Journal of Physical Education Health and Sport
Journal of Physical Education Health and Sport a starting in 2024 migrates to better secure from various unwanted things, including journal hacking and so on. To submit, the author please visit the new website page of our journal at the link https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/jpehs MIGRATION OFFICIAL STATEMENT HERE Journal of Physical Education Health and Sport is the Journal of the by the Physical Education and Sport Department Universitas Negeri Semarang. The Journal has a particular focus on physical education and sport research-based articles (approximately 7000 words) that make reference to other critical work in the field and/or discuss particular issues of practice-focused research within the specific professional fields of health, sport and physical education. Editorial will privilege those articles that explore and provide a depth of understanding of the complex inter-relationship between developing/improving practice through the production of knowledge. The Journal will focus on the forms, contents and contexts of health education, sport and physical education as they relate to schools, universities and other forms of educational provision. All manuscripts are read by the Editor and by two peer reviewers through a blind review process. Online ISSN (2354-8231) Print ISSN (2354-7901)
Physical Fitness Level of Children with Special Needs in Special Needs School
This study aims to describe the physical fitness level of students with disabilities in Special Education Schools using the Harvard Step Test method. The subjects consisted of 13 students aged 11–20 years with various types of disabilities, including intellectual disability, physical disability, hearing impairment, speech disorder, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The test was carried out through a five-minute step-up exercise, followed by pulse measurement during the recovery phase to calculate the Fitness Index. The findings revealed that most students were in the low fitness category. A total of 76.9% of participants fell into the very poor category, 15.4% into the poor category, and only 7.7% achieved the average category, with an overall mean Fitness Index of 52.4. Variation in results was found only among students with intellectual disabilities, while students with physical disabilities, speech disorders, autism spectrum disorder, and ADHD were entirely in the very poor category. These results may be influenced by physical limitations, low levels of daily physical activity, and the lack of adaptive exercise programs in schools. The findings are consistent with recent studies that highlight the importance of structured, inclusive, and continuous physical activity programs to improve physical fitness and quality of life among students with disabilities.
Physical Fitness; Harvard Step Test; disability; Special Education
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Physical Education Health and Sport
The Effect of Leg Press and Leg Extension Exercises on Long Passing in Football Players Citra Pratama U-15 Football School
This study aims to determine the effect of leg press and leg extension training on long passing ability in Citra Pratama U-15 football athletes. The research method used is an experiment with a two-group pretest-posttest design. The research sample consisted of 20 athletes divided into two groups, each receiving leg press or leg extension training for six weeks. The instrument used was the Barrow Long Distance Kick Test to measure long passing ability before and after treatment. Data analysis was carried out using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, Levene’s homogeneity test, paired t-test, and independent t-test with a significance level of 5%. The results showed: (1) Leg press training had a significant effect on increasing long passing (sig. 0.000), with an average increase of 32%. (2) Leg extension training also had a significant effect on long passing (sig. 0.000), with an average increase of 37%. (3) There was a significant difference in effect between the two exercises (sig. 0.007), where leg extension training provided a greater increase than leg press. In conclusion, both types of training are effective in improving long passing ability, but leg extension is superior in providing increased distance and shooting accuracy in U-15 football athletes.
Leg Press; Leg Extension; Long Passing; Football; Leg Muscle Strength
The Effect of Ladder Drill Training on Agility Stepping Age Learn to Train Taekwondo Sports
This study aims to determine the effect of ladder drill training on stepping agility in learn-to-train taekwondo athletes. Agility training is very important in taekwondo because technical movements such as attacks and dodges require the ability to change direction and high speed of movement. This study used an experimental method with a one-group pretest-posttest design, involving 12 taekwondo athletes aged 9–12 years from Dojang Dozen, Cimahi City. The instrument used was a validated taekwondo agility test. The treatment in the form of a ladder drill training program was given 16 times for 5 weeks, with movement variations such as 2 shifts in and out, 2 switches in and out, in and out 2 sifts sideways, hop forward back and switch. After the ladder drill treatment and posttest, the posttest data was obtained with a good category agility value (agile movement) is 26.85 and the less agile category agility is 29.20, and the average pretest percentage is 28.88 and the average posttest percentage is 28.15, with an increase between the pretest and posttest of 2.5%. The results of the paired sample test showed that there was a significant increase in the post-test score compared to the pre-test, with a significance value of 0.000 (2-tailed) < 0.05. These findings prove that ladder drill is effective in improving stepping agility in young athletes, and can be used as an alternative training method in taekwondo coaching programs.
