Jurnal Fisika starting in 2024 migrates from OJS 2 to OJS 3 to better secure from various unwanted things, including journal hacking and so on. To submit, the author please visit the new website page of our journal at the link https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/jf MIGRATION OFFICIAL STATEMENT HERE Jurnal Fisika [P-ISSN 2088-1509 | E-ISSNÂ 2684-978X] publishes developments and researches in Physics (See Focus and Scope). The articles of this journal are published every six months, that is on May and November (2 issues per year), and published by the Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang collaboration with Indonesian Rock Magnetic Association (IRMA) Pusat. Integralistik Indexed by: DIMENSION | SINTA | GARUDA | DOAJ
Development of Sound-Absorbing Composites Made from Water Hyacinth Waste and Recycled Cardboard
Noise is a factor that can disrupt the comfort and effectiveness of daily activities, including learning. To address this issue, this study develops an environmentally friendly sound-absorbing material made from water hyacinth and cardboard, both of which possess natural porosity suitable for acoustic applications. This experimental research aims to determine the sound absorption coefficient of composite materials produced from various combinations of these wastes. Five composite variations were prepared: Sample A (4 g water hyacinth, 4 g cardboard, 8 g matrix), Sample B (5 g water hyacinth, 3 g cardboard, 8 g matrix), Sample C (3 g water hyacinth, 5 g cardboard, 8 g matrix), Sample D (4 g water hyacinth, 4 g cardboard, 9 g matrix), and Sample E (4 g water hyacinth, 4 g cardboard, 7 g matrix). The absorption coefficient was measured using an impedance tube. The results showed that each composition produced different absorption coefficients. Sample D, with a composite-to-matrix ratio of 7:9, had the highest sound absorption coefficient of 0.327 at a frequency of 100 Hz. Meanwhile, Sample E, with a composite-to-matrix ratio of 9:7, had the lowest coefficient of 0.014 at 350 Hz. The findings indicate that water hyacinth and cardboard can be utilized as sound-absorbing materials, with absorption coefficients ranging from 0.01 to 0.32, thereby meeting the ISO 11654 standard.
Synthesis of Carbon Quantum Dots and Their Optical Properties Under Various Conditions
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are nanomaterials that possess great optical properties, and they hold potential for being used in biosensing, imaging, and optoelectronics. The aim of this work is to synthesis, characterization and study the optical properties of CQDs under various condition. In the present work, CQDs have been prepared by mixing equal amount (citric acid and urea) and heating in microwave at 165 °C-180 oC for 2 min to obtained dark brown color. The dark brown power was characterizations using FTIR to confirmed the different functional groups such as –P–O, –S–O, – O–C, C=C C=N and CH2/CH3 (oxygenated-, nitrogenated- and aromatic-types), while XRD analysis indicated the valuable crystalline organic phases with heterogeneous functionality features. The optical properties were carried out in water and sugar solutions (100–155mg/dl) as function of CQDs concentration, temperature, frequency and UV activation times using a Theremino spectrometer. The fluorescence intensity was enhanced with the increase of citric acid and was quenched by urea. In sugar at higher CQD concentrations, intensity was decreased from molecular trapping and light scattering. The fluorescence intensity exhibited fluctuations in water during 60s with red and blue-shifts, and the maximum peak was at 545 nm. The intensity increased with decreasing CQD: water ratio and decreased at higher concentrations, because of absorption and scattering. The temperature and frequency have strong effects on the optical responses; the higher temperatures (58 °C) promote dispersed aggregates in finer particles which leads to more light transmission in addition to larger absorption values at higher frequencies. This demonstrated the tunable features of CQDs optical properties and might give suggestions for subsequent optimization for their applications in biosensing, imaging, and optoelectronics.
Carbon quantum dots, fluorescence intensity, sugar solutions, temperature effects, UV treatment, absorbance, optoelectronics.
