composites from Straw Fiber Using Argon Plasma Jet Injection: Enhancing Adhesion Properties
The increasing demand for environmentally friendly materials has driven research into biodegradable composites. Straw fiber, an abundant agricultural byproduct, remains underutilized as a filler material in Wood Polymer Composites (WPC). To enhance its application potential, this study investigates the surface treatment of straw fiber/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix composites using a plasma jet with argon injection. The use of cold plasma as a treatment method is expected to improve the interfacial bonding between the straw fiber and the PVA matrix, thereby enhancing composite properties. The research employs several analytical methods, including morphological analysis of straw fibers before and after plasma jet treatment using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), contact angle measurements, and emission intensity analysis via Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES). The results reveal significant morphological changes in the straw fiber surface after plasma jet treatment, characterized by increased roughness and improved adhesion with the PVA matrix. The emission intensity analysis identifies peak reactive argon species at λ = 698.223 nm to λ = 778.398 nm, N₂⁺ at λ = 386.685 nm to λ = 445.289 nm, N₂ at λ = 324.768 nm to λ = 377.983 nm, and atomic oxygen spectral triplets at λ = 780.341 nm to λ = 830.867 nm. Moreover, the decrease in the contact angle from 90° to 57° over 60 minutes demonstrates a transition in the composite's surface properties from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. These findings highlight the effectiveness of plasma jet treatment in modifying straw fiber surfaces for improved composite performance, paving the way for broader applications of biodegradable WPC materials.