Ladder Drill; Agility; Taekwondo; Early Age
Sedentary Lifestyle and Mental Health: A Phenomenological Study of Non-Sports College Students
This study aims to deeply understand the relationship between a sedentary lifestyle and mental health among non-sports students in Indonesia post-pandemic. Using a descriptive qualitative method with a phenomenological approach, 63 students from various non-sports study programs at the Indonesian University of Education were selected through purposive sampling, ultimately selecting 10 students. Data were collected using the ASAQ and DASS-21 questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, observations, and document reviews, then analyzed inductively following the Miles and Huberman model. The results showed that the majority of participants spent more than eight hours per day in passive activities such as sitting, lying down, and using devices, with low awareness of the long-term impacts. Symptoms included stress, anxiety, sleep disturbances, emotional exhaustion, and psychosomatic complaints. Sedentary patterns were formed through academic pressure, limited mobility, minimal social support, and the misperception of rest and laziness. These findings underscore the need for campus-based multidimensional interventions that integrate physical activity promotion and mental health enhancement. This study contributes to the literature by exploring students’ subjective perspectives, providing a basis for relevant health prevention and promotion strategies in the digital age.
Sedentary Lifestyle; Mental Health; Non-Sports Students; Phenomenology; Physical Activity
Relationship Between Sedentary Behavior and Cognitive Function in Children in Phase C
This study aimed to analyze the relationship between sedentary behavior and cognitive function in phase C elementary school students (aged 10–12 years). A quantitative approach with a correlational design was used in 291 students in Cibeunying Kidul District, Bandung City. Sedentary behavior was measured using the Adolescent Sedentary Activity Questionnaire (ASAQ), while cognitive function was measured using the Indonesian version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Data analysis was performed using Spearman’s rho correlation test. The results showed a significant but weak negative relationship between sedentary behavior and cognitive function (r = –0.121; p = 0.040). This finding indicates that the higher the level of sedentary behavior, the lower the child’s cognitive function score. Theoretically, these results support the view that physical activity plays an important role in maintaining and improving cognitive function, while sedentary behavior can hinder it. The practical implications of this study emphasize the importance of involving parents, teachers, and schools in reducing the duration of children’s sedentary activities through programs that increase enjoyable physical activity and are integrated with learning activities. This study contributes to local literature regarding the impact of sedentary behavior on the cognitive development of elementary school-aged children.
Sedentary Behavior; Cognitive Function; Elementary School Children
Implementation of Teaching Games For Understanding (TGFU) Through Soccer Like Games on the Decision-Making Level of Elementary School Students
This study aims to determine the effect of implementing the Teaching Games for Understanding (TGFU) model through Soccer Like Games on students’ futsal playing skills. The research design used was an experiment with a one-group pre-test and post-test model. The subjects were 30 fourth and fifth grade students of the futsal extracurricular at YWKA Elementary School in Bandung City who were selected using a purposive sampling technique. The research instrument used the Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI) which assesses three aspects of playing skills, namely decision making, skill execution, and support. Data were collected through direct observation during the game and analyzed using SPSS version 21 with the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, homogeneity test, and Paired Sample t-test at a significance level of 0.05. The results showed a significant improvement in students’ futsal playing skills after implementing TGFU learning through Soccer Like Games, with the average score increasing from 9.19 (pre-test) to 12.88 (post-test) (p < 0.05). This learning model is effective in improving decision-making skills, skill execution, and support in game situations. These findings recommend the implementation of TGFU as an alternative to physical education learning, especially in game sports.
Teaching Games for Understanding; GPAI; Futsal
The Effect of Skipping Training on Straight Kick Speed in Pencak Silat at State Senior High School 1 Katapang
This study aims to determine the effect of skipping training on straight kick speed in pencak silat. The method used is a quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest control group design. The research subjects consisted of 10 extracurricular pencak silat athletes at Senior High School 1 Katapang who were divided into two groups, namely the experimental group and the control group. The experimental group was given treatment in the form of skipping training for 3 weeks with a frequency of 4 times a week. The instrument used was a straight kick speed test in 10 seconds. The results of the paired sample t-test showed that there was a significant increase in the experimental group (p < 0.05), with an average increase of 6.2 kicks. While in the control group, no significant increase was found. The independent sample t-test also showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups (p < 0.05). Thus, skipping training is proven to be effective in increasing straight kick speed in pencak silat athletes. The results of this study can be used as a reference by coaches in developing training programs aimed at improving athlete performance.
