Palestine Under Attack: Humanitarian Principles in Case of Armed Conflict
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v6i2.19692Keywords:
Armed conflict, Humanitarian, Israeli, HamasAbstract
This research examines the application of International Humanitarian Law in armed conflicts and the involvement of countries in blockades to promote peace. It reveals that Humanitarian Law is enforced through the 1977 Additional Protocol, which governs international and non-international armed conflicts. The study also highlights Israel’s use of retaliatory Cast Lead operations in response to Hamas rocket attacks, which pose a threat to Israeli citizens’ safety. A narrative review is a research method that defines a topic, searches for relevant literature, organizes it, analyzes findings, and presents results in narrative form. It is suitable for broad overviews and provides flexible analysis. The ancient state of Israel, established by Shaul around 1025 BC, faced conflicts with the Palestinian nation, leading to the rise of groups like Fatah, Hamas, and the Palestine Liberation Organization. The Israeli Navy declared a blockade of the Gaza Strip in 2009, but the status of occupation remains questionable. International Humanitarian Law (IHL) is needed to protect victims affected by the conflict, and law enforcement mechanisms include diplomatic settlements, criminal investigations, and warnings. International Humanitarian Law is consistently respected and enforced, despite ongoing breaches, particularly in armed conflicts. Blockades, such as Israel’s infringement on Gaza, have resulted in widespread pain and loss of lives, highlighting the need for a more balanced approach to conflict resolution.
References
Abdejljaber, Abdelhamid. “The UN and the Palestine Question: Security and Conflict in the Middle East.” In Changing Security Paradigm in West Asia, 55–72. Routledge, 2022.
Abdelhafez, Wael. “Three Years of Abrahamic Accords: A Contemporary Episode of False Peace.” University of Arkansas, 2024.
Abreek-Zubiedat, Fatina. “The Palestinian Refugee Camps: The Promise of ‘Ruin’ and ‘Loss.’” Rethinking History 19, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 72–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642529.2014.913941.
Abumbe, Gabriel T, Alagh Terhile, and Dede Chinyere Helen. “Hamas-Israel Conflicts In Gaza And Its Implications For Middle East Stability.” Global Journal of Social Sciences 23, no. 1 (2024): 157–78.
Adamu, Awa. “The Fight Against Terrorism, the Common Responsibility of States? A Look at the Israel-Hamas Conflict.” American Journal of Social and Humanitarian Research 5, no. 2 (2024).
Akande, Dapo. “Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant Legal Concepts.” International Law and the Classification of Conflicts (OUP 2012) Chapter 3 (2012).
Aksakal, Mustafa. “The Limits of Diplomacy: The Ottoman Empire and the First World War.” Foreign Policy Analysis 7, no. 2 (2011): 197–203.
Alexander, Amanda. “A Short History of International Humanitarian Law.” European Journal of International Law 26, no. 1 (2015): 109–38.
Alizar, Meirison, and Qasim Muhammadi. “ISLAMIC SHARIA AND NON-MUSLIM CITIZENS IN KANUNNAME DURING SULTAN ABDUL HAMID II OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE.” Walisongo: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan 27, no. 1 (2019).
Allen, Lori A. “Determining Emotions and the Burden of Proof in Investigative Commissions to Palestine.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 59, no. 2 (2017): 385–414. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1017/S0010417517000081.
Aronson, Geoffrey. Israel, Palestinians and the Intifada: Creating Facts on the West Bank. Taylor & Francis, 2024.
Arsenault, Joshua, and Or Honig. “Israel–Hamas: From National Liberation to Partial Deterrence Stability.” In Deterring Terrorism, 219–47. Routledge, 2018.
Asangausung, Okoro Sunday, Thelma Aya Abang, Tahirih Emmanuel Udousoro, Nnabuike Inya Oko, and Georgina Edet Okon. “The Israel-Hamas Armed Conflict in the Middle East: A Sociological Lens.” AKSU: Journal of Administration and Corporate Governance 4, no. 3 (2024): 111–25.
Ashton, Nigel. “Taking Friends for Granted: The Carter Administration, Jordan, and the Camp David Accords, 1977–1980.” Diplomatic History 41, no. 3 (June 1, 2017): 620–45. https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhw062.
Aydın, Erkan. The Holy Land Jerusalem. Erkan Aydın, 2020.
Baconi, Tareq. Hamas Contained: The Rise and Pacification of Palestinian Resistance. Stanford University Press, 2018.
Baets, Antoon De. “The View of the Past in International Humanitarian Law (1860–2020).” International Review of the Red Cross 104, no. 920–921 (2022): 1586–1620. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1017/S1816383122000145.
Bakry, Umar Suryadi. Hukum Humaniter International: Sebuah Pengantar. Prenada Media, 2019.
Bantekas, Ilias, and Moza Al-Thani. “Self-Determination and Territorial Agreements in the Middle East: From the Ottomans to Colonial Rule.” Emory International Law Review 39, no. 1 (2024): 77.
Barak, Oren. State Expansion and Conflict: In and between Israel/Palestine and Lebanon. Cambridge University Press, 2017.
Barakat, May, and Yasser Amouri. “Who Is Representing the Palestinian People: The Palestine Liberation Organization or the State of Palestine? The Aftermath of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 67/19.” Arab Law Quarterly 38, no. 1–2 (2022): 50–79. https://doi.org/10.1163/15730255-bja10115.
Bartels, Rogier. “The Classification of Armed Conflicts by International Criminal Courts and Tribunals.” International Criminal Law Review 20, no. 4 (2020): 595–668. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718123-02004006.
———. “When Do Terrorist Organisations Qualify as ‘Parties to an Armed Conflict’ under International Humanitarian Law?” The Military Law and the Law of War Review 56, no. 2 (2018): 451–88.
Bawazir, Mohammad Abdullah Bawazir. “The Effectiveness of International Humanitarian Law in the Israel-Palestine Conflict 2014.” Mediasi: Journal of International Relations 2, no. 1 (2019).
Becker, Jillian. The PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization. AuthorHouse, 2014.
