The Role of A Judge’s Conscience in Deciding Criminal Cases: Practice of Criminal Justice in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v6i4.34799Keywords:
Indonesian judiciary, Judge’s conscience, Judge’s decisionAbstract
As the leading actor in the criminal justice system in Indonesia, a judge must engage in a dialogue with their conscience before deciding on a criminal case to ensure true justice for all parties. This article aims to analyze the functioning of judges’ consciences in their decisions within the criminal justice system in Indonesia. Therefore, a literature study was conducted. Data is collected by reading and tracing various relevant documents. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative methods. The results are as follows: first, conceptually, judges who have a conscience are constantly in dialogue with their consciences, and then they decide cases according to their sincere consciences. Second, in the context of criminal justice in Indonesia, judges are obligated to heed the promptings of their conscience every time they decide on a criminal case. This is because the ultimate goal of criminal justice is to uncover the truth and ensure justice for all parties, namely society, victims, and perpetrators of crimes. However, in fact, there are still judges who disregard their conscience and are easily influenced by extrajudicial powers, such as mass pressure and political interests. For this reason, it is necessary to submit several recommendations: (1) all parents should teach their children the importance of a simple, honest, committed, and responsible life because the family is a cell of society, a place for seedling law enforcement officials, including judges; (2) optimizing the role of the judicial commission in the form of policy support and adequate funds so that the institution can recruit prospective judges and professionally supervise the behavior of judges; (3) Judges who are involved in moral violations or abuse of power are subject to severe criminal sanctions to create a deterrent effect.
References
Abraham, Henry J. The Judicial Process, Sixth Edition, New York: Oxford University Press. 1993.
Arianto, Henry. Peranan Hakim Dalam Upaya Penegakkan Hukum Di Indonesia. Lex Jurnalica Volume 9 Nomor 3, Desember 2012.
Arief, Barda Nawawi. Bunga Rampai Kebijakan Hukum Pidana, Perkembangan Penyusunan Konsep KHP Baru, Kencana Prenada Media Group, 2014, hlm.
Ata Ujan, Andrea. Filsafat Hukum-Membangung Hukum, Membela Keadilan,Yogyakarta: Kanisius, Cet. V. 2009.
Beccaria, Cesare Bonesana De. “An Essay on Crimes and Punishment, By the Marquis Beccarioa of Milan. With a
Commentary by M. de Voltaire. A New Edition Corrected,” (Albany: W.C. Little & Co., 1872).
Bawono, Adi Condro. Penerapan Asas In Dubio Pro Reo, https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/asas-in-dubio-pro-reo-cl4142.
Berman, Harold J. Talks on American Law, diterjemahan oleh Gregory Churcill, Cet. 1, Jakarta, PT. Tata Nusa Indonesia, 1996.
Cavallini, Cesare. Why is the Iura Novit Curia Principle not Applied Yet in English Law? Global Jurist, DE GRUYTER, 2017 (1).
Cassese, Antonio. International Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, 2003.
Cross, Rupert. Punishment, Prison and The Public: An Assessment of Penal Reform in the Twentieth Century England by an Armchair Penologist, London: Stevens & Sons, 1971.
Dana, Shahram. Beyond Retroactivity to Realizing Justice: A Theory on The Principle Of Legality In International Criminal Law Sentencing, The Journal Of Criminal Law & Criminology, Northwestern University, School of Law, Printed in the U.S.A, Vol. 99, No. 4, 2009.
D’Amato, Anthony, “Legal Realism Explains Nothing” (2010). Faculty Working Papers. Paper 84, https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1083&context=facultyworkingpapers, diakses 22 Februari 2023.
Decock, Wim. The judge’s conscience, and The Protection of the Criminal Defendant: Moral Safeguards Against Judicial Arbitrariness, in “From the Judge’s Arbitrium to the Legality Principle: Legislation as a Source of Law in Criminal Trials”, edited by Georges Martyn, Anthony Musson, and Heikki Pihlajamäki. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 69-94. 2013.