Skipping Exercises; Speed; Straight Kicks; Pencak Silat; Pseudo-Experiments
Optimizing Aerobic Capacity Through Long Interval Training Based on High Maximum Aerobic Speed
This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the Long Interval Training (LIT) method adapted to high Maximum Aerobic Speed (MAS) capacity on increasing aerobic capacity. Aerobic capacity is the body’s ability to absorb and use oxygen during exercise and is closely related to VO₂max. This capacity is important for physical performance, especially in middle and long distance races. This study used an experimental method with a One Group Pretest-Posttest design through purposive sampling. The treatment was given for 16 training sessions, and the measurement test was carried out with the Balke Test before and after treatment (pre-test and posttest). Data were analyzed using Data Descriptive Analysis, Shapiro-Wilk normality test, and Paired Samples t-Test test. The results showed a significant increase in VO₂max value after treatment. The Paired Samples t-Test test shows a significance value (Sig. 2-tailed) of 0.018, which is smaller than 0.05, so there is a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores. This proves that the high MAS-based LIT method is effective in increasing aerobic capacity. This study emphasizes the importance of good training load management, close supervision, and proper recovery strategies. Therefore, although the LIT method was shown to be effective, safe and sustainable implementation should consider the athlete’s overall training load to prevent injury and fatigue.
Aerobic Capacity; Long Interval Training; Maximum Aerobic Speed
Effectiveness of Interval Training Using Maximum Aerobic Speed (MAS) to Improve Aerobic Capacity
This study aimed to investigate the impact of personalized interval training (short and long) based on Maximum Aerobic Rate (MAS) on improving athletes’ aerobic capacity. Using quantitative experimental method with 2x2 factorial design, 16 athletes were divided into four groups: SIT-MAS High, SIT-MAS Low, LIT-MAS High, and LIT-MAS Low. Although the Friedman test showed no statistically significant differences in aerobic improvements among the four groups overall, intra-group analysis showed mixed results. Statistically significant increases in aerobic capacity were found in the LIT-MAS High and SIT-MAS low groups, which supported the third and fifth hypotheses. In contrast, the improvements in the SIT-MAS High and LIT-MAS Low groups were not significant. There was also a significant difference between SIT and LIT in the low MAS group, but not in the high MAS group. This study concludes that personalization of interval training based on an individual’s MAS profile is important, with LIT shown to be effective for low MAS athletes and SIT effective for high MAS athletes. Limitations of this study include the very small sample size (n=3 or n=4 per group), as well as external factors such as inconsistent training schedules, pressure from competition, and athlete injuries.
Interval training; Maximum Aerobic Speed; Aerobic Capacity
The Application of Short Interval Training Method Based on High Maximum Aerobic Speed Capacity to Improve Aerobic Capacity
Aerobic capacity is a crucial component of an athlete’s performance, especially in team sports like futsal, which require high endurance. Short Interval Training (SIT) has been widely used to improve aerobic capacity; however, individualized approaches based on Maximum Aerobic Speed (MAS) remain limited. This study aims to investigate the effect of a SIT program based on high MAS on the aerobic capacity among female futsal athletes. An experimental method with a one-group pretest–posttest design was used, involving five athletes from the Student Activity Unit at Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. Participants underwent 16 training sessions over 8 weeks, with intensities set at ≥95% of each athlete’s maximal effort. VO₂max was measured before and after the training program. Statistical analysis using a paired sample t-test showed a significant improvement in VO₂max from 39.39 to 40.73 ml/kg/min (p = 0.004, p < 0.05). This approach allows for better training precision and physiological adaptation by adjusting workloads according to each athlete’s aerobic threshold. These findings indicate that SIT program based on high MAS is effective in improving aerobic capacity and enhancing recovery during the match. The results support the implementation of SIT program based on high MAS as an efficient and personalized training strategy for athlete conditioning programs.