Bellinger, John B, and Vijay M Padmanabhan. “Detention Operations in Contemporary Conflicts: Four Challenges for The Geneva Conventions and Other Existing Law.” American Journal of International Law 105, no. 2 (2011): 201–43. https://doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.105.2.0201.
Ben-Ami, Shlomo. Prophets Without Honor: The 2000 Camp David Summit and the End of the Two-State Solution. Oxford University Press, 2022.
Ben-Dror, Elad. Ralph Bunche and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. 1st ed. Routledge, 2015. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315764573.
Ben-Eliezer, Uri. “Internal Struggle around the Oslo Agreements BT - Old Conflict, New War: Israel’s Politics toward the Palestinians.” edited by Uri Ben-Eliezer, 29–51. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137027573_3.
Ben-Nun, Gilad. The Fourth Geneva Convention for Civilians: The History of International Humanitarian Law. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020.
Ben‐Josef Hirsch, Michal. “Historical Acknowledgment as an Early Conflict Negotiation Strategy: A Feasibility Study of Israel/Palestine.” Negotiation Journal 37, no. 2 (2021): 163–91.
Benjamin, David. “Turkey’s Support for Hamas: A Bridge Too Far?,” 2016.
Benn, Aluf. “Israel’s Self-Destruction: Netanyahu, the Palestinians, and the Price of Neglect.” Foreign Aff. 103 (2024): 44.
Benvenisti, Eyal. “The International Law of Prolonged Sieges and Blockades: Gaza as a Case Study.” University of Cambridge Faculty of Law Research Paper, no. 22 (2021).
Berdine, Michael D. Redrawing the Middle East: Sir Mark Sykes, Imperialism and the Sykes-Picot Agreement. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018.
Berger, Pamela. “Building the Dome of the Rock.” In The Crescent on the Temple, 31–53. Brill, 2012.
Berkman, Paul Arthur. “Evolution of Science Diplomacy and Its Local-Global Applications.” European Foreign Affairs Review 24, no. Special (2019).
Best, Geoffrey. “International Humanitarian Law: Principles and Practices.” In Ethics and Nuclear Deterrence, 143–65. Routledge, 2020.
Bhasin, Tavishi, and Maia Carter Hallward. “Hamas as a Political Party: Democratization in the Palestinian Territories.” In Violence, Elections, and Party Politics, 75–93. Routledge, 2016.
Bickerton, Ian J. “The Oslo Peace Process and the Camp David Summit, 1993–2000.” In Routledge Companion to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 136–52. Routledge, 2022.
Black, Ian. Enemies and Neighbors: Arabs and Jews in Palestine and Israel, 1917-2017. Atlantic Monthly Press, 2017.
Blank, Laurie R. “Finding Facts but Missing the Law: The Goldstone Report, Gaza and Lawfare.” Case W. Res. J. Int’l L. 43 (2010): 279.
———. “Irreconcilable Differences: The Thresholds for Armed Attack and International Armed Conflict.” Notre Dame L. Rev. 96 (2020): 249.
Bouchet-Saulnier, Francoise. The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2013.
Bradley, Martha M. “Classifying Non-International Armed Conflicts: The ‘Territorial Control’Requirement under Additional Protocol II in an Era of Complex Conflicts.” Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies 11, no. 2 (2020): 349–84.
Bradley, Miriam. “From Armed Conflict to Urban Violence: Transformations in the International Committee of the Red Cross, International Humanitarianism, and the Laws of War.” European Journal of International Relations 26, no. 4 (2020): 1061–83.
Brecher, Michael. Dynamics of the Arab-Israel Conflict. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47575-2.
———. “Israel’s Behavior in the 1967 and 1973 Wars: Overall Findings.” In Dynamics of the Arab-Israel Conflict: Past and Present: Intellectual Odyssey II, edited by Michael Brecher, 157–276. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47575-2_10.
Brynen, Rex. “The Palestinians and Confidence Building Measures in the Arab-Israeli Conflict: The Implications of Statelessness.” In Confidence Building Measures in the Middle East, 33–70. Routledge, 2019.
Bunton, Martin. The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict: A Very Short Introduction. OUP Oxford, 2013.
Byman, Daniel. “The Lebanese Hizballah and Israeli Counterterrorism.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 34, no. 12 (December 1, 2011): 917–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2011.621114.
Camins, Emily L. “Needs or Rights? Exploring the Limitations of Individual Reparations for Violations of International Humanitarian Law.” International Journal of Transitional Justice 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 126–45. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijv035.
Caplan, Neil. Futile Diplomacy: The United Nations, the Great Powers and Middle East Peacemaking 1948-1954. 1st ed. Routledge, 2013. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315037806.
Cassese, Antonio. “The Geneva Protocols of 1977 on the Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict and Customary International Law.” UCLA Pac. Basin LJ 3 (1984): 55.
Chamberlin, Paul. “The Struggle Against Oppression Everywhere: The Global Politics of Palestinian Liberation.” Middle Eastern Studies 47, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263201003590300.
Cohen, Samy. “‘Peace for Galilee’ or the Making of a New Insurgency BT.” In Israel’s Asymmetric Wars, edited by Samy Cohen, 43–56. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230112971_4.
Corn, Geoffrey S, Ken Watkin, and Jamie Williamson. “The Law in War: A Concise Overview,” 2023.
Crawford, Emily. “Interpreting the Geneva Conventions: Subsequent Practice Instead of Treaty Amendments? A Case Study of Non-International Armed Conflicts under Common Article 3.” In Law-Making and Legitimacy in International Humanitarian Law, 117–40. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021.
Crowe, Jonathan, and Kylie Weston-Scheuber. Principles of International Humanitarian Law. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013.
Custer Jr, Scott. “United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA): Protection and Assistance to Palestine Refugees.” In International Law and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 55–78. Routledge, 2010.
Daigle, Craig. The Limits of Détente: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1969-1973. Yale University Press, 2012.
Dana, Karam. “The West Bank Apartheid/Separation Wall: Space, Punishment and the Disruption of Social Continuity.” Geopolitics 22, no. 4 (October 2, 2017): 887–910. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2016.1275576.
