Indonesian Journal of Guidance and Counseling: Theory and Application
Indonesian Journal of Guidance and Counseling: Theory and Application starting in 2024 migrates from OJS 2 to OJS 3 to better secure from various unwanted things, including journal hacking and so on. To submit, the author please visit the new website page of our journal at the link https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/jbk MIGRATION OFFICIAL STATEMENT HERE Indonesian Journal of Guidance and Counseling: Theory and Application [P-ISSN 2252-6374 | E-ISSN 2597-6133] publishes research articles and conceptual analysis of guidance and counseling both in schools and out of school education that includes the study of guidance counseling, management, and counseling application approaches, innovation, media / information technology and assessment [see Focus and Scope]. Editor accepts the article has not been published in other media with the writing format as listed on page manuscript writing guidelines (see Author Guidelines and Template Manuscript]. Starting in 2019, Indonesian Journal of Guidance and Counseling: Theory and Application has changed the number of publications from 4 numbers in 1 volume to 2 numbers in 1 volume starting from vol 8 number 1 Juni 2019. All authors have been informed that starting in 2024, the OJS journal system will be migrated to the new website. For the time being, the account registration and submission process will be delayed or temporarily closed until further notice. Starting from vol 13 number 2 December 2024, each issue publishes a maximum of a six articles. Abstracting & Indexing GARUDA | DIMENSION | SINTA | DOAJ
Effectiveness of a Google Sites-Based Career Information Platform in Enhancing Students’ Career Planning Skill
Students’ lack of readiness to develop appropriate career plans reduces their future employment opportunities. This condition is further compounded by the limited availability of career information and career-related media in schools. Accordingly, teachers and school counselors need to introduce innovative approaches to delivering career information. This study examined the effectiveness of a Google Sites–based career information as the platform model to improve senior high school students’ career planning skills. Employing a quantitative pre-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design, the study involved 72 eleventh-grade students from XI A1 and XI A2 at SMA Negeri 1 Weleri. The sample was selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using an adapted version of the Career Planning Confidence Scale (CPCS). The hypothesis testing was conducted using a paired-samples t-test. The results indicated a statistically significant difference between pretest and posttest scores in career planning skills, suggesting an improvement following the intervention. Further implications are discussed in the discussion section.
Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Journal of Guidance and Counseling: Theory and Application
From Stress To Success: A Systematic Review of Integrative Psychoeducational Interventions for College Student Success
This study demonstrates that targeted psychoeducational interventions significantly reduce academic stress and enhance well-being among college students. Using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method and the PRISMA 2020 protocol, the research evaluates the outcomes and mechanisms of these interventions on students' academic flourishing. Analysis of ten recent empirical articles from 2015 to 2024, sourced from Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar, underpins the findings. Thematic analysis reveals that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)-based psychoeducation is effective at lowering stress symptoms, while PERMA model-based interventions foster resilience and enduring psychological development. Interventions lasting 5 to 8 weeks are most effective at driving sustained behavioral change. Crucially, digitizing services and adopting multimodal approaches further increase accessibility and destigmatize mental health support. The evidence supports integrating holistic psychoeducational programs into higher education to build supportive academic environments that promote student success.
Exploring PTSD in Adolescents: A Study of Senior High School Students in Bandung
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychological disorder that occurs in response to traumatic events. This condition is prone to occur in adolescents due to their ongoing psychological development. This study aims to reveal the profile of post-traumatic stress disorder in adolescents in Bandung City. The methods use a quantitative survey design. The research subjects involved in this study were active students attending school in Bandung City. This study used a PTSD questionnaire consisting of seven items and developed based on the PTSD construct to reveal the profile of PTSD in adolescents. The questionnaire has been tested for reliability with a Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.794. The results showed that the most significant factor of PTSD affecting students was the experience of being “haunted by traumatic events.” Meanwhile, the aspect of ‘low expectations for the future’ had a smaller impact. These findings indicate that, although students are greatly affected by PTSD symptoms such as intrusive memories and emotional distress, most still maintain a positive outlook on their future. This study expected to contribute for understanding of PTSD manifestations in adolescents and has significant potential as a foundation for strengthening adolescents' perspectives on their future.
Copyright (c) 2026 Indonesian Journal of Guidance and Counseling: Theory and Application
Social Skills Training and Its Contribution to the Realization of Child-Friendly Schools: An Analysis of the Impact of Group Guidance
Child-Friendly Schools are a strategic approach to creating a safe, inclusive, and violence-free learning environment. One of its main foundations is students' social skills that support positive individual interactions. However, these skills do not develop evenly and are influenced by various personal and social factors. This study explores students' experiences after participating in social skills group counseling and its contribution to the realization of Child-Friendly Schools. This study employs a qualitative phenomenological approach, collecting data from 16 junior high school students who have participated in group counseling sessions through observation, worksheets, field notes, and reflections. Analysis was conducted using van Manen's thematic approach. The findings reveal four main themes: awareness of positive communication, reflection on the implementation process of group counseling, growth in empathy and social perspective, and the application of social skills at school. The findings indicate that group counseling creates a safe reflective space, promotes behavioral change, and fosters values of empathy, tolerance, and appreciation for diversity. This study provides an in-depth understanding of students' social-emotional transformation through structured group dynamics with a humanistic approach.
What is the Level of Self-Directed Learning among Junior High School Students?
This study aims to describe the level of Self-Directed Learning skills of students at SMP Negeri 3 Banguntapan. Self-Directed Learning is an important skill that enables students to learn independently, take the initiative in understanding the material, and develop effective learning strategies. The research method used was a descriptive survey with a sample of 224 students, selected using accidental sampling techniques. Data collection used the Self-Directed Learning scale adapted from Henisa and Restu Aulia Chairunnisa. This scale consists of 30 items with five indicators: awareness, learning strategies, learning activities, evaluation, and interpersonal skills. The analysis results showed an average Self-Directed Learning score of 75 (SD = 15). A total of 9% of students had Self-Directed Learning skills, 70% were in the moderate category, and 21% were classified as low. These findings indicate that the majority of students still need reinforcement in Self-Directed Learning skills. Factors contributing to low Self-Directed Learning include conventional learning methods, lack of opportunities for students to learn independently, and an education system that is still dominated by a top-down approach. Therefore, innovation in guidance and counseling services is needed to improve Self-Directed Learning skills, so that students can be better prepared to face challenges in education and work.