The Effect of Jack Knife Stretching and Nordic Hamstring Exercise on the Hamstring Muscle Flexibility of Futsal Athletes
The purpose of this study is to examine whether there is a significant effect of jack knife stretching and Nordic hamstring exercise on the hamstring muscle flexibility of futsal extracurricular students at state junior high school 7 Cimahi, and to determine whether there is a significant difference in the effects between jack knife stretching and Nordic hamstring exercise on the hamstring muscle flexibility of these students. The method used in this study is an experimental method with a Two Groups Pretest and Posttest Design. The population in this study consisted of 22 male students from state junior high school 7 Cimahi who participated in the futsal extracurricular program. The sample also consisted of 22 students, selected using the total sampling technique, which means the entire population was used as the sample. The sample was then divided into two groups using the ABBA formula. The treatment was conducted over 15 sessions (3 times per week). To measure hamstring muscle flexibility, the researcher used the Sit and Reach Test instrument. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test data normality, the Paired t-test was used to test the effect, and the Independent t-test was used to compare the effects. The results after the data analysis, a significance value of 0.000 was obtained, indicating that there is a significant effect from the treatment of jack knife stretching and nordic hamstring exercise. Data analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the effects between jack knife stretching and Nordic hamstring exercise. It can be concluded that both jack knife stretching and Nordic hamstring exercise have an effect on hamstring muscle flexibility.
Futsal; Hamstring muscles flexibility; Jack knife stretching; Nordic Hamstring Exercise
The Influence of Psychological Conditions on the Level of Confidence of Indoor Hockey Referees in Facing the XXI PON Aceh–North Sumatra 2024
This study aims to examine the influence of psychological conditions on the level of self-confidence of indoor hockey referees in facing the XXI PON in Aceh–North Sumatra 2024. A total of 16 nationally licensed referees, who were officially appointed to officiate matches, were sampled in this study using a total sampling technique. The self-confidence measurement instrument refers to the dimensions developed by Vealey, including aspects of mastery, social support, physical/mental readiness, and situational comfort. The research method uses a quantitative approach. Data analysis was carried out through validity and reliability tests, prerequisite tests (normality and linearity), and simple linear regression tests. The results showed that psychological conditions significantly influenced referee self-confidence, with a significance value of 0.014 and an R Square value of 0.363. This means that 36.3% of the variation in referee self-confidence can be explained by psychological conditions experienced. This finding emphasizes the importance of mental readiness in supporting referee performance, especially in high-intensity matches such as PON. Therefore, technical training for referees needs to be balanced with psychological development to increase emotional stability and self-efficacy in decision-making on the field.
Self-confidence; Hockey Referee; Indoor Hockey; Referee Psychology
The Utilization of Green Open Spaces in Kudus Regency to Facilitate Community Sports Activities
Community participation in sports has grown significantly. However, the effectiveness of Green Open Spaces (GOS) in meeting the community's sports needs remains unclear. This study aims to analyze and examine the availability, planning, utilization, management of open spaces, and community participation in recreational sports activities in Kudus Regency. The research employed a qualitative approach using an ethnographic design. Data were obtained from informants across all sub-districts in Kudus Regency. Data collection methods included observation, interviews, and documentation studies. Data analysis involved data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing/verifying conclusions. The results showed that: 1) The availability of open spaces for sports in Kudus Regency is well-distributed across all villages in the nine sub-districts; 2) Planning for sports open spaces is in progress; however, supporting infrastructure such as parking areas and standard sports facilities still needs improvement, especially in rural areas; 3) Utilization of open spaces at the village level remains suboptimal, with more sports activities taking place in indoor sports halls (GOR) and privately managed parks. Collaboration among the government, private sector, and the community is essential to promote a healthy lifestyle through sports: 4) Regulation and control of open space use in GORs and parks are well-maintained, but at the village level, many fields are neglected and poorly maintained; 5) Community participation in sports is generally positive, influenced by environmental, social factors, available facilities, and ease of access. It can therefore be concluded that the availability of sports open spaces in Kudus Regency has been sufficiently met with well-structured development planning. However, it would be more effective if the supporting facilities were further improved, the utilization of these spaces optimized down to the village level, and community participation in sports activities continued to increase.