Davis, Uri. “The Golan Heights Under Israeli Occupation 1967-1981,” 1983.
Derejko, Nathan. “A Forever War? Rethinking the Temporal Scope of Non-International Armed Conflict.” Journal of Conflict and Security Law 26, no. 2 (2021): 347–76.
Dershowitz, Alan. Terror Tunnels: The Case for Israel’s Just War Against Hamas. Rosetta Books, 2014.
Dinstein, Yoram. Non-International Armed Conflicts in International Law. Cambridge University Press, 2021.
———. The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict. Cambridge university press, 2022.
Dodds, Graham G, Patricia Olney, Roberto Goulart Menezes, Daniel C Hellinger, Philip A Berry, Alan P Dobson, Steve Marsh, Holger Stritzel, Charles E Ziegler, and Xuezhi Guo. Foreign Perceptions of the United States Under Donald Trump. Rowman & Littlefield, 2021.
Drew, Phillip J. “Blockade? A Legal Assessment of the Maritime Interdiction of Yemen’s Ports.” Journal of Conflict and Security Law 24, no. 1 (2019): 35–52.
Dunoff, Jeffrey, Monica Hakimi, Steven R Ratner, and David Wippman. International Law: Norms, Actors, Process. Aspen Publishing, 2023.
Dunstan, Simon. The Six Day War 1967: Sinai. Vol. 212. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012.
Duque, Maria Alejandra Gomez. “Towards a Legal Reform of Rape Laws Under International Human Rights Law.” Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law 22, no. 3 (2021): 489–91.
El-Hasan, Hasan Afif. Israel or Palestine? Is the Two-State Solution Already Dead?: A Political and Military History of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict. Algora Publishing, 2010.
Enderlin, Charles. Shattered Dreams: The Failure of the Peace Process in the Middle East, 1995 to 2002. Other Press, LLC, 2021.
Erakat, Noura. “The Sovereign Right to Kill: A Critical Appraisal of Israel’s Shoot-to-Kill Policy in Gaza.” International Criminal Law Review 19, no. 5 (2019): 783–818. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01905002.
Esposito, Michele K. “Update on Conflict and Diplomacy.” Journal of Palestine Studies 41, no. 1 (November 1, 2011): 147–88. https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.2011.XLI.1.147.
Eveland, Wilbur Crane. Ropes of Sand: America’s Failure in the Middle East. Vol. 26. Open Road Media, 2018.
Falah, Ghazi-Walid. “The (Im)Possibility of Achieving a Peaceful Solution to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.” Human Geography 14, no. 3 (July 2, 2021): 333–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/19427786211019014.
Farer, Tom. “Humanitarian Law and Armed Conflicts: Toward the Definition of International Armed Conflict.” Colum. L. Rev. 71 (1971): 37.
Faris, Hani. The Failure of the Two-State Solution: The Prospects of One State in the Israel-Palestine Conflict. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013.
Filiu, Jean-Pierre. Gaza: A History. Oxford University Press, 2014.
Fleck, Dieter. The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law. Oxford University Press, 2021.
Franco, Jonathan. “The Palestine Commission: The Forgotten Chapter in United Nations Peacemaking and Peacekeeping in the Arab-Israeli Conflict.” Middle Eastern Studies 60, no. 5 (September 2, 2024): 763–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2023.2280232.
Frantzman, Seth J. The October 7 War: Israel’s Battle for Security in Gaza. Wicked Son, 2024.
Freilich, Charles D. “Israel in Lebanon—Getting It Wrong: The 1982 Invasion, 2000 Withdrawal, and 2006 War.” Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs 6, no. 3 (January 1, 2012): 41–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/23739770.2012.11446518.
Frendo, Anthony J. “Israel in the Context of the Ancient Near East.” In The Hebrew Bible: A Critical Companion, edited by John Barton, 86–106. Princeton University Press, n.d. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400880584-006.
Friedman, Isaiah. British Pan-Arab Policy 1915–1922. Routledge, 2017. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315081953.
Gat, Moshe. The Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1956–1975: From Violent Conflict to a Peace Process. Routledge, 2017.
Ghanim, Honaida. “The Palestine Question.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of the Middle East, 97. Oxford University Press, 2022.
Gingeras, Ryan. Fall of the Sultanate: The Great War and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1908-1922. Oxford University Press, 2016.
Gisel, Laurent, Tilman Rodenhäuser, and Knut Dörmann. “Twenty Years on: International Humanitarian Law and the Protection of Civilians against the Effects of Cyber Operations during Armed Conflicts.” International Review of the Red Cross 102, no. 913 (2020): 287–334.
Göçek, Fatma Müge. The Transformation of Turkey: Redefining State and Society from the Ottoman Empire to the Modern Era. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011.
Goldschmidt Jr, Arthur. Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Rowman & Littlefield, 2023.
Gross, Aeyal. “Reducing the Friction: A Functional Analysis of the Transformed Occupation of the Gaza Strip.” In Prolonged Occupation and International Law, 69–103. Brill | Nijhoff, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004503939_006.
Guilfoyle, Douglas. “The Mavi Marmara Incident and Blockade in Armed Conflict.” In The British Yearbook of International Law, 81:171–223. Oxford University Press, 2011.
Hamoud, Tarek. “Understanding October 7 through Hamas’s Adaptability and Leadership Structure.” Journal of Palestine Studies 53, no. 2 (April 2, 2024): 88–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/0377919X.2024.2380608.
HARPAZ, GUY, and ASAF SHAMIS. “Normative Power Europe and the State of Israel: An Illegitimate EUtopia?” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 48, no. 3 (June 4, 2010): 579–616. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2010.02065.x.
Hartigan, Richard Shelly. Military Rules, Regulations and the Code of War: Francis Lieber and the Certification of Conflict. Routledge, 2017.
Heian-Engdal, Marte, Jørgen Jensehaugen, and Hilde Henriksen Waage. “‘Finishing the Enterprise’: Israel’s Admission to the United Nations.” The International History Review 35, no. 3 (2013): 465–85.