Student Career Planning Through APKAS Based on Serawai Culture
Technological advances have an impact on student career planning, based on the results of observations and interviews, students are still found who have not prepared their career planning thoroughly, so far student career planning has been using a manual system. With the Student Career Planning Application (APKAS) after being tested for validity and feasibility by experts, it can be declared worthy of application. The purpose of this study is to describe student career planning through APKAS based on serawai culture. This study uses a quantitative method with a descriptive approach. The population of this study were grade XII students of SMA Negeri 9 Kota Bengkulu. Sampling used proportional random sampling, with the Slovin formula. The results of this study indicate that student career planning through APKAS based on serawai culture is in the high category. This is indicated by the results of the overall percentage of 160 students, 90 students with a percentage of 56.3% are in the high category, and based on the serawai cultural tribe with a sample of 50 students, there are 28 students with a percentage of 56.00% are in the high category. This means that student career planning through APKAS based on serawai culture supports student career planning.
Self-Concept as a Mediator in the Relationship between TikTok @_Project.xo Social Media Usage and Psychological Well-being of Generation Z
This study examines the role of self-concept as a mediator in the relationship between TikTok @_Project.xo usage and psychological well-being among Generation Z in Indonesia using PROCESS Macro analysis. The focus of this study is to deepen the theoretical understanding of the internal mechanisms linking social media engagement and psychological well-being. Collect a quantitative approach with a descriptive-correlative design from 150 Generation Z respondents selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using three standardized instruments: the Social Media Engagement Scale for Adolescents (SMES-A), the Robson Self Concept Questionnaire, and the Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scale (18 items). The analysis shows that self-concept significantly mediates the relationship between TikTok usage and psychological well being (β = 0.057; 95% CI = 0.022–0.094). TikTok usage does not have a direct effect on psychological well-being, but has an indirect effect through self-concept. This indicates that self-concept serves as a full mediator. These findings enrich the literature on the psychological well-being of Generation Z in Indonesia and open up further research directions to explore other mediator or moderator variables.
Exploring Local Cultural Values in Career Instrument Development: Understanding Indonesian People’s Career Choice
Career Value has been studied in Indonesia in general in both psychology and career counseling for the past two years. However, none of these articles focus on the adaptation and validation of measurements carried out based on the guidelines for adapting measuring instruments, so that the measurements carried out are independent between one researcher and another. The use of instruments in different cultural backgrounds requires an adaptation process so that the measurement results are valid and reliable. The purpose of this study was to obtain a standardized Indonesian version of a career value measurement instrument. The adaptation process was carried out using an adaptation reference. Based on the results of the CFA analysis, it can be concluded that according to theory, the career value model consists of eight dimensions, namely social, management, specialization, mobility, independence, salary, team-work-balance, variety has a good fit model. This means that the null hypothesis stating that the career value goodness of fit model can be accepted. This explains that the resulting model can describe actual conditions.
Copyright (c) 2024 Indonesian Journal of Guidance and Counseling: Theory and Application
Group Counseling With Stress Inoculation Training To Improve Students’ Coping Stress
Covid 19 has transformed the lecture system from offline to online and now to blended. While there are changes in the lecture system, students are still required to get a high GPA and the timeliness of graduation encourages students to experience stress. Stress can be overcome immediately if students have high coping stress, otherwise students can get depressed and even commit suicide. This research aims to improve student coping stress by using group counseling stress inoculation coping (SIT). This study involved 8 students from Nahdlatul Ulama Sunan Giri University as the subjects and the data collection used coping stress scale while data analysis used non-parametric statistic, Wilcoxon test. The result shows 61% of students have moderate stress coping, 16% high, and 23% low. Wilcoxon test shows Asymp. Sig 0.012 on coping stress, problem focused coping, and emotional focused coping. More specifically, Wilcoxon test shows 1) Asymp. Sig 0.011 on seeking information support, planful problem solving; distancing, self-control, and accepting responsibility; 2) Asymp. Sig value 0.012 on confrontative coping; 3) Asymp. Sig value 0.017 on positive reappraisal; 4) Asymp. Sig 0.093 on ascape; and 5) Asymp. Sig value 0.518 on seeking social emotional. It can be concluded that group counseling stress inoculation training technique is effective to improve stress coping including improving problem focused coping and emotional focused coping. In addition, group counseling is effective for increasing coping stress behaviors such as seeking information support, confrontative coping, planful problem solving, distancing, self-control, accepting responsibility, and positive reappraisal. As well as effective for reducing ascape and seeking social emotional. Covid 19 telah mengubah sistem perkuliahan dari offline menjadi online dan kini menjadi blended. Meski terjadi perubahan sistem perkuliahan, mahasiswa tetap dituntut untuk mendapatkan IPK yang tinggi dan ketepatan waktu kelulusan mendorong mahasiswa mengalami stres. Stres dapat segera diatasi apabila siswa mempunyai coping stress yang tinggi, sebaliknya siswa dapat mengalami depresi bahkan bunuh diri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan coping siswa terhadap stres dengan menggunakan konseling kelompok stress inoculation coping (SIT). Penelitian ini melibatkan 8 orang mahasiswa Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Sunan Giri sebagai subjek dan pengumpulan data menggunakan coping stress scale sedangkan analisis data menggunakan statistik non parametrik, uji Wilcoxon. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 61% siswa mempunyai coping stres sedang, 16% tinggi, dan 23% rendah. Tes Wilcoxon menunjukkan Asymp. Sig 0,012 pada coping stres, coping fokus masalah, dan coping fokus emosional. Lebih spesifiknya uji Wilcoxon menunjukkan 1) Asymp. Sig 0,011 pada pencarian dukungan informasi, pemecahan masalah secara terencana; menjaga jarak, pengendalian diri, dan menerima tanggung jawab; 2) Asimp. Nilai sig 0,012 pada coping konfrontatif; 3) Asimp. Nilai sig 0,017 pada penilaian kembali positif; 4) Asimp. Sig 0,093 pada ascape; dan 5) Asimp. Nilai sig 0,518 pada pencarian sosial emosional. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa teknik pelatihan inokulasi stres konseling kelompok efektif untuk meningkatkan koping stres termasuk meningkatkan koping yang berfokus pada masalah dan koping yang berfokus pada emosional. Selain itu, konseling kelompok efektif untuk meningkatkan perilaku coping stres seperti mencari dukungan informasi, coping konfrontatif, pemecahan masalah secara terencana, menjaga jarak, pengendalian diri, menerima tanggung jawab, dan penilaian ulang yang positif. Serta efektif untuk mengurangi pelarian dan pencarian emosi sosial.