The Effect of Passing Ball Games to Gross Motor Ability of Children with Special Need
Gross motor skill is crucial in child’s growth and development proses. Throwing ball games are considered effective in helping improve gross motor skills in children with special needs. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the influence of ball throwing games on gross motor skills in children with special needs. This study used a literature review method. The database used was from Google Scholar. The first stage of identification obtained 2500 articles. The second stage of screening, filtering 16 articles. The third stage of eligibility was 10 articles. After the eligibility stage, eight articles remained. The results of the discussion found that the activity of throwing a ball in a game of bocce can improve gross motor skills, stimulate nerves, and improve hand-foot coordination in children with mental retardation. Children with mild intellectual disabilities showed an increase in manipulative motor skills after being treated with a modified throwing ball game. From the results of the systematic review, it can be concluded that ball throwing games have a significant influence on gross motor skills in children with special needs.
A Survey on the Physical Condition of Pencak Silat Athletes of the Persaudaraan Setia Hati Terate Sleman Branch in 2025
This research aims to identify and describe the physical condition level of pencak silat athletes from the Persaudaraan Setia Hati Terate (PSHT) Sleman Branch in 2025. Specifically, this study measures the dominant physical components in pencak silat, namely: muscle strength, endurance, speed, agility, flexibility, and explosive power. This study is a quantitative descriptive research using a survey method with tests and measurements. The sample consists of all active athletes training at the PSHT Sleman Branch training center, selected using a total sampling technique. The instruments used include (1) the Push-up Test for strength; (2) the Beep Test for endurance; (3) the 30-meter Sprint for speed; (4) the Side Step Test for agility; (5) the Sit and Reach Test for flexibility; and (6) the Standing Jump Board for explosive power. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive percentage statistics to be classified into categories (Very Good, Good, Average, Poor, Very Poor). The results indicate that the physical condition of the PSHT Sleman Branch pencak silat athletes is at a moderate or “average” level, with a total average score of 20 points for both male and female athletes. In detail, female athletes performed best in speed, agility, and flexibility; had average performance in strength and explosive power; and were lacking in endurance. Meanwhile, male athletes excelled in speed, strength, and power; had average performance in agility and flexibility; and were also lacking in endurance. In conclusion, several training programs are recommended to improve the less-than-optimal components. These include High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), Fartlek running, and circuit training to enhance endurance; plyometrics and weightlifting for strength and power; and agility ladder drills and dynamic stretching programs to improve the athletes’ flexibility and agility.
Athlete’s Physical Condition; Pencak Silat; Persaudaraan Setia Hati Terate (PSHT)
Analysis Hydration Status of National Triathlon Athletes Towards SEA GAMES 2025
Hydration status plays a pivotal role in maintaining athlete performance, especially in endurance sports such as triathlon, which involve prolonged and intense physical exertion. This study aimed to analyze the hydration status of Indonesian triathlon athletes undergoing national training in preparation for the 2025 SEA Games. Using a quantitative descriptive method with a cross-sectional design, data were collected from 10 purposively selected athletes. Instruments included Omron Karada Scan for anthropometric assessment and urine test strips with color charts to evaluate hydration levels pre- and post-time trial. Results showed that 90% of athletes experienced weight loss averaging 0.8–0.9 kg, indicating fluid loss. Urine analysis revealed that 50% of athletes were mildly dehydrated, 30% adequately hydrated, and 20% well hydrated. One athlete showed increased body weight with a light urine color, suggesting effective fluid intake. These findings highlight the need for tailored hydration strategies and regular monitoring during training to minimize dehydration risks and support optimal performance. Coaches and sports health professionals are advised to incorporate hydration management protocols into daily training regimens for triathletes.
Hydration Status; Triathlon; National Training
Analysis of the Relationship Between Female Coaches’ Leadership: Efforts to Support the Achievement of Men’s and Women’s Futsal
This study analyzes the relationship between female coaches’ leadership styles and the performance of amateur futsal teams in Bandung, Indonesia. Using the Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS), the research evaluated five leadership dimensions training and instruction, democratic behavior, autocratic behavior, social support, and positive feedback among 87 athletes from 6 clubs coached by female coaches. Team performance was measured based on competition rankings. The results of Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses indicated that training and instruction, democratic behavior, and social support had a positive influence on team performance (p < 0.05), while autocratic behavior and positive feedback showed a negative trend (p < 0.10), although not statistically significant. These findings suggest that collaborative and supportive leadership approaches enhance athletic performance, whereas authoritarian methods may hinder it. This study highlights the importance of adaptive leadership in sports coaching and provides practical recommendations to improve futsal team success.