Advancements and Challenges of Deep Learning in Diagnostic Radiology: A Systematic Literature Review
The rapid integration of Deep Learning (DL) in medical imaging is revolutionizing radiology and addressing critical challenges in diagnostic accuracy and healthcare delivery. In Indonesia and other developing countries, the shortage of radiologists and uneven distribution of healthcare services underline the urgency of exploring DL applications as potential solutions. This study aims to systematically review recent trends, effectiveness, and challenges of DL in diagnostic radiology, as well as to provide insights into its potential adaptation in the Indonesian healthcare system. Using a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed articles (2020–2025) from PubMed, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, we identified and synthesized evidence on DL applications across multiple imaging modalities, including CT, MRI, X-ray, and ultrasound. Results show that DL achieves radiologist-level accuracy in tasks such as disease detection, segmentation, and automated report generation, while also improving workflow efficiency and clinical decision-making. However, challenges remain in terms of data availability, model interpretability, ethical issues, and clinical integration. This study provides recommendations for advancing DL adoption in radiology, emphasizing the need for standardized validation, clinician training, and context-specific implementation strategies in Indonesia. The findings highlight both the global and local significance of DL in enhancing healthcare access and equity.
Identification of Brain Areas Associated with Chronic Neuropathic Pain through Hjorth Parameter Analysis of EEG Signals
This study investigates the neurophysiological signatures of chronic neuropathic pain (CNP) through the analysis of EEG signals using Hjorth parameters (Activity, Mobility, and Complexity). We compared EEG recordings from 36 CNP patients with those from 19 healthy controls (HC) under both eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions. Analysis of 19 electrode locations revealed significant differences between the groups across all Hjorth parameters. The Activity parameter showed dramatic elevations in CNP patients across all brain regions, indicating widespread cortical hyperexcitability. Mobility parameters revealed significant alterations particularly in occipital (O2), central midline (Cz), and parietal (Pz) regions, with strong effect sizes (Cliff's delta > 0.7). Complexity parameters demonstrated significant changes in right temporal (T4) and parietal midline (Pz) areas. The combined analysis identified the parietal cortex, temporal regions, occipital cortex, and central midline as key areas associated with CNP, suggesting a distributed network disruption rather than localized dysfunction. These findings contribute to our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying chronic neuropathic pain and may support the development of objective diagnostic markers and targeted interventions for this debilitating condition.
The Future Direction of Radiology: The Role of Artificial Intelligence and Augmented Reality in Medical Visualization
The rapid advancement of digital technologies has significantly influenced the field of medical imaging, particularly through the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Augmented Reality (AR). These technologies offer transformative potential in improving diagnostic accuracy, enhancing surgical planning, and addressing the limitations of traditional radiological methods. This study aims to evaluate the roles and effectiveness of AI and AR in radiology by analyzing their applications in medical diagnosis and surgical visualization, with a focus on increasing diagnostic speed, precision, and accessibility, especially in resource-limited settings. A systematic literature review was conducted by examining 45 peer-reviewed articles published between 2017 and 2025, selected based on relevance, innovation, and applicability. Thematic analysis revealed that AI—especially models using convolutional neural networks—has demonstrated high accuracy in detecting lung disease, breast cancer, and brain tumors. Meanwhile, AR has shown potential in enhancing spatial understanding and accuracy in surgical procedures. Despite these benefits, several challenges were identified, including integration difficulties with existing hospital systems, algorithmic bias, regulatory constraints, and high costs. In conclusion, the integration of AI and AR represents a promising direction for the future of radiology. However, further research is needed to develop cost-effective systems, ensure ethical and inclusive AI training, and establish standardized protocols for implementation. This study provides a foundational overview for healthcare stakeholders aiming to adopt these technologies in pursuit of more equitable and efficient medical imaging practices.