Henckaerts, Jean-Marie. “The Development of International Humanitarian Law and the Continued Relevance of Custom.” In The Legitimate Use of Military Force, 117–33. Routledge, 2016.
Heper, Metin. “The European Union, the Turkish Military and Democracy.” South European Society and Politics 10, no. 1 (2005): 33–44.
Hiemstra, Heleen, and Ellen Nohle. The Role of Non-State Armed Groups in the Development and Interpretation of International Humanitarian Law. Springer, 2019.
Higgins, Noelle. “The Geneva Conventions and Non-International Armed Conflicts.” In Revisiting the Geneva Conventions: 1949-2019, 168–89. Brill Nijhoff, 2019.
Hilal, Jamil. “The Fragmentation of the Palestinian Political Field.” Contemporary Arab Affairs 11, no. 1–2 (March 21, 2018): 189–216. https://doi.org/10.1525/caa.2018.000012.
Hirschfeld, Yair. “Maintaining the Struggle for a Two-State Solution Under Sharon and Olmert (2001–2009) BT - The Israeli–Palestinian Peace Process: A Personal Insider’s Account.” edited by Yair Hirschfeld, 163–91. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43285-9_8.
Hoffman, Peter J, and Thomas G Weiss. Humanitarianism, War, and Politics: Solferino to Syria and Beyond. Rowman & Littlefield, 2017.
Hroub, Khaled. Hamas. The Other Press, 2009.
Hughes, R Gerald, and Thomas Robb. “Kissinger and the Diplomacy of Coercive Linkage in the ‘Special Relationship’ between the United States and Great Britain, 1969–1977*.” Diplomatic History 37, no. 4 (September 1, 2013): 861–905. https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dht061.
Huneidi, Sahar. The Hidden History of the Balfour Declaration. OR Books, 2019.
Huntington, Samuel P. “The Clash of Civilizations?” In The New Social Theory Reader, 305–13. Routledge, 2020.
Hurewitz, Jacob Coleman. The Struggle for Palestine. Plunkett Lake Press, 2022.
Husseini, Jalal Al. “The Palestinian Refugee Issue.” In Routledge Handbook on Palestine, 364–81. Routledge, 2024.
Inbar, Efraim. “Israel’s Palestinian Dilemmas.” Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, February 4, 2016. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep04450.
Inbar, Efraim, and Menachem Bacharach. “The Perils of Containment/Restraint in Israel’s National Security Behavior.” Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs 18, no. 1 (January 2, 2024): 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/23739770.2024.2321546.
Indriasandi, Ihwanarotama Bella, and Wildana Wargadinata. “Palestine-Israel Conflict Resolution Analysis Study in the Perspective of Islamic History.” Jurnal Al-Azhar Indonesia Seri Humaniora 8, no. 2 (2023): 102–12.
Irfan, Anne. “Palestine at the UN: The PLO and UNRWA in the 1970s.” Journal of Palestine Studies 49, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 26–47. https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.2020.49.2.26.
ISHAMALI, Isaac, and OKOI Ibiang. “Peace Agreements: Instruments of Resolving Conflict in Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.” GNOSI: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Human Theory and Praxis 6, no. 2 (2023): 99–116.
İşleyen, Beste. “Governing the Israeli–Palestinian Peace Process: The European Union Partnership for Peace.” Security Dialogue 46, no. 3 (June 29, 2015): 256–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010615579563.
J.G. Starke. Pengantar Hukum Internasional. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 1999.
Jabareen, Hassan. “20 Years of Oslo:The Green Line’s Challenge to the Statehood Project.” Journal of Palestine Studies 43, no. 1 (November 1, 2013): 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.2013.43.1.41.
Jamal, Manal A. “Beyond Fateh Corruption and Mass Discontent: Hamas, the Palestinian Left and the 2006 Legislative Elections.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 40, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 273–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2013.791135.
Jamaluddine, Zeina, Hanan Abukmail, Sarah Aly, Oona M R Campbell, and Francesco Checchi. “Traumatic Injury Mortality in the Gaza Strip from Oct 7, 2023, to June 30, 2024: A Capture–Recapture Analysis.” The Lancet, 2025.
Jensehaugen, Jørgen. Arab-Israeli Diplomacy under Carter: The US, Israel and the Palestinians. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018.
Jones, Reece. Border Walls: Security and the War on Terror in the United States, India, and Israel. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012.
Karsh, Efraim. “From Oslo to Be’eri: How the 30-Years-Long Peace Delusion Led to Hamas’s 10/7 Massacres.” Israel Affairs, n.d., 1–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2024.2399882.
———. “Israel 25 Years after the Oslo Accords: Why Did Rabin Fall for Them?” Middle East Quarterly, 2018.
Kaufman, Asher. “Rethinking The Root Causes of The First Lebanon War: Bringing Together Lebanon and The Palestinian Occupied Territories, 1977–1982.” Israel Studies 29, no. 3 (2024).
Kear, Martin. Hamas and Palestine:The Contested Road to Statehood. Routledge, 2018. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429505270.
Khalidi, Rashid. “1948 and after in Palestine: Universal Themes?” Critical Inquiry 40, no. 4 (June 2014): 314–31. https://doi.org/10.1086/676410.
———. The Hundred Years’ War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917–2017. Metropolitan Books, 2020.
Khalil, Osamah F. “The Radical Crescent: The United States, the Palestine Liberation Organisation, and the Lebanese Civil War, 1973–1978.” Diplomacy & Statecraft 27, no. 3 (July 2, 2016): 496–522. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592296.2016.1196071.
Khan, Abdul Majid. “Palestine, Israel and Jordan.” India Quarterly 6, no. 4 (1950): 341–51.
Khan, Borhan Uddin, and Mohammad Nazmuzzaman Bhuian. “The Development of the Geneva Conventions.” In Revisiting the Geneva Conventions: 1949-2019, 12–39. Brill | Nijhoff, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004375543_003.
Khatib, Ghassan. Palestinian Politics and the Middle East Peace Process. 1st ed. Routledge, 2010. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203863978.
