Criminal Law Reform in Education Based on Human Rights: A Comparative Perspective

Pudji Astuti; Thamasi Konara

doi:10.15294/jllr.v6i3.23739

Authors

Pudji Astuti Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Indonesia Author https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8385-026X
Thamasi Konara Faculty of Law, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Sri Lanka Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v6i3.23739

Keywords:

Criminal Law, Education, Human Rights

Abstract

Educational criminal law aims to protect human rights for both teachers and students. This research aims to analyze the reform of criminal law in education by comparing the laws of Indonesia, Finland, and Egypt. This research is a normative legal study with a comparative, conceptual, and legislative approach. The novelty of this research lies in the substance of criminal law regulations in the field of education in Indonesia, which are still general, such as sanctions for teachers who commit molestation against students. The novelty of this research is that in Finland, the critical role of SOOL as a teacher professional organization is being implemented in cases involving teachers and students, and in Egypt, where criminal sanctions related to the abuse of authority in establishing higher education institutions are emphasized. The reform of criminal law in the field of education in Indonesia can be directed towards protecting teachers and involving teacher professional organizations to ensure that teachers cannot be criminally prosecuted for imposing disciplinary sanctions, while also guaranteeing student protection. This research recommends the need for specific regulations on criminal sanctions in the field of education in a separate special or sectoral law as a lex specialis of the New Criminal Code.

References

Anthony Welch, E. Aminudin Aziz. “Higher Education in Indonesia.” In International Handbook on Education in South East Asia, 1–30. Springer International Handbooks of Education, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/03062848608729650.

Baranovska, Tetiana, Oleh Ihnatiuk, Stanislav Sokha, Lidiia Мoskvych, and Olena Dragan. “Theoretical and Practical Dimensions of Legal Responsibility in Criminal Justice.” Multidisciplinary Science Journal 6, no. 1 (May 7, 2024): 2024ss0737. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2024ss0737.

Chloupis, Georgios, and Despoina Kontompasi. “Examining the Relation between Education, Recidivism & Crime Prevention.” Discover Global Society 3, no. 1 (March 24, 2025): 18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44282-025-00153-0.

Choirunnisa, Sutiani. “Legal Protection Against Women Victims of Sexual Harassment Through Social Media (Cyberporn).” The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 3, no. 3 (2021): 367–80. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijicle.v3i3.48266.

Danish Bashir Mangi, Ihsanullah Butro, and Tahseen Akhtar Memon. “AI and Criminal Liability: Theoretical Dilemmas in Applying Criminal Law to Artificial Intelligence.” The Critical Review of Social Sciences Studies 3, no. 2 (June 12, 2025): 2174–86. https://doi.org/10.59075/cxwpfa06.

Dmello, Jared R, and Stuti Kokkalera. “Teaching Beyond Borders : Elevating Global Perspectives in the Criminal Juﬆice Classroom Teaching Beyond Borders : Elevating Global Perspectives in the Criminal Justice Classroom.” Journal of Criminal Justice Education 36, no. 1 (2025): 103–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511253.2024.2389092.

Donny Widianto and Zainal Arifin Hoesein. “Positivism Theory in the Context of Modern Legal Thought.” International Journal of Law and Society 1, no. 4 (October 2024): 258–67. https://doi.org/10.62951/ijls.v1i4.204.

Duffy, Aoife. “Applying Critical Pedagogies to Human Rights Education.” The International Journal of Human Rights, October 2024, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2024.2411623.

Eddyono, Sri Wiyanti. “Restorative Justice for Victims’ Rights on Sexual Violence: Tension in Law and Policy Reform in Indonesia.” Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights 5, no. 2 (2021): 176–201. https://doi.org/10.19184/jseahr.v5i2.28011.

Edwards, James, and Tarek Yusari. “The Internal Morality of Criminal Law.” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 43, no. 3 (2023): 475–96. https://doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqad005.

Erliyani, Rahmida. “Examining Religious and Justice System in Indonesia to Prevent Cyberbullying.” International Journal of Cyber Criminology 15, no. 2 (2021): 112–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766548.

Faisal, Andri Yanto, Derita Prapti Rahayu, Dwi Haryadi, Anri Darmawan, and Jeanne Darc Noviayanti Manik. “Genuine Paradigm of Criminal Justice: Rethinking Penal Reform within Indonesia’s New Criminal Code.” Cogent Social Sciences 10, no. 1 (December 31, 2024): 3–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2301634.