Implementation of Trait and Factor Career Counseling Services for Students' Career Readiness at SMK Negeri 1 Palopo
Career readiness is crucial for students in determining their career decisions after completing their studies, especially at the vocational school level. This research aims to investigate the influence of implementing Trait and Factor Career Counseling Services to enhance students' career readiness at SMK Negeri 1 Palopo. The population for this study consisted of 85 students from the second grade of TKJ department, and through a pre-test, 9 students were identified with very low to low career readiness. This study used a pre-experimental research design with a one-group pretest-post-test approach. It began with a pre-test which was conducted through questionnaire distribution, followed by the provision of career counseling services, and concluded with a post-test. Data was collected using a scale measuring career readiness, validated and confirmed for reliability through product moment correlation and Cronbach's Alpha. Career counseling services were administered to the sample, and the results show a significant improvement in career readiness post-intervention, supported by paired sample statistics and hypothesis testing using SPSS. These findings indicate that Trait and Factor-based career counseling positively influences students' career readiness. Kesiapan karir sangat penting bagi siswa dalam menentukan keputusan karirnya setelah menyelesaikan studinya, khususnya pada jenjang sekolah kejuruan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penerapan Layanan Konseling Sifat dan Faktor Karir terhadap peningkatan kesiapan karir siswa di SMK Negeri 1 Palopo. Populasi penelitian ini terdiri dari 85 siswa kelas II Jurusan TKJ, dan melalui pre-test diketahui 9 siswa memiliki kesiapan karir sangat rendah hingga rendah. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian pre-eksperimental dengan pendekatan one-group pretest-post-test. Diawali dengan pre-test yang dilakukan melalui pembagian kuesioner, dilanjutkan dengan pemberian layanan konseling karir, dan diakhiri dengan post-test. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan skala pengukuran kesiapan karir, divalidasi dan dikonfirmasi reliabilitasnya melalui korelasi product moment dan Cronbach's Alpha. Layanan konseling karir diberikan kepada sampel, dan hasilnya menunjukkan peningkatan kesiapan karir yang signifikan pasca intervensi, didukung dengan statistik sampel berpasangan dan uji hipotesis menggunakan SPSS. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa konseling karir berbasis Sifat dan Faktor berpengaruh positif terhadap kesiapan karir siswa.
Bibliometric Analysis: Research on Resilience in Indonesia 2014 - 2024
This study aims to examine bibliometric research on resilience in Indonesia from 2014 to 2024. Emerging themes offer critical discussions for theory development and future research. To achieve this goal, 900 writings on resilience in Indonesia were analyzed using bibliometrics. The data for this study was obtained from the Google Scholar database. The research findings show that research on resilience has increased since 2018. This study also shows that resilience research related to the stressors of children with special needs still needs to be done. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji penelitian bibliometrik tentang ketahanan di Indonesia dari tahun 2014 hingga 2024. Tema-tema yang muncul menawarkan diskusi kritis untuk pengembangan teori dan penelitian di masa depan. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, 900 tulisan tentang ketahanan di Indonesia dianalisis menggunakan bibliometrik. Data untuk penelitian ini diperoleh dari database Google Scholar. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penelitian mengenai resiliensi mengalami peningkatan sejak tahun 2018. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa penelitian resiliensi terkait stresor pada anak berkebutuhan khusus masih perlu dilakukan.
Need Assessment the Online Counseling Services at School: A Pre-Eliminary Study
The development of technology in the field of counselling is an opportunity and challenge for counsellors in schools in providing counselling services. The purpose of this study was to analyse the results of students' need assessment in the process of evaluation and follow-up services. This survey involved 167 high school students by distributing questionnaires online. The survey results showed that almost 61.1% of students had experience of receiving guidance and counselling services from school counsellors. The types of services are online, offline and also blended, with the majority being offline sessions. Only 11.4% of students have online counselling experience, the rest do it offline. Some of the obstacles in the counselling process are fear of data being spread, embarrassment, time constraints and conditions, mistruts, inexperience, and not being able to open up, and networks. The evaluation done by students is that the implementation of guidance and counselling services needs to be improved, there is a need for other interaction applications and sometimes it is not optimal. Students like online counselling in the form of texts, websites, phone calls, and video calls. Often the school counsellor has a varied response speed, namely slow, medium and slow. Almost 79.1% felt comfortable during online group counselling with features such as video, articles, online text, graphics, phone, audio, video conference, virtual reality and supporting articles. Almost 63.5% were aware of virtual reality and had high interest. Implications for guidance and counselling and future research recommendations will be discussed in the core of the paper. Perkembangan teknologi di bidang konseling menjadi peluang sekaligus tantangan bagi konselor di sekolah dalam memberikan layanan konseling. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis hasil penilaian kebutuhan mahasiswa pada proses evaluasi dan tindak lanjut layanan. Survei ini melibatkan 167 siswa SMA dengan menyebarkan kuesioner secara online. Hasil survei menunjukkan hampir 61,1% siswa mempunyai pengalaman menerima layanan bimbingan dan konseling dari konselor sekolah. Jenis layanannya ada yang online, offline, dan juga blended yang mayoritas merupakan sesi offline. Hanya 11,4% siswa yang memiliki pengalaman konseling online, sisanya melakukannya secara offline. Beberapa kendala dalam proses konseling adalah ketakutan akan data yang tersebar, rasa malu, keterbatasan waktu dan kondisi, ketidakpercayaan, kurangnya pengalaman, dan tidak bisa terbuka, serta jaringan. Evaluasi yang dilakukan siswa adalah pelaksanaan layanan bimbingan dan konseling perlu ditingkatkan, perlu adanya aplikasi interaksi lain dan terkadang kurang maksimal. Siswa menyukai konseling online dalam bentuk teks, website, panggilan telepon, dan video call. Seringkali konselor sekolah mempunyai kecepatan respon yang bervariasi yaitu lambat, sedang dan lambat. Hampir 79,1% merasa nyaman selama konseling kelompok online dengan fitur-fitur seperti video, artikel, teks online, grafik, telepon, audio, konferensi video, virtual reality dan artikel pendukung. Hampir 63,5% mengetahui realitas virtual dan memiliki minat yang tinggi. Implikasinya terhadap bimbingan dan konseling serta rekomendasi penelitian di masa depan akan dibahas pada inti makalah.