Kieninger, Stephan. “A Preponderance of Stability: Henry Kissinger’s Concern over the Dynamics of Ostpolitik.” Journal of Transatlantic Studies 17, no. 1 (March 13, 2019): 42–60. https://doi.org/10.1057/s42738-019-00003-3.
Kirchner, Stefan. “Modern International Humanitarian Law.” In International Law, 231–56. Routledge, 2018.
Kochavi, Arieh J. “The US, Britain and the Palestinian Refugee Question after the Six Day War.” Middle Eastern Studies 48, no. 4 (July 2012): 537–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2012.682575.
Korn, David A. Stalemate:The War Of Attrition And Great Power Diplomacy In The Middle East, 1967-1970. Routledge, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429307331.
Kumaraswamy, P R. The Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Ringside View. Routledge India, 2023.
Kurzman, Charles. Modernist Islam, 1840-1940: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press, USA, 2002.
Landau, Dana M, and Lior Lehrs. “Populist Peacemaking: Trump’s Peace Initiatives in the Middle East and the Balkans.” International Affairs 98, no. 6 (November 2, 2022): 2001–19. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiac228.
Lapidoth, Ruth. “The Misleading Interpretation of UN Security Council Resolution 242 (1967).” Jewish Political Studies Review 23, no. 3/4 (February 4, 2011): 7–17.
Laveleye, Émile De. “Egypt for Egyptians.” Fortnightly Review, 1882.
Lehrs, Lior. “Jerusalem on the Negotiating Table: Analyzing the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Talks on Jerusalem (1993-2015).” Israel Studies 21, no. 3 (February 4, 2016): 179–205. https://doi.org/10.2979/israelstudies.21.3.09.
Levey, Zach. “The United States, Israel and the 1976 Red Lines in Lebanon.” The International History Review 44, no. 4 (September 6, 2022): 772–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2021.1976811.
Levy, Gideon. The Killing of Gaza: Reports on a Catastrophe. Verso Books, 2024.
Lewin, Eyal. “The Inevitable Dead End of the Arab-Israeli Conflict.” Edited by Sylvia I Bergh. Cogent Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (December 31, 2016): 1227294. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2016.1227294.
Litvak, Meir. “The Islamization of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict: The Case of Hamas.” Middle Eastern Studies 34, no. 1 (1998): 148–63.
Liverani, Mario. Israel’s History and the History of Israel. Routledge, 2014. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315710433.
Loevy, Karin. “Reinventing a Region (1915–22): Visions of the Middle East in Legal and Diplomatic Texts Leading to the Palestine Mandate.” Israel Law Review 49, no. 3 (2016): 309–37.
Løvlie, Frode. “Explaining Hamas’s Changing Electoral Strategy, 1996–2006.” Government and Opposition 48, no. 4 (2013): 570–93. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2013.3.
Lupovici, Amir. “Ontological Security and the Israeli–Palestinian Peace Process: Between Unstable Conflict and Conflict in Resolution.” In Conflict Resolution and Ontological Security, 33–51. Routledge, 2014.
Lyon, David, Yasmeen Abu-laban, Francis Group, Ella Zureik, and Yasmeen Abulaban. Surveillance and Control in Israel / Palestine. Edited by Elia Zureik. Routledge, n.d.
Maalouf, Nicholas. “The US Mediation Team’s Role in Camp David II.” University, 2018.
Macak, Kubo. Internationalized Armed Conflicts in International Law. Oxford University Press, 2018.
Madani, Loubna. “Reassessing Peace: The Implications of the Abraham Accords for Conflict Resolution in the Gulf Region.” Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies 18, no. 3 (July 2, 2024): 260–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/25765949.2024.2416845.
Mahler, Gregory S. The Arab-Israeli Conflict:An Introduction and Documentary Reader. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2023. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003348948.
Malici, Akan. An Introduction to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Taylor & Francis, 2025.
Marcus, Raphael D. “Learning ‘Under Fire’: Israel’s Improvised Military Adaptation to Hamas Tunnel Warfare.” Journal of Strategic Studies 42, no. 3–4 (June 7, 2019): 344–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2017.1307744.
Mathew, William M. “The Balfour Declaration and the Palestine Mandate, 1917–1923: British Imperialist Imperatives.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 40, no. 3 (July 2013): 231–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2013.791133.
Mathew, William M. “War-Time Contingency and the Balfour Declaration of 1917: An Improbable Regression.” Journal of Palestine Studies 40, no. 2 (2011): 26–42.
McClean, Stefan Robert. “From Theory to Reality: A Definition for the Termination of Non-International Armed Conflicts.” Journal of Conflict and Security Law 28, no. 3 (2023): 533–67.
McGahern, Una, Dalal Iriqat, and Amin Al-Haj. “Building a Border-City University in Occupied Palestine: Developing a Cross-Border ‘Resistance Economy’ in Practice.” Political Geography 108 (2024): 103030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2023.103030.
Melzer, Nils, and Etienne Kuster. “International Humanitarian Law.” A Comprehensive Introduction. Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross, 2019.
Michaľák, Tomáš. “The Palestinians and the Outbreak of Civil War in Lebanon (1975).” Asian and African Studies 22, no. 1 (2013).
Mitchell, George J, and Alon Sachar. A Path to Peace: A Brief History of Israeli-Palestinian Negotiations and a Way Forward in the Middle East. Simon and Schuster, 2017.
Moniz Bandeira, Luiz Alberto. “Great Israel, Israel and Palestina.” In The Second Cold War: Geopolitics and the Strategic Dimensions of the USA, edited by Luiz Alberto Moniz Bandeira, 303–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54888-3_23.
Montgomery, Evan Braden, and Stacie L Pettyjohn. “Democratization, Instability, and War: Israel’s 2006 Conflicts with Hamas and Hezbollah.” Security Studies 19, no. 3 (August 31, 2010): 521–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2010.503514.
Morris, Benny. 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War. Yale University Press, 2008.
———. “1948 Refugees.” Israel Law Review 51, no. 1 (2018): 47–110. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021223717000280.
