Journal of Sport Science and Fitness (P-ISSN 2252-6528 | E-ISSN 2745-5718) is an open-access online journal printed by request, and published by the Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Sports Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia. It is a special platform for sports scientists, lecturers, students, or even sports practitioners who want to publish their scientific works such as original papers, reviews, and short reports. Hence, it aims to provide reliable information on current developments in the fields related to adaptive physical exercise, physical fitness, sports nutrition, and motion analysis for anyone interested in sports science issues. Abstracting & Indexing: GARUDA, SINTA
Analysis of Anxiety, Stress, Self-Confidence, and Motivation of KU III Swimming Athletes in Achieving Goal Setting
Introduction: Goal setting is a critical psychological skill in athletic performance, enabling athletes to establish clear, challenging, and measurable targets. In addition to increasing motivation and self-confidence, goal setting also helps athletes manage stress and anxiety, making goal setting an important strategy in training athletes to achieve peak performance. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the relationship between psychological factors stress, anxiety, self-confidence, and motivation and goal-setting among KU III (Age Group III, 12-13 years old) swimmers in Semarang. Method: Using a mixed-methods sequential explanatory design, the research involved 26 athletes selected via purposive sampling. Quantitative data were collected using standardized scales (DASS-21, TSCI, SOQ, and a goal-setting scale) and analyzed with correlation techniques, while qualitative data from in-depth interviews were analyzed thematically. Result: The results revealed that self-confidence (r = 0.652, p = 0.000) and motivation (r = 0.742, p = 0.000) had a strong, significant positive relationship with goal-setting. In contrast, anxiety (r = -0.328) and stress (r = -0.119) showed weak, non-significant negative relationships. Simultaneously, the four psychological factors accounted for 75.1% (R² = 0.751) of the variance in goal-setting effectiveness. Qualitative findings identified key themes, including triggers of anxiety/stress, coping strategies, sources of self-confidence, and the dominance of intrinsic motivation. Conclusion: The study concludes that high self-confidence and strong intrinsic motivation are the primary drivers of effective goal-setting in young swimmers, while unmanaged anxiety and stress can be detrimental.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Sport Science and Fitness
Physical Exercise And Epigenetic: Molecular Mechanisms
Introduction: Physical exercise is associated with an active lifestyle and offers numerous health benefits. Recent research has shown that physical exercise also influences gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modification, mRNA, and microRNA expression. These changes contribute to physiological changes and disease prevention. Objectives: This review aims to explain how physical activity can affect a person's epigenetic changes to have an impact on the prevention of chronic diseases. Method: This study is a literature review using databases such as PubMed from 2015 to 2025. Result: the review revealed that physical activity can cause epigenetic changes at the stage of DNA methylation, histone modification, RNA methylation and MiRNA. Physical activity modulates DNA methylation, affecting genes related to metabolism and immune function. Understanding this pathway is the basis for developing personalized exercise programs as interventions for the prevention and therapy of chronic diseases. Understanding this pathway is the basis for developing personalized exercise programs as interventions for the prevention and therapy of diseases. Conclusion: This study reveals the relevance of epigenetic changes to physical activity as an alternative non-pharmacological therapy because it is accompanied by a perspective in choosing the type of physical activity that suits the body's condition as a step in implementing a more precise health pattern.
Physical Literacy, Mental Health, and Quality of Life: Analysis of Sports Students Based on Gender Differences
Introduction: Physical literacy is crucial for the mental health and quality of life of university sports students, yet a research gap exists in understanding how these constructs interact through a gender-sensitive lens, particularly within sports education programs where psychological distress is rising despite high physical competence. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the relationship between physical literacy, mental health, and quality of life among sports students, considering the role of gender as a covariate. The research design used is quantitative with a descriptive correlational approach. Method: The research sample consisted of 211 students from the Faculty of Sports and Health Education, Indonesia University of Education. The instruments used included the Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument (PPLI), Short Mental Health Scale (SKM-12), and WHOQOL-BREF. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, classical assumption tests, multiple regression, and ANCOVA. Result: The results show that the average scores for physical literacy, mental health, and quality of life are in the moderate to high range with a normal and homogeneous data distribution. Multiple regression analysis shows that mental health has a significant effect on quality of life (B = 1.217; p < 0.001), while physical literacy has no significant effect (B = 0.171; p = 0.072). Simultaneously, both variables were able to explain 52.6% of the variation in students' quality of life (R² = 0.526; p < 0.001). ANCOVA analysis confirmed that the effect of mental health remained significant after controlling for gender, while physical literacy and gender differences were not significant. Conclusion: These findings indicate that mental health is the primary predictor of student athletes' quality of life, while physical literacy plays a more supportive role. Intervention recommendations focus on strengthening mental health integrated with improving physical literacy to comprehensively support student athletes' well-being.