A Systematic Literature Review: Behavioral Counseling Interventions in Overcome Childhood Sexual Abuse
Child sexual abuse tends to occur in close relationships, such as family and friendships. Abuse that has occurred in children can affect behavioral and emotional trauma in adulthood. According to the Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak (2024) from January 1st 2024 to the to the present the number of victims reached 12.558, with a percentage of underage victims 20.6% of victims with an age range of 6-12 years and 35.5% age range 13-17 years. This study aims to determine behavioral counseling interventions in overcoming cases of child sexual abuse. One of the behavioral counseling approaches that can be done to help children overcome trauma due to sexual abuse cases is by using Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT). This is done to reduce traumatic symptoms and increase self-confidence in children. This study uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) qualitative research method to identify and analyze articles relevant to the topic and to answer specific research questions. Articles found in the period 2020 to 2024 by searching google scholar articles through Harzing's Publish or Perish 8 (PoP) application reached 100 publications. Then only 5 articles were selected after making restrictions. Based on the literature collected, it shows that behavioral counseling with the TF-CBT approach is effective in overcoming post-traumatic symptoms in victims of sexual harassment. For future researchers, it is hoped that they can identify TF-CBT in victims who have different backgrounds. Pelecehan seksual terhadap anak cenderung terjadi dalam hubungan dekat, seperti keluarga dan persahabatan. Kekerasan yang terjadi pada anak dapat berdampak pada trauma perilaku dan emosional di masa dewasa. Menurut Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak (2024) sejak 1 Januari 2024 hingga saat ini jumlah korban mencapai 12.558 orang, dengan persentase korban di bawah umur 20,6%, korban dengan rentang usia 6-12 tahun dan 35,5% rentang usia 13-17 tahun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui intervensi konseling behavioral dalam mengatasi kasus pelecehan seksual pada anak. Salah satu pendekatan konseling perilaku yang dapat dilakukan untuk membantu anak mengatasi trauma akibat kasus pelecehan seksual adalah dengan menggunakan Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT). Hal ini dilakukan untuk mengurangi gejala traumatis dan meningkatkan rasa percaya diri pada anak. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif Systematic Literature Review (SLR) untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis artikel yang relevan dengan topik dan untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian yang spesifik. Artikel yang ditemukan pada periode 2020 hingga 2024 dengan pencarian artikel google Scholar melalui aplikasi Harzing's Publish or Perish 8 (PoP) mencapai 100 publikasi. Kemudian yang terpilih hanya 5 artikel setelah dilakukan pembatasan. Berdasarkan literatur yang dikumpulkan menunjukkan bahwa konseling behavioral dengan pendekatan TF-CBT efektif mengatasi gejala pasca trauma pada korban pelecehan seksual. Bagi peneliti selanjutnya diharapkan dapat mengidentifikasi TF-CBT pada korban yang memiliki latar belakang berbeda.
How Does Group Cohesiveness Contribute to Student Productivity and Performance?: A PRISMA Systematic Review
Group cohesiveness has long been recognised as an important factor in enhancing individual performance in various social and educational contexts. This research aims to explore the role of group cohesiveness on improving student productivity and performance. The main focus of this research is to identify how factors such as trust, communication, and commonality of group goals contribute to group effectiveness in an educational context. This study present a literature review with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework to synthesise the findings from various related studies that have been conducted previously. Critically selected articles were analysed to illustrate the internal and external mechanisms that review the role of group cohesiveness on students' academic productivity and performance. The findings of this study indicate that group cohesiveness has an important and explorative role on students' productivity and performance. The results of this literature synthesis are expected to provide a deeper understanding of how classroom management practices and educational interventions can utilise group cohesiveness to improve learning outcomes. This research provides valuable insights for educators, school administrators and researchers to develop more effective intervention strategies to improve group cohesiveness in classrooms and schools, with the ultimate goal of improving students' academic performance and overall learning experience. Kekompakan kelompok telah lama dikenal sebagai faktor penting dalam meningkatkan kinerja individu dalam berbagai konteks sosial dan pendidikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi peran kekompakan kelompok terhadap peningkatan produktivitas dan kinerja siswa. Fokus utama penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi bagaimana faktor-faktor seperti kepercayaan, komunikasi, dan kesamaan tujuan kelompok berkontribusi terhadap efektivitas kelompok dalam konteks pendidikan. Penelitian ini menyajikan tinjauan literatur dengan kerangka Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) untuk mensintesis temuan dari berbagai penelitian terkait yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya. Artikel-artikel yang dipilih secara kritis dianalisis untuk menggambarkan mekanisme internal dan eksternal yang meninjau peran kekompakan kelompok terhadap produktivitas dan kinerja akademik siswa. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kekompakan kelompok mempunyai peran penting dan eksploratif terhadap produktivitas dan kinerja siswa. Hasil sintesis literatur ini diharapkan dapat memberikan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang bagaimana praktik pengelolaan kelas dan intervensi pendidikan dapat memanfaatkan kekompakan kelompok untuk meningkatkan hasil pembelajaran. Penelitian ini memberikan wawasan berharga bagi para pendidik, administrator sekolah, dan peneliti untuk mengembangkan strategi intervensi yang lebih efektif guna meningkatkan kekompakan kelompok di ruang kelas dan sekolah, dengan tujuan akhir meningkatkan kinerja akademik siswa dan pengalaman belajar secara keseluruhan.