Dewantara, Agustinus W. Filsafat Moral: Pergumulan Etis Keseharian Hidup Manusia. Yogyakarta: Kanisius. 2017.
Dewi, Ariana Patria. Putusan Hakim vs Hati Nurani, https://kawanhukum.id/putusan-hakim-vs-hati-nurani/. Diakses 30 April 2022.
Dewi, Erna. Peranan Hakim dalam Penegakan Hukum Pidana Indonesia. Pranata Hukum Volume 5 Nomor 2 - Juli 2010.
Friedman, Lawrence M. The Legal System, A Social Science Perspective, New York: Russel Sage Foundation, 1975.
-----------------. American Law in Introduction, Second Edition, Alih Bahasa Wisnu Basuki, Jakarta, Tata Nusa, 2001.
Franchini, Gene E. Conscience, Judging, and Conscientious Judging, The Journal of Appellate Practice and Process, Vol. 2 Issue 1, 2000.
Garner, H., Christopher D. Maxwell, and Jina Lee. The Specific Deterrent Effects of Criminal Sanctions for Intimate Partner Violence: A Meta-Analysis, Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, Volume 111, Issue 1 (2021).
Gerven, W. van. Het Beleid Van De Rechter, diterjemahan oleh Hartini Tranggono, Jakarta, Erlangga, 1990.
Hart, H.L.A. The Concept of Law, diterjemahkan oleh M. Khozim, Cet. ke-4, Penerbit Nusa Media, 2011.
Hiarriej, Edy O.S. Prinsip-prinsip Hukum Pidana, Edisi Revisi, Cahaya Atma Pustaka, Yogyakarta, 2003.
Hidayat, Rahmat. Diskresi Hakim Melalui Dissenting Opinon Dalam Pembentukan Putusan.https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5DxaF_9ujxbWTNvaEdLaGFmbG8/edit?resourcekey=0-e4ayo6P8ldVRYac4Deou8w. diakses 30 April 2022.
Husak, Douglas N., and Craig A. Callender, “Wilful Ignorance, Knowledge, And the ‘Equal Culpability’ Thesis: A Study of The Deeper Significance of The Principle of Legality in Thomas Morawetz (Ed.), Criminal Law, Ashgate Publishing Comp. Burlington, USA, 2000.
Imron, Ali. Peran Dan Kedudukan Empat Pilar Dalam Penegakan Hukum, Hakim, Jaksa, Polisi Serta Advocat Dihubungkan Dengan Penegakan Hukum Pada Kasus Korupsi, Jurnal Surya Kencana Dua: Dinamika Masalah Hukum dan Keadilan, Vol. 6 No.1, Maret 2016.
Johnson, Ben (Legislative Analyst). Deterrence Theory in Criminal Justice Policy: A Primer, Minnesota House Research Department, January 2019.
Joko Susanto, Indah Sri Utrari. Children as ictims of Secual Ciolence Committed by Parents: A Criminological Perspective. (Journal of Law and Legal Reform); 1(2): 353-363.
Larouer, Christophe J. In the Name of Sovereignty? The Battle over In Dubio Mitius Inside and Outside the Courts, Cornell Law School Inter-University Graduate Student Conference Papers. Paper 22, 2009, https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1050&context=lps_clacp.
Leahy, Louis. Manusia di Hadapan Allah, Jalan-jalan Terbuka Menuju Allah. Yogyakarta/Jakarta: Kanisius/BPK Gunung Mulia. 1982.
Magnis-Suseno, Etika Dasar:Masalah-Masalah Pokok Filsafat Moral (edisi Elektronik). Yogyakarta: Kanisius. 2016.
Mertokusumo, Sudikno. Penemuan Hukum. Yogyakarta: Liberty. 2000.
Manan, Bagir. Ancaman Pidana terhadap Hakim ketika Menjalankan Fungsi Yudisialnya. Varia Peradilan Nomor 327, Pebruari 2013.