Morris, Ellen. The Architecture of Imperialism: Military Bases and the Evolution of Foreign Policy in Egypt’s New Kingdom. Vol. 22. Brill, 2021.
Mrázek, Josef. “International Criminal Court, War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity.” In The Rome Statute of the ICC at Its Twentieth Anniversary, 65–82. Brill Nijhoff, 2018.
Müller, Patrick, and Claire Spencer. “From Madrid to Camp David: Europe, the US, and the Middle East Peace Process in the 1990s.” In European-American Relations and the Middle East, 120–35. Routledge, 2010.
Nasrallah, Rami. “The First and Second Palestinian Intifadas.” In Routledge Handbook on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 74–86. Routledge, 2013.
Nelson, Ian. “Infinite Conditions on the Road to Peace: The Second New Labour Government’s Foreign Policy Approach to the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict after 9/11.” Contemporary British History 33, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 123–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/13619462.2018.1535974.
Nijim, Mohammed. “Genocide in Palestine: Gaza as a Case Study.” The International Journal of Human Rights 27, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 165–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2022.2065261.
Norton, Augustus Richard. “Hizrallah and the Israeli Withdrawal from Southern Lebanon.” In Warfare in the Middle East since 1945, 483–96. Routledge, 2017.
Nuño, LCDR Geronimo. Incomplete Victory: General Allenby and Mission Command in Palestine, 1917-1918. Pickle Partners Publishing, 2015.
O’Ballance, Edgar. The Palestinian Intifada. Springer, 2016.
Omer, Mohammed. Shell Shocked: On the Ground Under Israel’s Gaza Assault. Haymarket Books, 2015.
Pappe, Ilan. A History of Modern Palestine. Cambridge University Press, 2022.
Pappé, Ilan. The Forgotten Palestinians: A History of the Palestinians in Israel. Yale University Press, 2011.
Parsons, Nigel, and Mark B Salter. “Israeli Biopolitics: Closure, Territorialisation and Governmentality in the Occupied Palestinian Territories.” Geopolitics 13, no. 4 (2008): 701–23.
Paul, NWALA. “An Examination of International Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict: Perspective from the Legal Issues on War Crimes in Africa.” Wukari International Studies Journal 6, no. 2 (2022): 22.
Pelham, Nicolas. “Gaza’s Tunnel Phenomenon: The Unintended Dynamics of Israel’s Siege.” Journal of Palestine Studies 41, no. 4 (July 1, 2012): 6–31. https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.2012.XLI.4.6.
Perry, Simon, Robert Apel, Graeme R Newman, and Ronald V Clarke. “The Situational Prevention of Terrorism: An Evaluation of the Israeli West Bank Barrier.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 33, no. 4 (2017): 727–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-016-9309-6.
Peters, Anne, and Tom Sparks. The Individual in International Law. Oxford University Press, 2024.
Peters, Joel. “The Camp David Summit: A Tale of Two Narratives.” In Routledge Handbook on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 87–96. Routledge, 2013.
Peterson, M J. “The UN General Assembly.” In International Organization and Global Governance, 277–91. Routledge, 2023.
Pilecki, Andrew, and Phillip L Hammack. “Negotiating the Past, Imagining the Future: Israeli and Palestinian Narratives in Intergroup Dialog.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 43 (2014): 100–113.
Pogodda, Sandra, and Oliver Richmond. “Peace Formation versus Everyday State Formation in Palestine.” In Post-Liberal Peace Transitions: Between Peace Formation and State Formation, 105–25. Edinburgh University Press, 2016.
Pressman, Jeremy. “Explaining the Carter Administration’s Israeli–Palestinian Solution.” Diplomatic History 37, no. 5 (November 1, 2013): 1117–47. https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dht056.
———. “From Madrid and Oslo to Camp David: The United States and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1991–2001.” In The Middle East and the United States, 185–202. Routledge, 2018.
———. “History in Conflict: Israeli–Palestinian Speeches at the United Nations, 1998–2016.” Mediterranean Politics 25, no. 4 (2020): 476–98.
Quandt, William B. Camp David: Peacemaking and Politics. Brookings Institution Press, 2015.
Quéguiner, Jean-François. “The Principle of Distinction: Beyond an Obligation of Customary International Humanitarian Law.” In The Legitimate Use of Military Force, 161–87. Routledge, 2016.
Rabi, Uzi, and Chelsi Mueller. “The Gulf Arab States and Israel since 1967: From ‘No Negotiation’ to Tacit Cooperation.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 44, no. 4 (October 2, 2017): 576–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2017.1360013.
Rabinovich, Itamar, and Haim Shaked. From June To October: Middle East Between 1967 and 1973. Routledge, 2017. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203791325.
Ramsden, Michael. “Litigating the Gaza Crisis: Legal and Political Strategies in South Africa v. Israel.” Israel, 2024.
Ravndal, Ellen Jenny. “‘The First Major Test’: The UN Secretary-General and the Palestine Problem, 1947–9.” The International History Review 38, no. 1 (January 20, 2016): 196–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2015.1023212.
Regan, Bernard. The Balfour Declaration: Empire, the Mandate and Resistance in Palestine. Verso Books, 2017.
Reich, Bernard, and Shannon Powers. “The United States and Israel: The Nature of a Special Relationship.” In The Middle East and the United States, Student Economy Edition, 220–43. Routledge, 2018.
Reiter, Yitzhak, and Dvir Dimant. Islam, Jews and the Temple Mount. Routledge, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003032977.
Rettig, Elai, and Eli Avraham. “The Role of Intergovernmental Organizations in the ‘Battle over Framing’: The Case of the Israeli–West Bank Separation Barrier.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 21, no. 1 (November 4, 2015): 111–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161215613060.
Ricarte, Joana. “The UN Approach to the ‘Question of Palestine’ During the Cold War BT - The Impact of Protracted Peace Processes on Identities in Conflict: The Case of Israel and Palestine.” edited by Joana Ricarte, 117–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16567-2_5.
Rikhye, Major General Indar Jit. The Sinai Blunder: Withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force Leading.... Routledge, 2013.