Miarsa, Fajar Rachmad Dwi, Hardi Anugrah Santoso, Tita Amalia, and Beni Saputra. 2024. “LEGAL ANALYSIS OF DISCIPLINARY SANCTIONS BY TEACHERS TO STUDENTS AT SCHOOL”. ANAYASA : Journal of Legal Studies 1 (2):196-211. https://doi.org/10.61397/ays.v1i2.243.

Gunawan, Matthew Marcellinno, Pujiyono Suwadi, and Muhammad Rustamaji. “Comparison of Restorative Justice Implementation in Indonesia, USA, Germany, Poland, and Switzerland.” Revista de Gestao Social e Ambiental 18, no. 1 (2024): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n1-055.

Hammar, Roberth Kurniawan Ruslak. “Exploring the Intersection of Common Law and Criminal Justice System: Implications for Protecting Freedom of Speech in Indonesia.” International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences 17, no. 2 (2022): 299–311. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4756126.

Hariyanto, Hariyanto, Ahmad Rezy Meidina, and Mabarroh Azizah. “Decentralization and the Fulfilments of Children’s Rights: Challenges and Opportunities for Local Government in Indonesia.” Lex Scientia Law Review 8, no. 2 (November 30, 2024): 677–706. https://doi.org/10.15294/lslr.v8i2.14373.

Hasbullah, Muhammad Afif. “Implementation of Restorative Justice in Handling Cases of Bullying in Schools.” Journal of Positive School Psychology 6, no. 3 (2022): 9970–78. https://www.journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/5544.

Jahan, Rownok, Akram Uddin, Noor Mohammad Osmani, and Kabuye Uthman Sulaiman. “The Role of Women in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) In Islam: An Analysis of Gender Equality and Women Empowerment in the Modern World.” Al-Burhān: Journal of Qurʾān and Sunnah Studies 7, no. 2 (2023): 110–24. https://doi.org/10.31436/alburhn.v7i2.329.

Jämiä, Lotta, Elina Haavisto, and Jari Kylmä. “Sexual Health Education Knowledge Required by Health Education Teachers in Finland.” Sex Education 00, no. 00 (2024): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2024.2425016.

Khotimah, Khusnul, and Mokhamad Sukron. “The Realising of Religion Moderation in Tareqa Al-Yusriyyah As-Siddiqiyyah Ash-Shadhiliyyah.” HTS Teologiese Studies 79, no. 1 (2023): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4102/HTS.V79I1.7964.

Kohn, Lauren. “Integrity & Accountability Commissions of Inquiry: A South African Perspective.” Utrecht Law Review 20, no. 4 (2024): 98–119. https://doi.org/10.36633/ULR.1045.

Kouros, Kristiina, Reetta Toivanen, and Tuija Kasa. “The Finnish National Human Rights Institution’s Approach To Human Rights Education.” In Nordic Perspectives on Human Rights Education: Research and Practice for Social Justice, 44–58, 2024. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003340676-5.

Kovalainen, Anne, and Seppo Poutanen. “The State as an Agency in the Assetisation of Knowledge: The Case of the Finnish Education Export.” Learning, Media and Technology 1, no. 1 (2025): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2025.2450724.

Krzan, Bartlomiej. “Admissibility of Evidence and International Criminal Justice.” Revista Brasileira de Direito Processual Penal 7, no. 1 (2021): 161–88. https://doi.org/10.22197/RBDPP.V7I1.492.

Kuortti, Kimmo. “Repurposing Public Education: Governmental Rationality of Education Export in Finland through Public Education Problematisations.” Journal of Education Policy 1, no. 1 (2024): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2024.2358143.

Lavie, Limor. “Allies or Foes: The Interplay between Al-Azhar and the Muslim Brotherhood Following Egypt’s 2011 Uprising (2011–2021).” Middle Eastern Studies 1, no. 1 (2023): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2023.2259312.

Malby, Steven. “Beyond Sword and Shield: The UN Human Rights System and Criminal Law.” The International Journal of Human Rights 1, no. 1 (November 28, 2024): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2024.2432953.

Marin, Marilena. “Historical-Legal Study On The Methodology Of The Legal And Judicial Act Seen Through The Prism Of Educational Values.” Jurnalul Libertății De Conștiință 12, no. 3 (2024): 399–414.

Merlo, Alida V., and Peter J. Benekos. “Commentary: Where Are We Now? The Current State of Justice-Related Education.” Journal of Criminal Justice Education 35, no. 2 (April 2, 2024): 289–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511253.2024.2309937.