Decomposition Model and Extension of Spring Pendulum Systems in the 21st Century: A Systematic Literature Review
A spring pendulum is a mechanical system that describes the reciprocating motion of a mass suspended on a spring around an equilibrium point. The system consists of a spring with certain elasticity characteristics and a fulcrum to which the spring is attached. When the mass is pulled from its equilibrium position, the spring generates a restoring force proportional to the distance of displacement, inducing the mass to move periodically. Spring pendulum systems have seen frequent development in the design of mechanical systems that require high-precision vibration control. This study examines developments in system expansion and equation decomposition models of spring pendulums by conducting a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of 36 pertinent articles from Scopus and Google Scholar (2000–2024). The main focus of the research lies on the expansion of the basic spring pendulum system through various modifications, which is the dominant topic in the review. The most popular technique for resolving the system's equations of motion is breaking down the equations using analytical mathematical formulations, particularly the Lagrangian method, which refers to the theoretical derivation of equations of motion through well-known mathematical frameworks like Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics. The findings provide deep insights for the development of mathematical models as well as a comprehensive overview of the development of spring pendulum research. The implications of this research can contribute to innovations in engineering, physics, and other related disciplines.
PID Based Artificial Neural Network For Rotary Dryer In The Fertilizer Industry
Rotary dryers are often used to dry materials in fertilizer industry. The drying process using a rotary dryer may occasionally encounter issues, such as an uneven distribution of hot air and overheating, which can be caused by operator input errors or control parameter adjustments that are not optimal. The conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller is a common method for regulating temperature in rotary dryers. However, it is not particularly effective in dealing with changes that occur in real time, which can result in extending the system’s transient period before equilibrium and overshoot for temperature output in rotary dryers. One potential solution that can be offered is to integrate PID control with an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) which would enable the system to adapt to the dynamics of the operational environment without operator assistance. The methodology used is backpropagation neural networks, trained with empirical data gathered during the operation of a rotary dryer. The output from the ANN model is then used to adjust the PID controller within the system in order to prevent extending the system’s transient period before equilibrium and overshoot. Backpropagation is used because this algorithm can effectively reduce errors when recognizing data patterns. The control design aims to improve the efficiency of the drying process, optimizing it, and reducing costs associated with production
2D Numerical Modeling for Estimation of Run Up and Arrival Time of Tsunami at the Coast of Banyuwangi District
The Banyuwangi tsunami was generated by an earthquake of magnitude 7.8 that struck the south coast of East Java with Mw 7.8 on June 3, 1994. The tsunami claimed the lives of more than 200 people, and severely damaged infrastructure, buildings and transportation facilities. Many studies have been conducted on the Banyuwangi tsunami, but not many have reviewed the validation of the maximum height compared to the results of field studies in the same year as the June 3, 1994 Banyuwangi tsunami. The study of Banyuwangi tsunami reconstruction aims to validate the maximum tsunami height of the model output compared to the results of field measurements by Tsuji in 1995. This study uses COMCOT v1.7 software with the nested model method. The results of the simulation of tsunami wave propagation that occurred every time period after the earthquake, showed that in snapshot layer 1 and layer 4 within 10 minutes the distribution of the earthquake expanded the tsunami wave propagation, within 30 minutes the tsunami wave propagation had entered several areas of the southern coast of East Java, within 35 minutes the tsunami wave propagation had reached land. The comparison ratio between model results and field measurements is K of 0.811998002 and
Eyeliner Fabrication from Coconut Shell Waste (Cocos Nucifera) with Xanthan Gum Binder (C35H49O29)
Eyeliner is a decorative cosmetic or make-up product. Eyeliner functions to help emphasize and make the shape of the eyes more prominent and more expressive, make makeup more dramatic without doing many steps, and cover the false eyelash line that sticks to the eyes. This study aims to determine whether activated carbon from coconut shell waste can be used as a natural dye in eyeliner fabrication. This research uses a laboratory experiment method, namely by mixing materials consisting of distilled water, xanthan gum, tween 80, propylene glycol, methylparaben, CH_3 COOH solution with distilled water, ethanol, and carbon pigments in it. Xanthan gum and carbon are mixed in a ratio of 1:10; 1:12; 1:14; 1:16; 1:8; and 1:20 until homogeneous. Fabrication properties were tested, namely homogeneity, pH, drying time, and color tests on eyeliner fabrication. the results were analyzed descriptively. Based on the results obtained, the six fabricated formulations have a deep black color and have an average particle size of 8.1 µm, have an average pH of 6.3, an average drying time of 303 seconds, the six formulations have an evil Minister color, After Dark, Deep Forest chocolate, Holy Crow, Smoked black coffee, Indigo brown ink. It was concluded that pigments from coconut shell carbon can be used as natural dyes in eyeliner fabrication. However, in the physical properties test, namely the homogeneity test and dry time test for eyeliner fabrication, there are still discrepancies in the literature.