Rodman, David. Israel in the 1973 Yom Kippur War: Diplomacy, Battle and Lessons. Liverpool University Press, 2016.
———. Sword & Shield of Zion: The Israel Air Force in the ArabIsraeli Conflict, 1948-2012. Liverpool University Press, 2013.
Rogan, Eugene. ““The First World War and Its Legacy in the Middle East.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Contemporary Middle East and North African History, 93–108. Oxford University Press, 2015.
Rogers, A P V. “Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked.” In Law on the Battlefield, 66–96. Manchester University Press, 2024.
Romann, Michael, and Alex Weingrod. Living Together Separately: Arabs and Jews in Contemporary Jerusalem. Vol. 1140. Princeton University Press, 2014.
Rosoux, Valérie. “Israeli and Palestinian Stories. Can Mediators Reconfigure Incompatible Narratives?” Global Policy 10 (2019): 61–67.
Rost, M L C. “In Peaces: The Bush Administration and the Israel-Palestine Conflict, 2001-2006,” 2010.
Rouhana, Nadim N., and Areej Sabbagh-Khoury. “Settler-Colonial Citizenship: Conceptualizing the Relationship between Israel and Its Palestinian Citizens.” Settler Colonial Studies 5, no. 3 (July 3, 2015): 205–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2014.947671.
Rynhold, Jonathan. “The Second Trump Administration: Foreign Policy, the Middle East, and Israel.” Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, n.d., 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/23739770.2024.2451481.
Safran, Nadav. The United States and Israel. Harvard University Press, 1963.
Salah, Aqel Mohammed Ahmed. “The Hamas Movement and Its Political and Democratic Practice, 1992–2016.” Contemporary Arab Affairs 10, no. 4 (October 21, 2017): 561–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2017.1401739.
Sassòli, Marco. “International and Non-International Armed Conflicts.” In International Humanitarian Law, 227–54. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2024.
Schachter, Oscar. International Law in Theory and Practice. Vol. 13. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2024.
Schleifer, Ron. “The 2018-19 Gaza Fence Clashes: A Case Study in Psychological Warfare.” Israel Affairs 28, no. 3 (May 4, 2022): 357–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2022.2066842.
Schmitt, Michael N. “Human Shields in International Humanitarian Law.” In Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, 17–59. Brill Nijhoff, 2008.
Schneer, Jonathan. The Balfour Declaration: The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. A&C Black, 2011.
Schoenbaum, David. The United States and the State of Israel. Oxford University Press, USA, 1993.
Schwartz, Adi, and Eytan Gilboa. “The False Readiness Theory: Explaining Failures to Negotiate Israeli-Palestinian Peace.” International Negotiation 28, no. 1 (2022): 126–54. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718069-bja10059.
Scott-Baumann, Michael. The Shortest History of Israel and Palestine: From Zionism to Intifadas and the Struggle for Peace (Shortest History). The Experiment, LLC, 2023.
Sela, Avraham. “The PLO at Fifty: A Historical Perspective.” Contemporary Review of the Middle East 1, no. 3 (September 27, 2014): 269–333. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347798914542326.
Seliktar, Ofira, and Farhad Rezaei. “Deploying Proxies Against the ‘Zionist Enemy’ and Undermining the Oslo Peace Process.” In Iran, Revolution, and Proxy Wars, edited by Ofira Seliktar and Farhad Rezaei, 57–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29418-2_3.
Sergeev, Artem. “Applying Additional Protocol II of the Geneva Conventions to the United Nations Forces: Legal Insights on a Growing Responsibility.” Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies 8, no. 1–2 (2017): 234–54.
Shalom, Zaki. Israel, the United States, and the War Against Hamas, July-August 2014: The Special Relationship under Scrutiny. Liverpool University Press, 2019.
———. “The Controversy Surrounding Prime Minister Netanyahu’s Position Regarding the Two-State Solution–Background and Implications.” In Polarization and Consensus-Building in Israel, 240–60. Routledge, 2023.
Shambrook, Peter. Policy of Deceit: Britain and Palestine, 1914-1939. Simon and Schuster, 2023.
Shindler, Colin. A History of Modern Israel. Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Shlaim, Avi. “The Oslo Accord.” Journal of Palestine Studies 23, no. 3 (1994): 24–40.
Shupak, Greg. The Wrong Story: Palestine, Israel, and the Media. Or Books, 2018.
Siklawi, Rami. “The Palestinian Resistance Movement In Lebanon: Survival, Challenges, and Opportunities.” Arab Studies Quarterly 39, no. 3 (February 3, 2017): 923–37. https://doi.org/10.13169/arabstudquar.39.3.0923.
Simon, Steven, and Jonathan Stevenson. “The Gaza Horror and US Policy.” In Survival, 37–56. Routledge, 2023.
Škrbić, Ajla. “Armed Conflict.” In Encyclopedia of Law and Development, 16–19. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021.
Smooha, Sammy. Arabs and Jews in Israel. 1st ed. Routledge, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429033209.
Soesilo, Galih Bagas, Muhamad Abas, Halisma Amili, and A R Mursyidin. HUKUM INTERNASIONAL. Mafy Media Literasi Indonesia, 2023.
Solis, Gary D. The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War. Cambridge University Press, 2021.
Sørensen, Georg, Jørgen Møller, and Robert H Jackson. Introduction to International Relations: Theories and Approaches. Oxford university press, 2022.
Spiegel, Steven L. “The Origins of the Relationship of the United States to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Emerge in the Immediate Aftermath of World War II. At the End of the War, Americans Were Publicly Focused on the Holocaust and Jews in the European Displaced Persons’.” In The Routledge Handbook on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 295. Routledge, 2013.
Sprinzak, Ehud. “The Israeli Right and the Peace Process.” In Peacemaking in a Divided Society, 67–95. Routledge, 2014.
Storey, Robert W. “A Step-by-Step Reappraisal of the Irreversible Journey from the Balfour Declaration of 1917 to the Partition of Palestine in 1947.” Kingston University, 2019.