Pencak Silat Knockdown Anticipation Training Model for Student Athletes
Introduction: This study aims to improve the skills of anticipation of pull drops in pencak silat athletes in the competition category. The research was carried out from March to May 2025 at the Jakarta State University Sports Hall. The study was attended by DKI Jakarta student pencak silat athletes in the competition category. The lack of good knockdown anticipation techniques can result in injuries for athletes. Objectives: The dropping technique combined with a pull is regarded as highly effective for scoring points and securing victory in matches. Similarly, the fall anticipation technique using a pull is seen as a strategic approach to enhance an athlete’s ability to respond to falls. Based on this, implementing a training model focused on fall anticipation with pull is deemed suitable for improving athletes' preparedness. Mastery of these anticipation techniques not only contributes to performance but also plays a crucial role in reducing the risk of injury. Therefore, innovative solutions and updates are needed to address the challenges outlined, ensuring the training process operates at its highest potential. Method: The research methodology employed Research & Development approach using the ADDIE model, conducted at GOR UNJ, DKI Jakarta, during March-May 2025. The research subjects consisted of 30 pencak silat athletes PPLM DKI Jakarta in fight category. The instrument used is a test of pull fall anticipation skills that has been validated by pencak silat experts and experts. Based on the initial test data of the ability to anticipate dropping. Data analysis using SPSS to process the effectiveness results of the pre-test and post-test. Result: The research results demonstrated significant improvement from the pre-test average success rate of 3.1333 was obtained. Then after being given the material on the fall anticipation training model, the final test was carried out with an average success rate of 8.7333. There is an increase in the success rate. Conclusion: The developed training model proved to be feasible and effective for enhancing skills anticipation of pull drops in pencak silat, providing valuable insight for martial arts training methodologies and competitive performance improvement.
Basic Motor Skills Profile of Badminton Athletes at a Legendary Club in Bandung
Introduction: The growing popularity of badminton globally underscores the importance of developing basic motor skills from an early age. Components such as speed, agility, balance, coordination, reaction time, and endurance are the main foundations that support an athlete's performance, especially in meeting the technical and physical demands of badminton. Objectives: This study aims to identify and describe the basic motor skills profile of 6 – 12 years old badminton athletes at the PB SGS PLN club in Bandung as a basis for evaluating and designing early age training programs. Method: This study used a quantitative descriptive approach with a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 35 athletes selected through purposive sampling. Basic motor skills were measured using six instruments: 10-meter sprint (speed), zig-zag run (agility), stork stand (balance), ball throw-catch (coordination), ruler drop test (reaction time), and beep test (endurance). Result: The results of the measurements show a consistent pattern of improvement in basic motor skills with increasing age. Older children demonstrate higher performance in all motor aspects compared to younger age groups, reflecting natural physical and neuromuscular development during the growth period. Conclusion: These findings emphasize the importance of designing training programs that are appropriate for children's developmental stages. In addition, the results of this study can be used as a practical reference for coaches in optimizing the training of young athletes in a gradual and targeted manner according to the age and motor skills of each individual.
Badminton; basic motor skills; children; youth athletes
Relative Leg Press Strength Related to Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), Body Mass, And Body Fat in Female University Students: Implications for The Prescription of Exercise
Introduction: Muscle strength affects metabolic activity and overall well-being, making it a critical component of physical fitness. Objectives: This study examines the relationship between university students' body weight, body fat, leg press strength, and Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR). Method: This study used a cross-sectional analytical design, selected using the purposive sampling technique with comprising female undergraduate students, sport coaching education enrolled in the Faculty of Sports Science at Surabaya State University, 56 participants with the following characteristics: who were aged (17.4 ± 2.7 years), had a height of (152.5 ± 29.47) cm, and had a weight of (55.15 ± 11.34 kg). Result: The results showed that there was a positive correlation between Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and leg press strength (r = 0.283, p = 0.034), indicating that greater lower body strength may help increase metabolism. In contrast, there was no significant correlation between body mass with leg press strength (r = 0.197, p = 0.146) and body fat with leg press strength (r = -0.111, p = 0.417), possibly due to individual differences in muscle distribution and fat storage. Conclusion: These findings emphasize the importance of strength training in improving weight control and metabolic health, especially in females. The study additionally highlights the necessity of additional investigation to gain a deeper comprehension of the mechanisms underlying these relationships and to explore other contributing factors. Overall, this study tells fitness experts how important a customized strength training program is for improving the metabolism and physical health of female college students.