Female Coach; Leadership Style; Performance; Futsal Athletes
The Effect of Core Stability Exercises on The Accuracy of Jump Serve Volleyball Athletes
This study aimed to investigate the effect of core stability exercises on the accuracy of jump serves in volleyball athletes. The research was conducted using a quasi-experimental design with a two-group pre-test and post-test approach. The participants consisted of volleyball athletes from the Star Sport Rancaekek Club, who were divided into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group received a five-week core stability training program, while the control group continued their regular training routine. Jump serve accuracy was measured using the AAHPER Serving Accuracy Test. Data analysis showed that the experimental group demonstrated a significant improvement in serve accuracy compared to the control group. These findings indicate that core stability training effectively enhances body balance, postural control, and coordination—key components in executing accurate jump serves. The results highlight the importance of incorporating core stability exercises into volleyball training programs, especially for improving specific technical skills. This study contributes to the field of sports coaching by offering practical insights into effective methods for developing skill-based performance in young volleyball athletes.
Core Stability; Jump Serve Accuracy; Volleyball Training
The Application of Project-Based Learning in Enhancing Student Creativity and Collaboration in Physical Education Subjects
This study aims to examine the implementation of Project-Based Learning (PjBL) in enhancing student creativity and collaboration in Physical Education at State Junior High School 7 Jayapura. In the 21st century, conventional learning methods frequently prove to be ineffective in promoting active engagement and collaboration among students. This research employs a classroom action research method conducted over two learning cycles, involving 32 students from grade VIII. Data collection was carried out using observation sheets, student reflection journals, and performance-based assessments. The research findings indicate a significant improvement in students' creative thinking abilities, especially in designing and executing physical activities in innovative ways, as well as in collaborative skills such as idea sharing, conflict resolution, and group responsibility. The implementation of context-based project tasks, the provision of guided autonomy, and reflective discussions contribute to the creation of a more meaningful and engaging learning environment. These findings confirm that the PjBL model not only promotes the development of core competencies such as creativity and collaboration but also aligns with the goals of Physical Education in encouraging active participation and the holistic growth of students.
The Effect of Circuit Training Method on T Kick Speed of Pencak Silat Athletes
This study aims to determine the effect of circuit training on T-kick speed in pencak silat athletes. The method used is a quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest control group design. The sample consisted of 20 athletes who were randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control. The experimental group underwent a circuit training program for four weeks, while the control group underwent conventional training. Kick speed measurements were carried out using Kinovea software. The results of the Paired Sample t-Test showed a significance value of 0.000 (p <0.05), which indicated a significant increase in the experimental group. The average T-kick time decreased from 0.76070 seconds to 0.64250 seconds. This study shows that circuit training can significantly increase kick speed by increasing leg muscle strength, neuromuscular efficiency, and motor coordination. These findings contribute to the development of more specific and technology-based training methods in pencak silat.
The Effect of Speed Play Training Method on Improving Cardiovascular Endurance of Pencak Silat Athletes Single Art Category
This study aims to determine the effect of the speed play training method on increasing cardiovascular endurance (VO₂max) in pencak silat athletes of the single arts category. Using a pretest-posttest control group design, ten athletes were divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received a structured speed play training program for eight sessions, while the control group followed their regular training routines. The Beep Test was used as the primary instrument to estimate VO₂max. The results of the independent t-test showed a significant difference between the groups (p = 0.044), with an average VO₂max increase of 1.04 points in the experimental group. These findings suggest that speed play is effective in improving aerobic capacity, especially due to its varied intensity patterns that match the dynamic and uninterrupted demands of single arts performances. The study also provides evidence that speed play can serve as a specific training model for pencak silat art athletes and offers recommendations for further research involving more diverse participants and physiological indicators.
Profile of Life Skills of Elementary School Students Who Participate in Sports Extracurricular Activities at Public Elementary School 053 Cisitu
This study aims to examine the life skills profiles of elementary school students who participate in extracurricular sports activities, specifically futsal and pencak silat, at Public Elementary School 053 Cisitu, Bandung. Using a quantitative descriptive comparative approach, the study involved 42 students aged 11–12 years selected through total sampling. The Positive Youth Development Sustainability Scale (PYDSS) was used as the instrument, which includes six indicators: character, competence, connection, caring, confidence, and contribution. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, normality and homogeneity tests, and independent sample t-tests. The results showed that most students had high (47.6%) to very high (28.6%) life skill levels. Although the average score of futsal participants (108.80) was slightly higher than that of pencak silat participants (107.27), the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.653). These findings suggest that both team-based and individual sports contribute positively to students’ life skill development. The study emphasizes the importance of well-designed extracurricular programs as a medium for character building and psychosocial development in basic education.