The Influence of Information Services Using Animated Media on Anti-Bullying Attitudes in Class VIII Students of SMP N 1 Sedayu Academic Year 2023/2024
This research is motivated by the many bullying tragedies that occur at school by peers which cause deep trauma for victims of bullying. The aim of this research is to increase anti-bullying awareness among students and the influence of animated media information services on anti-bullying attitudes. This research uses a quantitative approach with correlational methods. The population of this study is grade VIII students of SMP N 1 Sedayu for the 2023/2024 Academic Year which amounts to 126 students. The sample in this study took 63 students using probability sampling techniques with the type of sampling or random or random sampling. The data collection method in this study used questionnaires. Data analysis techniques using simple regression tests. The results showed that the accepted hypothesis and information services using animation media had a positive and significant effect on anti-bullying attitudes in grade VIII students of SMP N 1 Sedayu for the 2023/2024 academic year. From the results of a simple regression test, it is known that the R Square value of 0.221 means that information services using animation media have an effect on anti-bullying attitudes. It is expected that guidance and counseling teachers will provide information services with a variety of interesting media so that students can more easily understand and remember. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh banyaknya tragedi bullying yang terjadi di sekolah oleh teman sebaya yang menyebabkan trauma mendalam bagi korban bullying. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah meningkatkan kesadaran anti bullying pada siswa serta pengaruh layanan informasi media animasi terhadap sikap anti bullying. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode korelasional. Populasi penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VIII SMP N 1 Sedayu Tahun Ajaran 2023/2024 yang berjumlah 126 siswa. Sampel dalam penelitian ini mengambil 63 siswa dengan menggunakan teknik probability sampling dengan jenis pengambilan sampel atau acak atau random sampling. Metode pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan angket. Teknik analisis data dengan menggunakan uji regresi sederhana. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hipotesis diterima dan layanan informasi dengan menggunakan media animasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap sikap anti bullying pada siswa kelas VIII SMP N 1 Sedayu tahun pelajaran 2023/2024. Dari hasil uji regresi sederhana diketahui nilai R Square sebesar 0,221 berarti layanan informasi dengan menggunakan media animasi berpengaruh terhadap sikap anti bullying. Diharapkan guru bimbingan dan konseling untuk memberikan layanan informasi dengan berbagai media yang menarik agar siswa lebih mudah memahami dan mengingat.
Systematic Literature Review Mindful Self Compassion Protocol
Mindful Self-Compassion (MSC) is increasingly in demand for research and has shown effectiveness in improving psychological aspects in various fields. Thus, further studies are needed to see the MSC implementation protocol so that it can be applied effectively. This research focuses on the effectiveness of MSC in increasing self-compassion, mindfulness, life satisfaction, and reducing anxiety and stress. This research uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method with search sources from Springer, Sagepub, Sciencedirect, and Wiley in the period 2019-2024. The selection process produced 8 articles based on predetermined inclusion criteria, namely articles that used mindful self-compassion interventions and used RCT experimental studies and quasi-experimental studies. Meanwhile, the exclusion criteria were articles that did not use MSC intervention as the main component and were not related to psychological and behavioral outcomes. The article search process is explained in the PRISMA Flow Diagram. MSC has been shown to be beneficial in the context of mental health in a variety of populations, including teachers, adolescents, caregivers of schizophrenia patients, women undergoing infertility treatment, young women, nursing students, and mothers of children with Phenylketonuria (PKU). Nevertheless, some studies show that the effects of MSCs do not always persist in the long term, indicating the need for further studies with longer follow-up periods. In conclusion, MSC is an effective intervention to improve psychological well-being, but further testing is needed to evaluate its long-term effects and optimize its application in various contexts. Mindful Self-Compassion (MSC) semakin diminati untuk diteliti dan telah menunjukkan efektivitasnya dalam meningkatkan aspek psikologis di berbagai bidang. Dengan demikian, diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk melihat protokol penerapan MSC agar dapat diaplikasikan secara efektif. Penelitian ini berfokus pada efektivitas MSC dalam meningkatkan self-compassion, mindfulness, kepuasan hidup, serta menurunkan kecemasan dan stres. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Systematic Literature Review (SLR) dengan sumber pencarian dari Springer, Sagepub, Sciencedirect, dan Wiley dalam kurun waktu 2019-2024. Proses seleksi menghasilkan 8 artikel berdasarkan kriteria inklusi yang telah ditentukan, yaitu artikel yang menggunakan intervensi mindful self-compassion dan menggunakan studi eksperimen RCT serta studi quasi eksperimen. Sedangkan kriteria eksklusi adalah artikel yang tidak menggunakan intervensi MSC sebagai komponen utama dan tidak terkait dengan luaran psikologis dan perilaku. Proses pencarian artikel dijelaskan dalam Diagram Alir PRISMA. MSC telah terbukti bermanfaat dalam konteks kesehatan mental pada berbagai populasi, termasuk guru, remaja, pengasuh pasien skizofrenia, wanita yang menjalani perawatan infertilitas, wanita muda, mahasiswa keperawatan, dan ibu dari anak-anak dengan Fenilketonuria (PKU). Meskipun demikian, beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efek MSC tidak selalu bertahan dalam jangka panjang, yang menunjukkan perlunya penelitian lebih lanjut dengan periode tindak lanjut yang lebih lama. Sebagai kesimpulan, MSC merupakan intervensi yang efektif untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan psikologis, tetapi pengujian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mengevaluasi efek jangka panjangnya dan mengoptimalkan penerapannya dalam berbagai konteks.