Synthesis and Characterization of Wall Paint Based on Red Beetroot Betacyanin Pigment with Maceration
Every year, the paint industry in Indonesia continues to grow. This is due to the growth of the property and housing sectors, which increases the demand for paint nationwide. This research aims to develop environmentally friendly wall paint using betacyanin pigment from red beet tubers through a maceration process as an alternative paint color that is sustainable and beneficial for health and the environment. Betacyanin pigment extraction was carried out using the maceration method with 96% ethanol for 48 hours, then filtered using filter paper and evaporated. Binder and pigment are mixed in a ratio of 14.3:2, 14.3:5, 14.3:8, 14.3:11, 14.3:14, and 14.3:17 until homogeneous. Paint characterization is done through pH, color, density, and adhesion tests. The research results show that the sixth paint variation, with a binder and pigment composition ratio of 14.3 ml:17 ml, provides the most optimal results that closely align with SNI. The paint has a deep red color, pH 7.6, density of 1.18 g/cm³, and adhesion of 100%.
Mapping of Natural Frequency, Amplification, Seismic Vulnerability, and Vs30 Velocity in Selebar District, Bengkulu City
Research using the microtremor method has been conducted in Selebar District, Bengkulu City, to estimate the ground response to earthquake vibrations. The purpose of this research is to support building mitigation in earthquake-prone areas. Microzonation mapping is conducted by analyzing the dominant frequency (f0), amplification factor (A0), seismic vulnerability (Kg), and shear wave velocity (Vs30). The Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) method is used in microtremor analysis. The results show the dominant frequencies consist of 40.8% hard gravelly sandstone, 26.5% alluvial rock with a thickness of 5 meters, 18.4% alluvial rock with bluff formation and 14.3% delta sediments. The amplification values include 40.8% in the low category, 56.1% in the medium category and 3.1% in the high category. The seismic vulnerability index indicates that 63.3% is below 3 level, 26.5% is between 3-6 level and 10.2% is between 6-9 level. The shear wave velocity (Vs30) values show that 8.2% is above 1500 m/s, 10.2% is between 750 m/s and 1500 m/s, 55.1% is between 350 m/s and 750 m/s, 25.5% is between 175 m/s and 350 m/s, and 1.1% is below 175 m/s. In conclusion, Selebar District has hard rock layers and low seismic vulnerability, rendering it generally safe from earthquakes.
Morphometric Analysis and Stress Orientation of Kaba, Daun, and HulupalikVolcanoes, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia
Bengkulu Province is an area in Sumatra that is surrounded by Bukit Barisan. This research aims to provide information about the horizontal stress orientation data σHmaxs on the volcanoes of Kaba, Bukit Daun, and Hulupalik, as well as added information about the slope data in the research location that underlies the volcanic arc on the Sumatra Fault. We conducted this research by mapping the morphology of the mountain and determining the straight line of stress orientation, this research uses DEMNAS data of Geospatial Information Agency (BIG). At Kaba Mountain, the maximum stress azimuth angle (σHmaxs) is orientated towards 62° to the East-Northeast/ENE. The direction of plate movement that gives horizontal stress on Kaba volcano is from the east-northeast / ENE and west-southwest / WSW. On Mount Hulupalik determining the azimuth angle of the orientation of the Horizontal stress σHmaxs, the azimuth is towards NNE29°. On Mount Daun where the azimuth angle itself is NNE26°. From the azimuth direction of the horizontal stress (σHmaxs) of Mount Daun and Hulupalik, the plate stress moves from South Southwest/SSW and North Northeast/NNE. Regardless of the direction of horizontal stress/σHmaxs of each mountain, it is influenced by several factors that can cause different stress directions.