Life Skills; Extracurricular Activities; PYDSS
The Effect of Adding Core Stability Training to Plyometric Training on Increasing Jump Height in Basketball Athletes
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of adding core stability training to plyometric training on increasing the jump height of basketball athletes. The method used in this study was an experimental method with a Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design research design. The study population consisted of 20 Kamimasae KU Club basketball athletes aged 16-18 years, who were also the research sample, selected using a total sampling technique. The instrument used in this study was the Vertical Jump Test. Data analysis was conducted using the Paired Sample T-Test statistical test with the aid of the SPSS version 30 application. The results showed that there was a significant effect of adding core stability training to plyometric training on increasing the jump height of basketball athletes. The experimental group that received plyometric training with additional core stability experienced an average increase of 6%, while the control group that was only given plyometric training experienced an average increase of 3%. The conclusion is that adding core stability training to plyometric training is significantly more effective in increasing vertical jump height than plyometric training alone.
The Effect of Audio-Visual Media on The Front Roll Floor Exercise Skills of Phase B Students with Disabilities in Adaptive PE Learning
This study aims to examine the effect of audio-visual media on improving the forward roll floor exercise skills of Phase B deaf students in adaptive physical education. Students with hearing impairments face challenges in receiving verbal instructions, which often hinders their understanding of motor skills, especially in complex movements such as the forward roll. This quasi-experimental research used a one-group pretest-posttest design involving 10 students from a special education school. The intervention was conducted over 12 sessions using instructional videos accompanied by visual cues and progressive movement stages. Data were collected using an observation sheet and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed a significant improvement in students’ motor performance after the implementation of audio-visual media. The integration of visual-based instruction helped students to better observe, imitate, and internalize movement techniques. This study confirms that audio-visual media is an effective strategy for supporting the learning needs of students with disabilities, especially those with sensory impairments. Moreover, it contributes to the development of inclusive and adaptive physical education practices by encouraging the use of technology to enhance instructional delivery and student engagement.
Audio-Visual Media; Adaptive Physical Education; Forward Roll
The Application of The Movement Education Model to Improve The Basic Movement Skills of Students with Mild Intellectual Disabilities
This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the Movement Education Model in improving basic movement skills among students with mild intellectual disabilities. The research employed a quasi-experimental design using a one-group pretest-posttest model, involving six students from Special Education Schools Satria Galdin, Bandung Regency. The intervention was conducted over 12 sessions, applying the Movement Education Model based on four core components: body awareness, space, effort, and relationships. Basic motor skills were assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development–3 (TGMD-3), with data analyzed using a paired sample t-test. Results showed a significant improvement in students’ basic motor skills (pre-test mean = 72.00; post-test mean = 113.83; sig. = 0.001), indicating that the Movement Education Model is effective in developing locomotor and manipulative abilities. These findings support the use of exploratory, individualized, and adaptive physical education models to enhance gross motor development in students with mild disabilities. The study recommends wider implementation of this model in Special Education Schools to support inclusive and equitable physical education practices.
Movement Education Model; Basic Motor Skills; Mild Intellectual Disabilities
Correlation of Lifestyle with Physical Fitness in Sports Students Based on Gender
This study aims to examine the relationship between lifestyle and physical fitness in sports students of the Physical Education Study Program for Elementary School Teachers at University Of Education Indonesia, based on gender. Using a quantitative approach with a descriptive correlational and cross-sectional design, this research involved 90 purposively selected students (54 male and 36 female). Data were collected using the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II) questionnaire to measure lifestyle and the Indonesian Physical Fitness Test (TKJI) to assess physical fitness. The results of the Spearman’s rho correlation analysis showed a very strong and significant relationship between lifestyle and physical fitness (r = 0.989; p < 0.001). Students with a healthier lifestyle tended to have better physical fitness scores. Interestingly, no substantial differences were found between male and female students in both lifestyle and fitness levels. These findings underscore the crucial role of lifestyle in shaping physical fitness and suggest that gender-inclusive health education and campus-based support are essential.