Career Maturity in High School Students: The Interplay of Self Efficacy and Locus of Control
The research is motivated by the need for career maturity to help students choose the right educational path, as many students lack readiness. This is due to low career planning skills, limited knowledge about further education and the workforce, and the tendency to follow peers' choices without considering their own potential. Using a quantitative approach with an ex post facto correlational design, the study involved a population of 4,383 students with a sample of 367 students selected through cluster random sampling. The instruments used include Career Maturity Inventory (validity 0.306-0.610, reliability 0.734), General Self efficacy (validity 0.488-0.748, reliability 0.850), and Rotter's Locus of control (validity 0.153-0.791, reliability 0.911). Data were analyzed using Kendall's Tau and Kendall's W techniques. The results showed a significant relationship between “self efficacy” and career maturity (p = 0.000, r = 0.387), locus of control and career maturity (p = 0.000, r = 0.137), and a significant relationship between “self efficacy” and locus of control with career maturity (p = 0.000, W = 0.755). The findings confirm that “self efficacy” and belief in locus of control significantly affect career maturity. The role of counseling teachers is needed in supporting the development of students' self-efficacy and locus of control through directed and continuous counseling services, and this research encourages the development of holistic career guidance programs and further research on external factors. Tujuan penelitian ini mengkaji keterkaitan antara “self efficacy” dan “locus of control” dengan kematangan karier siswa SMA. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan jenis ex post facto melalui desain korelasional, yang memiliki populasi 4.383 siswa dengan sampel 367 siswa yang dipilih melalui stratified random sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan meliputi Career Maturity Inventory (validitas 0,306–0,610, reliabilitas 0,734), General Self efficacy (validitas 0,488–0,748, reliabilitas 0,850), dan Rotter's Locus of control (validitas 0,153–0,791, reliabilitas 0,911). Analisis data dilakukan dengan teknik Kendall’s Tau dan Kendall’s W. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya hubungan signifikan antara self efficacy dan kematangan karier (p = 0,000, r = 0,387), locus of control dan kematangan karier (p = 0,000, r = 0,137), serta hubungan signifikan antara self efficacy dan locus of control dengan kematangan karier (p = 0,000, W = 0,755). Temuan ini menegaskan bahwasanya percaya diri dan keyakinan terhadap kontrol diri sangat memengaruhi kesiapan karier. Peran guru BK dibutuhkan dalam mendukung pengembangan self efficacy dan locus of control siswa melalui layanan konseling yang terarah dan berkesinambungan, serta penelitian ini mendorong pengembangan program bimbingan karier holistik dan penelitian lanjutan mengenai faktor eksternal.
Social Application of Empathy in Serat Wedharaga to Strengthen the Character of Professional Counselor Candidates Based on Cased Method Learning
Facts in the field show that the empathy skills that prospective counselors have in understanding their counseling, especially in the aspect of empathy have not been comprehensively internalized. This research has three specific objectives (1) to develop a case method learning model guide based on serat wedharaga values to increase the empathy of prospective counselors; (2) the developed model is theoretically tested through the validation of material experts, media, and potential users; (3) The model is empirically tested that the case method learning model is based on the value of serat wedharagas to increase the empathy of prospective counselors. The implementation of this research uses the development method with ADDIE design. The results of the development are in the form of a learning guide that includes sixteen meetings, containing materials, media, and evaluation tools. The developed learning model proved to be theoretically feasible and practically effective, demonstrated through a paired t-test with a value of Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.000, indicating a significant improvement between pretest and posttest. Thus, serat wedharaga value-based learning is effective in increasing the empathy of prospective counselors. Suggestions for the next researcher to conduct follow-up studies related to the development of other learning models to strengthen the professional character of prospective counselors.
Initial Validation of a School Counselor Accountability Scale (ID-SCAS) Using The Rasch Model
School counseling accountability has transformed from simply counting counselor activity to being data and evidence-based to demonstrate impact on student success. However, few accountability scales have been developed specifically for school counselors. This study aims to test the reliability and validity of the school counselor accountability scale using the Rasch model. The scale developed included six key indicators: aligning the mission of the counseling program with the school mission (mission), ), identify critical student data (element), analyzing data (analysis), uniting with stakeholders to plan action (stakeholder unite), collecting results (result), and reporting results (educate). This study involved an initial sample of 78 Semarang city school counselors who are members of the Consultation of Guidance and Counseling Teachers (MGBK). The results of the analysis showed that the item reliability index on the accountability scale reached 0.88, while the respondent reliability was 0.97, with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.98, indicating very high internal consistency. In addition, the unidimensionality test showed that the variance explained by the model was 39%, well above the minimum threshold of 20%, indicating that the scale is able to measure one clear construct. Thus, this initial test shows that the school counselor accountability scale has good reliability and validity and is ready to be used in the measurement of school counselor accountability. Akuntabilitas konseling sekolah telah bertransformasi dari sekadar menghitung aktivitas konselor menjadi berbasis data dan bukti untuk menunjukkan dampak pada keberhasilan siswa. Skala akuntabilitas yang telah dikembangkan secara khusus untuk konselor sekola masih belum banyak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji reliabilitas dan validitas skala akuntabilitas konselor sekolah menggunakan model Rasch. Skala yang dikembangkan mencakup enam indikator utama: menyelaraskan misi program BK dengan misi sekolah (mission), mengumpulkan data kinerja siswa (element), menganalisis data (analysis), bersatu dengan pemangku kepentingan untuk merencanakan tindakan (stakeholder unite), mengumpulkan hasil (result), dan melaporkan hasil (educate). Penelitian ini melibatkan sampel awal sebanyak 78 konselor sekolah kota Semarang yang tergabung dalam Musyawarah Guru Bimbingan dan Konseling (MGBK). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa indeks reliabilitas item pada skala akuntabilitas mencapai 0,88, sedangkan reliabilitas responden sebesar 0,97, dengan nilai Cronbach's alpha 0,98, yang mengindikasikan konsistensi internal yang sangat tinggi. Selain itu, uji unidimensionalitas menunjukkan bahwa varians yang dijelaskan oleh model sebesar 39%, jauh di atas ambang batas minimum 20%, yang menunjukkan bahwa skala ini mampu mengukur satu konstruksi yang jelas. Dengan demikian, tes awal ini menunjukkan bahwa skala akuntabilitas konselor sekolah memiliki reliabilitas dan validitas yang baik serta siap untuk digunakan dalam pengukuran akuntabilitas konselor sekolah.