Virtual Tide Gauge Observation of the 2006 Pangandaran Tsunami Using COMCOT Version 1.7
The 2006 Pangandaran tsunami was one of the most significant natural disasters in Indonesia, causing major damage to coastal infrastructure and extensive social impacts. This study aims to reconstruct the 2006 Pangandaran tsunami using topographic data from DEMNAS and bathymetry data from BATNAS by applying it to a fine grid size (nested model). The other purpose is to determine the validity of the model that has been made if verified using a comparison with the results of field surveys and calculations of Aida numbers. The research method used is by using topographic data from DEMNAS and bathymetry data from BATNAS as well as using earthquake mechanism data from Global CMT. Furthermore, it is simulated using COMCOT software version 1.7 as well as by creating a nested grid of 4 grids. The obtained simulation results are then verified using field data and Aida numbers. The results of this study show that the earthquake with a magnitude of 7.7 Mw caused the movement of tectonic plates which resulted in a decrease and increase in sea level along the coast of Pangandaran. The simulation results have an Aida K value of 1.48 and an Aida
Aida Numbers, COMCOT, Pangandaran, Tsunami
SEISMIC VULNERABILITY INDEX MICROZONATION IN MUARA AMAN CITY BASED ON HVSR METHOD
Muara Aman City has a high frequency of earthquakes. The research aims to map earthquake-prone areas using indicators such as natural/dominant frequency value parameter (f0), amplification factor (A0), and seismic vulnerability index (Kg). Measurements in this study were conducted using a PASI Mod Gemini 2 Sn-1405 seismometer for 30 minutes at 21 measurement points. The data processing results include natural frequency: 0.15-8.59 Hz, amplification factor: 0.97-6.009, and seismic vulnerability index: 0.2-56.3 After obtaining the values of these parameters, a distribution map is created by pairing each parameter value with the coordinates of the research point. Based on the values of these parameters, areas with high seismic vulnerability are found in zones T3, T4, T5, T6, T15, and T16. The research findings can offer valuable insights for both the community and government in implementing strategies to minimize the impact of earthquake damage and losses.
Earthquake, Muara Aman City, Microtremor, Seismic Susceptibility Index.
Seismic Vulnerability Microzonation Using Hvsr Method in Kalisalak Hamlet, Garunglor Village, Sukoharjo Sub-District, Wonosobo District
Kalisalak Hamlet in Sukoharjo District is faced with the risk of landslides that can affect the structure of residents' houses. This study aims to identify potential landslide zones based on the parameters of Dominant Frequency (f_0), Amplification Factor (A_0), and Seismic Vulnerability (K_g)to determine areas that are potentially vulnerable to landslides. Microseismic measurements were carried out at 25 measurement points in the landslide zone. Measurements used a 3-component digital portable seismograph (North-South, West-East, and Vertical). Microseismic data were processed using Geopsy software with the HVSR (Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio) method to obtain an H/V curve that provides Dominant Frequency (f_0) and Amplification Factor (A_0) values. The results showed that Kalisalak Village has a dominant frequency value between 3 Hz to 12.5 Hz and an amplification factor value between 1.4 to 6.8. This variation indicates that some areas are more susceptible to seismic vibration amplification. Based on the Dominant Frequency (f_0) value and Amplification Factor (A_0), a Seismic Vulnerability (K_g) microzonation map was created for Kalisalak hamlet with a value range of 0.2 to 7 with a high vulnerability value located in the landslide area south of the village. This map is important for disaster mitigation planning in Kalisalak hamlet.