Lifestyle; Physical Fitness; Gender Differences
Development of Sport Kids Application as an Effort to Increase Physical Activity of Elementary School Children
The increasing use of digital devices among children has led to decreased physical activity and increased sedentary lifestyles, posing serious health risks. This study aims to develop the Sport Kids application as an innovative digital platform to promote physical activity in elementary school children. Using the ADDIE development model (Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, Evaluate), the application was created with four main features: nutrition, physical activity, sports, and quizzes. It was designed using Canva and Scratch, then converted to Android format. Validation by media and material experts indicated an average feasibility score of 81%, categorized as very feasible. Implementation was carried out with 29 fourth-grade students over seven days. Physical activity levels were measured using the PAQ-C instrument before and after using the application. The results showed a significant improvement in activity levels. Statistical analysis using a paired sample t-test produced a significance value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), confirming that the Sport Kids application effectively increased children’s physical activity. This research concludes that digital applications, when properly designed and implemented, can serve as effective tools in promoting active and healthy lifestyles among school-aged children.
Sport Kids Application; Physical Activity; Elementary School Students
Passive Stretching Intervention for Upper Back Muscle Imbalance: A Focus on the Rhomboid Muscle in Adults
Adults are increasingly experiencing upper back muscle imbalances, particularly rhomboid muscle tightness, often due to prolonged sitting and poor posture. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a single passive stretching session in relieving rhomboid muscle tightness in adults. A one-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design was employed using pre-existing data from Klinik Satu Sehat Semarang, which included 13 adults aged 18 to 59 years. Each participant underwent a single passive stretching session, and measurements of shoulder movement and muscle tightness were taken before and after using a goniometer and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). A paired t-test revealed a statistically significant reduction in muscle tightness (p = 0.004), with an average decrease of two VAS points. Additionally, shoulder retraction range of motion increased by an average of 6 degrees (p = 0.001). Passive stretching of the rhomboid muscle effectively improves shoulder mobility and reduces upper back stiffness in adults within a single session, making it a practical method for addressing muscle problems caused by poor posture and applicable in rehabilitation and prevention programs.
Passive Stretching; Rhomboid Muscle Tightness; Shoulder Range of Motion
Implementation of Physical Education In Inclusion Schools: A Systematic Literature Review
Background: This study discusses how physical education is taught in inclusive schools in the context of physical education teachers, inclusive/disabled students, and its application in inclusive schools. Research Objective: The objective of this study is to examine the implementation of physical education in inclusive schools based on findings from various literature. Methodology: The PRISMA standards were used for a systematic review and meta-analysis covering the period from 2020 to 2025. The keywords “Implement”, “Physical”, “Inclusive”, and “School” were used in the search procedure. The search engine utilized a total of 348 articles were obtained from Scopus databases. After applying the Inclusion criteria, only 8 articles remained. Findings/Results: Various studies highlight the role of physical education teachers and understanding the factors influencing students with disabilities as key factors for success and effectiveness in promoting inclusive physical education implementation. Conclusion: The role of physical education teachers in inclusive schools is a frequently discussed topic in this review. Some limitations inherent in this review should be noted. For future research, it would be interesting to add new keywords or topics related to coaches and athletes.
Optimizing Physical Adaptation Sprint Performance Trough Resistance Training in Youth Atlhetes: A Literature Riview
Long Term Athlete Development (LTAD) program emphasizes trhe importance of continous and structurud physiscal development of athletes according to the stage of growth and maturity of the individual. Resistance training is one of the main components in supporting athletic sprint performance, especially in youth athletes. This study aims to review the effect of resistance training on physiscal adaptation that support improved sprint performance through the litterature riview method. A total 10 relevant scientific articles published between 2014-2024 were thematically analyzed to identify the impact of resistance training ion physical performance variables. The result of this study show that systematically planned resistance training can improve lower extremity muscle strength, sprint acceleration, speed, explosive power, and movement coordination. Methode such as Velocity-Based Training (VBRT), the use of Resistance Wearalbles, the combination od Squats with Sled Towing and Speed-Based Load Setting proved effective in improving sprint performance. Another advantage of resistance training is that it can reduce the risk of injury and support the long-term health of youth athletes. This study emphasizes the importance of including resistance training in LTAD programs for sprint athletes to achive peak performance and prevent the negative effcts of overtraining. Therefore , incorporating resistance training into youth sprint program sis essential for optimizing performance outcomes. Future studies should explore individualized resistance training protocols tailord to differant stages of athlete development.