Group Guidance on Role Playing Techniques for the Self-Esteem of Fatherless Children in Orphanages
The problem in this study is the low self-esteem of orphans in the Muhammadiyah orphanage. Children with low self-esteem have a negative view of themselves, which can affect their development. This study aims to determine the effect of group guidance services with role-playing techniques on increasing the self-esteem of orphans. This study uses a quantitative experimental approach with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The population is 26 children at the Muhammadiyah Orphanage in Medan City, with a sample of 8 children with low self-esteem selected using a purposive sampling technique. The data collection tool used is a questionnaire with a Likert scale, covering 4 (four) aspects of measurement: strength, significance, wealth, and ability, as stated by Coppersmith in Susanto (2018). The reliability test results using the SPSS program showed a Cronbach Alpha value of 0.661. Cronbach Alpha value above 0.05 (0.661 > 0.05) indicates adequate reliability. Data analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon test, with a significant result of asylum.sig (2-tailed) of 0.012 < 0.05, indicating that the alternative hypothesis is accepted. Based on this analysis, group guidance services with role-playing techniques can improve the self-esteem of orphanage children. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah kondisi self esteem anak fatherless di panti asuhan putra Muhammadiyah yang rendah. Anak dengan kondisi self esteem yang rendah mempunyai pandangan yang negatif terhadap dirinya dimana hal tersebut dapat mempengaruhi perkembangannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh layanan bimbingan kelompok dengan teknik role playing terhadap peningkatan self esteem anak panti asuhan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan eksperimen kuantitatif dengan desain one group pretest posttest. Populasinya berjumlah 26 anak di Panti Asuhan Putera Muhammadiysh kots Medan, dengan sampel berjumlah 8 orang anak yang mempunyai self esteem rendah, dipilih menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Alat pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah angket dengan skala likert, dengan meliputi 4 ( empat) aspek pengukuran yaitu kekuatan, keberartian, kebajikan dan kemampuan yang dinyatakan copersmith dalamSusanto, (2018). Uji reliabilitas menggunakan program SPSS menunjukkan nilai Cronbach Alpha sebesar 0,661, nilai Cronbach Alpha di atas 0,05 (0,661 > 0,05) menunjukkan reliabilitas yang memadai. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji Wilcoxon, dengan hasil signifikansi asyimp.sig (2-tailed) sebesar 0,012 < 0,05 yang menunjukkan bahwa hipotesis alternatif diterima. Berdasarkan analisa tersebut maka dapat disimpulkan, layanan bimbingan kelompok dengan teknik role playing dapat meningkatkan self esteem anak panti asuhan.
Reality Group Counseling to Increase Students' Learning Responsibility: Effective or Not?
The low level of learning responsibility that occurs in students needs to be given immediate service intervention. This research aims to test the effectiveness of reality group counseling service intervention to increase students' learning responsibility. The method used is a pre-experiment group pretest-post-test design. Data collection used a learning responsibility scale adapted from Aisyah, et al. (2014) and the elaboration of Deni & Ismaniar (2022). 41 items passed the validity and reliability tests and were divided into two types, A and B, each consisting of 26 items. All items had a validity value >0.3 and a reliability value of 0.93. The participants of this study were 11 students. The participants of this study were 11 students. The sampling technique in this research uses a purposive sampling technique. Hypothesis testing in this research uses paired samples t-test. Based on the results of hypothesis testing, p =,013 (p < 0.05) was obtained, meaning that reality group counseling services are effective for increasing students' learning responsibilities. The limitations of this study are the limited number of participants so that in generalizing the results of the study, caution needed, and the inclusion of Islamic-based elements in reality group counseling has the potential to limit the generalization of the results of this study in all religions. Future researchers are advised to use a larger population, including students with diverse religious backgrounds, and explore reality group counseling without Islamic elements to determine its impact on the learning responsibility of students from various religious backgrounds. Rendahnya tingkat tanggung jawab belajar yang terjadi pada siswa perlu untuk segera diberikan intervensi layanan. Riset ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas intervensi layanan konseling kelompok realita untuk meningkatkan tanggung jawab belajar siswa. Metode yang digunakan yaitu pre-eksperimen one group pretest-post test design. Pengumpulan data menggunakan skala tanggung jawab belajar yang diadaptasi dari Aisyah, dkk. (2014) dan elaborasi Deni & Ismaniar (2022). Terdapat 41 item lulus uji validitas dan reliabilitas dan dibagi menjadi dua jenis, A dan B, masing-masing terdiri dari 26 item. Semua item memiliki nilai validitas > 0,3 dan nilai reliabilitas 0,93. Partisipan dari penelitian ini adalah 11 siswa. Partisipan penelitian ini sebanyak 11 siswa. Teknik pengambilan sampel dalam riset ini menggunakan teknik purposive Sampling.Uji hipotesis pada riset ini menggunakan uji paired samples t-test. Berdasarkan hasil uji hipotesis diperoleh p = ,013 (p < 0,05), maknanya layanan konseling kelompok realita efektif untuk meningkatkan tanggung jawab belajar siswa. Keterbatasan penelitian ini yaitu jumlah partisipan yang terbatas sehingga dalam menggeneralisasi hasil penelitian perlu kehati-hatian, dan dengan dimasukan unsur-unsur berbasis islam dalam konseling kelompok realita realita berpotensi membatasi generalisasi hasil penelitian ini di semua agama. Peneliti selanjutnya disarankan untuk mengunakan populasi dengan cakupan yang lebih banyak, termasuk siswa yang berlatar belakang agama yang beragam dan mengeksplorasi konseling kelompok realita tanpa unsur islam untuk mengetahui dampaknya terhadap tanggung jawab belajar siswa dari berbagai latar belakang agama.