Magnetic Anomaly Model Interpretation of Geothermal Area in Air Putih Region, Lebong District, Bengkulu Province
Lebong Regency is located in the Sumatra Fault Zone, a relatively long dextral shear fault, causing unique structural and morphological changes around the fault zone. The Air Putih area, Lebong Regency, has geothermal manifestations in the form of hot springs that gush and flow from river banks and cliffs. In determining the subsurface structure model, magnetic anomalies were interpreted from direct measurements using two sets of Proton Precession Magnetometers (PPM) as the base and rover. The magnetic method was used to identify the subsurface structures displayed in a 2D model. The results of magnetic anomaly mapping in the study area show that 2D modelling can provide an overview of objects or rocks that cause anomalies at the study site. Based on subsurface modeling at the research site, four incisions were made, namely incisions A-A’ with a susceptibility contrast value of 0.516042 SI with hematite mineral type; in incisions B-B', it is suspected that is a mineral, namely gneiss with a susceptibility value of 0.164160 SI; incision C-C' has a susceptibility value of 0.172010 SI with gneiss rock type; and incision D-D' has a susceptibility value of 0.060604 SI, which is suspected to be a pyrite mineral. The rock types in the study area are mainly thought to be gneiss igneous rocks and the magnetic minerals quartz, pyrite, and calcite, which have different susceptibility values.
Identification of Hydrothermal Reservoirs Using the Dipole-Dipole Configuration Geoelectric Method in Air Putih Village, Lebong Regency, Bengkulu
This study was conducted in Lebong Regency, Bengkulu Province, where the Ketahun segmented fault crosses. Using geoelectric data, this study was conducted to identify the distribution of hydrothermal reservoirs, the dipole-dipole method was used because it obtained more data so as to see the potential distribution of hot water and subsurface constituent rocks in more detail, obtained the results of analysis from processing using RES2DINV that the resistivity value is 6.66 -23.5 Ωm which is thought to be a geothermal source, the rock formation that is considered to be related to the hot springs of Air Putih Village is located at (72.4 - 120) metres with a depth of (0.5 -18) metres. The rock layer has a resistivity value of (6.6 - 23.5 Ωm), which is characteristic of hot water because it has low resistance and is perpendicular to the hot spring. The existence of this weak zone indicates that the porosity will increase, causing hot water from the subsurface to appear as a geothermal manifestation, the hydrothermal distribution in the research area is uneven due to the unequal rock constituents, according to the geological map in the research area the area is a sihapas formation, where the sihapas formation consists of sedimentary rocks, sand, clastic, and siltstone. This research is recommended to develop the tourism potential of hot springs in Air Putih Village, Lebong.
Muhammad Wilzam Fauzi Muhammad Wilzam Fauzi
Bimantara Panca Utama Bimantara Panca Utama
Triplane Framework: Redefining Space-time Visualization in Special Relativity
This research delves into the spatial distribution of speed limits and space-time intervals across various axes within three-dimensional and four-dimensional space-time. A novel theoretical model is proposed based on this distribution, aimed at enhancing the visualization and comprehension of four-dimensional space-time. The primary objective of this study is to offer an intuitive approach to visualizing the spacetime continuum and to present an innovative framework for interpreting four-dimensional space-time. Our investigation revealed that speed limits along different spatial axes may not universally adhere to the speed limit constant, c. Furthermore, we uncovered that the invariant space-time interval can be dissected along these axes, leading to the development of the Triplane Framework. This framework interprets spacetime as three intersecting orthogonal planes rather than four dimensions. Additionally, the study explores the mathematical formalism governing component transformations within this Triplane framework. This research contributes fundamental insights into special relativity by elucidating the distribution of speed limits and space-time intervals within three and four-dimensional space-time. Such insights enrich the interpretation of experimental data in fields like astrophysics and cosmology. Moreover, the proposed Triplane Space-time Framework offers a fresh perspective for visualizing relativistic phenomena, potentially influencing theoretical frameworks in the field.
Biological Half-Life of Technetium-99m Ethambutol in Tuberculosis Patients: A Whole-Body Scan Perspective
The development of an etambutol radiopharmaceutical kit by PTNBR Batan aims to enhance the specificity of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTb) imaging, the causative agent of tuberculosis. This research evaluates the distribution and biological half-life of Technetium-99m Etambutol radiopharmaceutical in the lungs, right kidney, left kidney, and bladder. This information is crucial for understanding the radiopharmaceutical's distribution within the body and improving the interpretation of whole-body etambutol scan results. The region of interest (ROI) technique was employed to delineate the areas of interest in the anterior and posterior images. The study sample consisted of 12 patients suspected of TB, with 5 females and 7 males aged 24 to 75 years. The results demonstrated that technetium-99m etambutol was distributed throughout the body with primary excretion routes through urine and feces. The highest activity was observed in the lungs, indicating the presence of tuberculosis infection. The longest biological half-life of technetium-99m etambutol was recorded in the left kidney (5.74 ± 1.42 hours) with a decay constant of 0.242 hour-1 and the right kidney (5.10 ± 1.89 hours) with a decay constant of 0.269 hour-1.