Masyhar, Ali, Silaas Oghenemaro Emovwodo. Techno-Prevention in Counterterrorism: Between Countering Crime and Human Rights Protection. (Journal of Human Rights, Culture, and Legal System; 3(3): 625-655.
Muhidin, Eman Suparman, M. Guntur Hamzah, and Indra Officer, Implementation of The Ius Curia Novit Principle in Examining Cases at The Constitutional Court of The Republic of Indonesia, Baltic Journal of Law & Politics 15:1 (2022).
Nonet, Philippe, and Philip Selznick. Law and Society in Transition: Toward Responsive Law, Harper and Row, Publisher, 1978.
Notari, Tamas. Summum Ius Summa Iniuria—Comments on the Historical Background of a Legal Maxim of Interpretation, Acta Juridica Hungarica, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest Vol. 45, No. 1–2, 2004.
Marcin, Raymond B. The Problems of Jurisprudence by Richard A. Posner, Harvard University Press, 1990.
Powell, H. Jefferson. Constitutional Conscience: The Moral Dimension of Judicial Decision. Chicago and London: the university of Chicago press. 2008.
Radbruch, Gustav. Legal Philosophy (Rechtsphilosophie), Stuttgart: K.F. Koehler, 1956.
Rahardjo, Satjipto. Penegakan Hukum, Suatu Tinjauan Sosiologis, Genta Publishing, Yogyakarta, 2009.
Sahetapy, J. E. Yang Memberi Teladan dan Menjaga Nurani Hukum dan Politik, Komisi Hukum Nasional Republik Indonesia, Jakarta, 2007.
Saleh, H. Roeslan. Pembinaan Cita Hukum dan Azas-azas Hukum Nasional, Cetakan ke-1 Karya Dunia fikir, 1996.
Shamford, Charles. The Disorder of Law: A Critique of Legal Theory, New York: Basil Blackwell Ltd., 1989.
Shytov, Alexander Nikolaevich, Conscience in Making Judicial Decisions, Faculty of law and financial studies. University of Glasgow. June 2000.
Sianturi, S.R. Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana di Indonesia dan Penerapannya, Alumni AHAEM-PETEHAEM, Jakarta, 1986.p. 74.
Sudirman, Antonius. Eksistensi Hukum Dan Hukum Pidana Dalam Dinamika Sosial Suatu Kajian Teori dan Praktik di Indonesia. Semarang: BP UNDIP. 2009.
_____________ Hati Nurani Hakim Dan Putusannya: Suatu Studi Perilaku Hukum Hakim Bismar Siregar. Bandung: PT. Citra Aditya Bakti. 2007.
Suharyo dkk. Laporan Akhir Tim Penelitian Hukum Tentang Masalah Hukum Pelaksanaan Putusan Peradilan Dalam Penegakan Hukum. Jakarta: Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional Departemen Hukum Dan Hak Asasi Manusia RI. 2005.
Watson, Alan. Society And Legal Change, Second Edition, United States of America: Temple University, 2001.
Wattimena, Reza A. 2012. Relativisme dan Hati Nurani. Diambil dari: https://rumahfilsafat.com/2012/02/25/relativisme-dan-hati-nurani/.
Wijayanto, Danang (eds). Problematika Hukum dan Peradilan
di Indonesia, Sekretariat Jenderal Komisi Yudisial Republik Indonesi, 2014.
Winarta, Frans Hendra. Bantuan Hukum, Suatu Hak Asasi Manusia Bukan Belas Kasihan. Jakarta: PT. Elex Media Komputindo Kelompok Gramedia. 2000.
https://nasional.tempo.co/read/873591/jalan-panjang-vonis-ahok-3-kontroversi-tuntutan-dan-vonis.
Downloads
Published
Article ID
34799Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Antonius Sudirman, Konstantinus Bahang, Joel Casimiro Pinto (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
All writings published in this journal are personal views of the authors and do not represent the views of this journal and the author's affiliated institutions. Author(s) retain copyrights under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).