Analysis of the Level of Career Awareness of Junior High School Students in Yogyakarta City
This research aims to determine the level of career awareness of junior high school students in Yogyakarta. The development of the times will give rise to various new types of work. The importance of having a promising career is understanding and being aware of existing career changes. Career awareness must be developed, especially in junior high school (SMP). Students at the junior high school level are in the initial phase of determining future career steps. When they enter the next career level, it will be directional and easy for students to undertake. The analysis of the level of career awareness in this research can be the basis for developing teaching materials for guidance and counseling services in increasing career awareness for junior high school students, especially in Yogyakarta. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat kesadaran karir siswa sekolah menengah pertama di kota Yogyakarta. Perkembangan zaman akan memunculkan berbagai macam jenis pekerjaan baru. Pentingnya memiliki karir yang baik dengan memahami dan menyadari perubahan karir yang ada. Kesadaran karir perlu untuk dikembangkan sejak berada di bangku sekolah khususnya di sekolah menengah pertama (SMP). Siswa pada tingkat SMP menjadi fase awal untuk menentukan Langkah karir kedepan agar ketika memasuki jenjang karir berikutnya akan terarahkan dan mudah untuk dijalani oleh siswa. Analisis tingkat kesadaran karir pada penelitian ini diharapkan menjadi landasan untuk mengembangkan materi bahan ajar layanan bimbingan dan konseling dalam meningkatkan kesadaran karir siswa SMP khususnya di kota Yogyakarta.
Group Counseling Using Cinema Therapy Techniques to Reduce the Intensity of Social Media Use in High School Students
This research is motivated by the widespread use of social media among students, which influences lifestyle patterns and learning outcomes among students. This research aims to determine whether group counseling using Cinema Therapy techniques can reduce (decrease) the intensity of social media use among students. The research method used was a quantitative quasi-experiment with a non-equivalent control group, pretest-posttest design. This research used two groups, namely the experimental group and the control group with the medium to high category, taken using purposive sampling techniques. Data collection techniques use observation, interviews, and a social media usage intensity scale which includes four measurement aspects, namely Frequency, duration, attention, and appreciation, which were developed based on Andarwati's (2016) construction and also used the Wilcoxon Test with IMB SPSS version 29 statistical applications. Based on the results of the analysis, the application of group counseling using the cinema therapy technique can reduce the intensity of social media use among students. Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi oleh maraknya penggunaan media social bagi kalangan pelajar, sehingga mempengaruhi pola hidup dan hasil belajar pada kalangan pelajar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah konseling kelompok dengan teknik Cinema Therapy dapat mereduksi (mengurangi) intensitas penggunaan media sosial pada siswa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan kuantitatif quasi experimen dengan desain Non-equivalent control group Design pretest-posttest. Penelitian ini menggunakan 2 kelompok yaitu kelompok eksperimen dan kelompok control dengan kategori sedang hingga tinggi, di ambil menggunakan teknik puposive sampling. Teknik penggumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara dan skala intensitas penggunaan media sosial dengan meliputi 4 aspek pengukuran yaitu Frekuensi, durasi, perhatian, dan penghayatan yang di kembagkan berdasarkan kontruksi andarwati (2016) dan juga menggunakan Uji Wilcoxon dengan apliksi IMB SPSS statistik versi 29. Berdasarkan hasil analisa dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan konseling kelompok dengan teknik Cinema Therapy dapat mengurangi intensitas penggunaan media sosial pada siswa.
Psychological Well-Being Seen from Broken Home Students' Gratitude: a Phenomenological Study
This research aimed to (1) describe the meaning of gratitude in the lives of students from broken families, (2) their experiences of gratitude in the lives of students from broken families, (3) describe the meaning of psychological well-being in students from broken families, and (4) the essence of gratitude in students from broken families regarding the process of forming psychological well-being. To this end, a qualitative phenomenological study was applied. Participants were recruited using purposive sampling technique. The subjects in the research were broken families students. Data were collected through in-depth interview. The finding of this study showed that the conditions (1) four subjects were able to interpret gratitude in their lives, (2) all subjects were able to interpret the experience of gratitude in their lives, (3) four subjects were able to interpret psychological well-being in their lives which included self-acceptance; positive relationships with others; autonomy; mastery of the environment; life purpose, and personal growth, while one of the four subjects still has some difficulty in interpreting psychological well-being in the indicators of positive relationships with others and mastery of the environment, and (4) all subjects are able to interpret the essence of gratitude towards the process of developing psychological well-being. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mendeskripsikan pemaknaan gratitude siswa broken home dalam kehidupannya, (2) mendeskripsikan pengalaman gratitude siswa broken home dalam kehidupannya, (3) mendeskripsikan pemaknaan psychological well-being pada siswa broken home dalam kehidupannya, dan (4) mendeskripsikan esensi gratitude siswa broken home terhadap proses pengembangan psychological well-being. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi fenomenologi dan desain penelitian fenomenologi hermeneutik. Teknik pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan purposive sampling. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari empat dari populasi kurang lebih 25 siswa broken home. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa broken home. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara mendalam. Hasil penelitian diperoleh dengan kondisi (1) empat subjek mampu memaknai gratitude dalam kehidupannya, (2) seluruh subjek mampu memaknai pengalaman gratitude dalam kehidupannya, (3) empat subjek mampu memaknai psychological well-being dalam kehidupannya yang meliputi penerimaan diri; hubungan positif dengan orang lain; otonomi; penguasaan lingkungan; tujuan hidup, dan pertumbuhan pribadi, sementara itu satu dari keempat subjek masih sedikit mengalami kesulitan dalam memaknai psychological well-being pada indikator hubungan positif dengan orang lain dan penguasaan lingkungan, dan (4) seluruh subjek mampu memaknai esensi gratitude terhadap proses pengembangan psychological well-being.