Tuberculosis, Whole Body Scan, Biological Half Life, Techentium-99 Ethambutol
Comparison of the Uptake Percentage of Technetium-99m Pertechnetate in Hyperthyroid Patients during Gamma Scintigraphy Examination
Gamma scintigraphy is an examination that can be used to evaluate patients suspected of suffering from hyperthyroidism. This procedure involves administering the radiopharmaceutical Technetium-99m to the patient, followed by imaging using a gamma camera to check the function of the thyroid gland. The resulting image can be analysed using the ROI (Region of Interest) method to measure the percentage of radiopharmaceutical uptake by the thyroid. The aim of this study was to compare the uptake of radiopharmaceuticals in hyperthyroid patients and determine the correlation between uptake values and age and gender factors. This study involved 47 hyperthyroid patients, including 15 men and 32 women, aged between 10 and 75 years. The results showed that the average level of absorption (uptake) of radiopharmaceuticals by the right lobe of the thyroid (7.49% ± 7.41%) was higher than that by the left lobe (6.58% ± 6.31%). Additionally, men showed a higher uptake percentage (17.55% ± 14.34%) compared to women (12.44% ± 12.86%). Another finding was that there was a significant (strong) negative correlation between the uptake value and the patient's age, both in men (r = -0.641, p = 0.00988) and women (r = -0.674, p = 0.00010).
A Critical Examination on the Lorentz Contraction of a Rod
When studying special relativity, we usually find Lorentz contraction as one of the most clear and straightforward consequences of the Lorentz Transformation. The derivation of Lorentz contraction from Lorentz Transformation is apparently so simple that we usually overlook an important ideal assumption. A body which is Lorentz contracted is assumed to exist in infinite time in its rest frame of reference. In this paper we will derive Lorentz contraction without that assumption. We will derive Lorentz contraction (using spacetime diagram) of a rod with finite lifetime in its rest frame of reference. The result is such that the famous Lorentz contraction formula is only valid in certain condition concerning the lifetime of the rod.
Optimizing Treatment Planning: Enhancing Precision in Radiotherapy Treatment through the Estimation of Hounsfield Unit Values from CT-Scan Data Calculation
This study aims to increase precision in radiotherapy treatment planning by optimizing the estimated Hounsfield Unit (HU) value through calculating CT-scan data as a template. Radiotherapy is a therapy commonly used in the health sector to treat abnormal and uncontrolled growth of organism cells, such as lung cancer, brain tumors, leukemia and bone tumors. Radiotherapy utilizes gamma rays to eliminate abnormal cells through copying, taking into account appropriate radiation dose limits to minimize damage to normal tissue during the copying process. The level of absorption or radiodensity of a network can be expressed in Hounsfield Unit (HU) values. This simulation application design is supported by computer equipment with Intel i3 2 GHz processor specifications supported by 2 GB RAM (Random Access Memory), VGA (Video Graphics Adapter) 1 GB and 160GB hard disk. The device is used to determine the attenuation value (radiation absorption coefficient for each tissue) using the air attenuation value as a reference. The data processing method uses Green Foot software based on the multiplatform Java programming language. The program input is a CT-scan image with Grayscale analysis, and the output is Hounsfield values. The results of this study show that the use of CT-scan data and Hounsfield Unit (HU) calculations can increase the accuracy of radiotherapy planning. Using this technology, the radiation dose can be adjusted more effectively to the targeted area, while still minimizing the impact on surrounding healthy tissue. The integration of CT-scan and HU calculation in this study provides a strong basis for further development, with a focus on improving the precision and efficiency of radiotherapy.