Subrahmanyam, K. “The Lessons of the 1973 Arab–Israeli War.” Strategic Analysis 48, no. 3 (May 3, 2024): 273–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2024.2372755.
Sullivan, Patricia L. Who Wins?: Predicting Strategic Success and Failure in Armed Conflict. Oxford University Press, 2012.
Szekely, Ora, and Ora Szekely. “Hamas.” The Politics of Militant Group Survival in the Middle East: Resources, Relationships, and Resistance, 2017, 201–49.
Tal, David. “Israel’s Wars.” In The Oxford Handbook of Israeli Politics and Society, 2018.
Tamimi, Azzam. Hamas: Unwritten Chapters. Hurst Publishers, 2024.
Teitelbaum, Joshua, and Joseph Kostiner. “The West Bank and Gaza: The PLO and the Intifada.” In Revolutions of the Late Twentieth Century, 298–323. Routledge, 2019.
Terry, Janice J. “Unrequited Hope: Obama and Palestine.” Arab Studies Quarterly 39, no. 3 (February 3, 2017): 896–909. https://doi.org/10.13169/arabstudquar.39.3.0896.
Tivadar, Liliana-Maria. “The Gaza Strip and the Israel-Hamas Conflict: From 2008 until Nowadays.” Acta Musei Napocensis. Historica 58, no. 58 (2021): 293–311.
Todeschini, Vito. “The ICCPR in Armed Conflict: An Appraisal of the Human Rights Committee’s Engagement with International Humanitarian Law.” Nordic Journal of Human Rights 35, no. 3 (July 3, 2017): 203–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/18918131.2017.1353213.
Trindade, Mariana. “The Israeli-Palestinian Road Towards Peace: The Camp David-Taba Case Study, 2000-2001.” Universidade Catolica Portuguesa (Portugal), 2023.
Troen, Ilan, and Shay Rabineau. “Competing Concepts of Land in Eretz Israel.” Israel Studies 19, no. 2 (February 4, 2014): 162–86. https://doi.org/10.2979/israelstudies.19.2.162.
Troen, S. Ilan. “Conquest, Treaties and Self-Determination.” In Israel/Palestine in World Religions, 21–42. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50914-8_2.
Ulrichsen, Kristian Coates, and Kristian Coates Ulrichsen. “Intensification of Wartime Control, 1917–18.” In The Logistics and Politics of the British Campaigns in the Middle East, 1914–22, 63–78. Springer, 2011.
Vanhullebusch, Matthias. The Law of International Humanitarian Relief in Non-International Armed Conflicts. Vol. 59. Brill, 2021.
Vaught, Seneca. “No Justice, No Peace Prize: Stanley ‘Tookie’ Williams, the 1992 Bloods-Crips Truce, and the Limits of Racial Peacekeeping.” Peace & Change 46, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 353–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/pech.12493.
Venter, Al J. Lebanon: Levantine Calvary, 1958–1990. Casemate Publishers, 2017.
Vericat, José S. “A Palestinian Statelet in Gaza.” Journal of Palestine Studies 49, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 109–26. https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.2020.49.4.109.
Vité, Sylvain. “Typology of Armed Conflicts in International Humanitarian Law: Legal Concepts and Actual Situations.” International Review of the Red Cross 91, no. 873 (2009): 69–94.
Weiss, Thomas G. Humanitarian Intervention. John Wiley & Sons, 2016.
Wells, Audrey. “Israel and the Palestinians: The Futility of Violent Revenge BT.” In The Importance of Forgiveness and the Futility of Revenge: Case Studies in Contemporary International Politics, edited by Audrey Wells, 103–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87552-7_13.
Wheatley, N. “Mandatory Interpretation: Legal Hermeneutics and the New International Order in Arab and Jewish Petitions to the League of Nations.” Past & Present 227, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 205–48. https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtv020.
Whyte, Jessica. “The” Dangerous Concept of the Just War”: Decolonization, Wars of National Liberation, and the Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions.” In Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, 9:313–41. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018.
Wibowo, Hanafi. Palestine: Long Road To Freedom. Neosphere Digdaya Mulia, 2024.
Wilson, Page. “The Myth of International Humanitarian Law.” International Affairs 93, no. 3 (2017): 563–79.
Wolf, Aaron T. Hydropolitics along the Jordan River: Scarce Water and Its Impact on the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Vol. 99. United Nations University Press, 1995.
Wolfsfeld, Gadi. “The Role of the Media in Violent Conflicts in the Digital Age: Israeli and Palestinian Leaders’ Perceptions.” Media, War & Conflict 11, no. 1 (September 19, 2017): 107–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635217727312.
Wyman, David S. Paper Walls: America and the Refugee Crisis, 1938-1941. Plunkett Lake Press, 2019.
Yehoshua, Sagit. “Hamas.” In Routledge Handbook of Terrorism and Counterterrorism, 292–301. Routledge, 2018.
Yiftachel, Oren. “Territory as the Kernel of the Nation: Space, Time and Nationalism in Israel/Palestine.” Geopolitics 7, no. 2 (2002): 215–48.
Zamir, Noam. “The History of the Distinction between International and Non-International Armed Conflicts.” In Classification of Conflicts in International Humanitarian Law, 10–47. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2017.
Zanotti, Jim. Israel: Background and US Relations. Congressional Research Service, 2014.
———. Israel and Hamas: Conflict in Gaza (2008-2009). DIANE Publishing, 2010.
Zohar, Eran. “The Arming of Non-State Actors in the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 69, no. 4 (July 4, 2015): 438–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2014.988206.
Zoughbie, Daniel E. Indecision Points: George W. Bush and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. MIT Press, 2014.
Zuhur, Sherifa. Hamas and Israel: Conflicting Strategies of Group-Based Politics. US Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, 2008.
Downloads
Published
Article ID
19692Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Mochamad Kevin Romadhona, Sri Endah Kinasih, Rachmat Dimas Oktafenanda, Seokkyu Kim (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
All writings published in this journal are personal views of the authors and do not represent the views of this journal and the author's affiliated institutions. Author(s) retain copyrights under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).