Morgan, Hani. “Restorative Justice and the School-to-Prison Pipeline: A Review of Existing Literature.” Education Sciences 11, no. 4 (2021): 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11040159.

Moussa, Abeir, and Shada Tarek. “Digital Transformation and Its Impact in Egypt: A Comprehensive Literature Review.” International Journal of Professional Business Review 8, no. 8 (2023): e02755. https://doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i8.2755.

Negara, Tunggul Ansari Setia. “Normative Legal Research In Indonesia: Its Origins And Approaches.” ACLJ 4, no. 1 (2023): 5.

Newmark, Diana. “The Illusion of Due Process in School Discipline.” William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal 32, no. 343 (2023): 343–75.

Peguero, Anthony A. “Commentary: Shaping the Future of Criminal Justice Education: Insights from ACJS Leadership Survey Analysis.” Journal of Criminal Justice Education 35, no. 2 (April 2, 2024): 423–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511253.2024.2309940.

Priskila Kurniawati, Joko Setiyono. “Enforcement of Human Rights in Providing Children Protection in the School Educational Environment in the City of Surabaya.” International Journal of Social Science and Human Research 5, no. 7 (2022): 2808–16. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v5-i7-06.

Purwati, Ani. Metode Penelitian Hukum Teori Dan Praktek. 1st ed. Surabaya: CV. Jakad Media Publishing, 2020.

Rahmawati, Erni, and Mohammad Kemal Dermawan. “Vacuum Effect of Wrongful Criminal Justice Process: The Case of Indonesia.” Indonesian Journal of Social Science Research 4, no. 2 (2023): 182–227. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijssr.04.02.10.

Reimers, Fernando M. “The Sustainable Development Goals and Education, Achievements and Opportunities.” International Journal of Educational Development 104, no. 1 (January 2024): 102965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2023.102965.

Rodliyah, Salim H.S. Pengantar Hukum Pidana Mengacu Pada KUHP Baru (UU NO.1 Tahun 2023. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2024.

Rossner, Meredith, and Helen Taylor. “The Transformative Potential of Restorative Justice: What the Mainstream Can Learn from the Margins.” Annual Review of Criminology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-030421-040921.

Royani, Yayan Muhammad, and Hee Cheol Park. “Striking a Balance: Exploring Harmony in Indonesian Criminal Law and Islamic Jurisprudence.” Walisongo Law Review (Walrev) 5, no. 2 (October 30, 2023): 155–82. https://doi.org/10.21580/walrev.2023.5.2.18196.

Saputro, Muhammad Eko, Vina Durrotul Mukhoyyaroh, Ayu Febrianti, Mohammad Saleh Tahir, Ridwan Arifin, and Dian Latifiani. “Identification of International Human Rights Principles in Indonesia’s New Criminal Code.” Law Research Review Quarterly 9, no. 4 (November 30, 2023): 435–58. https://doi.org/10.15294/lrrq.v9i4.74125.

Singla, Saurabh. “Reforming Criminal Justice : Evaluating the Efficacy of Restorative Justice Practices in Reducing Recidivism Rates.” Indian Journal of Law 2, no. 2 (2024): 32–35.

Tomczyk, Łukasz. “Online Attacks on Teachers versus Strategies to Address Cyberbullying and Cyberaggression in the School Ecosystem.” Contemporary Educational Technology 17, no. 1 (2025): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/15663.

Vuletic, Igor. “Corporate Criminal Liability: An Overview of the Croatian Model after 20 Years of Practice.” Laws 12, no. 2 (2023): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws12020027.

Warsito, Warsito, Abdulah Sulaiman, and Vientje Ratna Multiwijaya “Legal Consideration, Death Penalty in the Perspective of Criminal Law and Buddhism in Indonesia.” Interdisciplinary Social Studies 2, no. 2 (2022): 1671–80. https://doi.org/10.55324/iss.v2i2.337.

Wilenmann, Javier. “It Is the Interaction, Not a Specific Feature! A Pluralistic Theory of the Distinctiveness of Criminal Law.” Criminal Law and Philosophy 17, no. 1 (April 25, 2023): 61–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11572-021-09616-2.

Wulandari, Gendis. “Legal Aspect for Teachers in Educating Their Students to Avoid Criminalization.” Norma 17, no. 3 (2021): 53. https://doi.org/10.30742/nlj.v17i3.1042.

Yli-Pietilä, Roosa, T. Soini, J. Pietarinen, and K. Pyhältö. “Profiles of Teachers’ Professional Agency in the Classroom across Time.” Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 68, no. 5 (2024): 954–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2023.2196536.