URA MAWASHI GERI KICK SKILLS TRAINING MODEL FOR KARATEKA AGES 13-15
Introduction: This study aims to develop a training model for ura mawashi geri kicking skills specifically designed for karateka aged 13-15 years. Objectives: The research background is motivated by the low effectiveness of ura mawashi geri kicks in karate competitions, despite this technique having high strategic value in martial arts performance. Method: The research methodology employed Research & Development approach using the ADDIE model, conducted at GOR Kelapa Gading, DKI Jakarta, during June-July 2025. The research subjects consisted of 30 karate athletes aged 13-15 years selected through purposive sampling technique with specific inclusion criteria including minimum 2 years karate training experience and absence of injury. The research instrument utilized validated ura mawashi geri kicking skill tests that had been evaluated and approved by martial arts experts. Data analysis employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches, with statistical significance testing conducted using paired-samples t-test and descriptive statistics for central tendencies analysis. Result: The research results demonstrated significant improvement from the pre-test average score of 76.00 to 89.06 in the post-test following the implementation of 15 specialized training models over 8 training sessions. Conclusion: The developed training model proved to be feasible and effective for enhancing ura mawashi geri kicking skills among karateka aged 13-15 years, providing valuable insights for martial arts training methodologies and competitive performance improvement.
Caffeine as an Ergogenic Aid: Enhancing Power Output in Wrestlers
Introduction: Caffeine is known as an ergogenic aid that can enhance sports performance by stimulating the central nervous system and reducing perceived fatigue. Objectives: This study aims to determine the effect of caffeine consumption on increasing upper body power in wrestling athletes. Method: This research employed an experimental design with a pre-test and post-test approach on two groups: an intervention group (n=13) that consumed caffeine at a dose of 3–6 mg/kgBW and a control group (n=13) that consumed a placebo. Upper body power was measured using the chest medicine ball throw test, and the data were analyzed using paired t-tests to examine within-group differences and independent t-tests to compare between groups. Result: Paired t-test results showed a significant increase in power within both groups (p<0.05). However, independent t-test results indicated a statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups (p = 0,002; p < 0,05), with the intervention group showing a greater increase in power. Conclusion: These findings suggest that caffeine consumption positively impacts the power performance of wrestling athletes. Based on this study, it is suggested that strategic caffeine supplementation may serve as a more effective approach in supporting overall athletic performance.
Resting Heart Rate Responses After Three Months of Intensive Exercise
Introduction: Resting heart rate (RHR) is a key indicator of cardiovascular adaptation in athletes, reflecting physiological responses to intensive training. While decreased RHR typically signifies improved cardiovascular efficiency, variability in adaptation based on factors like training duration, intensity, and individual characteristics remains understudied in young athletes. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the resting heart rate (RHR) response in young athletes after participating in an intensive 15-week training program. Method: The study uses a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test approach. The sample consists of 15 male and female athletes who are members of the National Sports Design Program (DBON). Physiological variables were measured using digital devices: a heart rate monitor for RHR, a pulse oximeter for oxygen saturation (SpO₂), and a digital scale and height measurer to calculate body mass index (BMI). Measurements were taken before and after the training program. Data were analyzed descriptively (Mean ± SD), and statistical tests were performed using SPSS software. Normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and homogeneity of variance was tested using Levene’s test. Paired t-tests were used to determine differences between pre- and post-values, while Pearson correlation tests were used to examine relationships between variables, with significance set at p < 0.05. Result: The results showed no significant changes in RHR, SpO₂, or BMI, and no significant relationship was found between RHR and SpO₂. Conclusion: This study recommends long-term physiological monitoring and the use of additional parameters to assess exercise adaptation more comprehensively.
RESTING HEART RATE RESPONSES AFTER THREE MONTHS OF INTENSIVE EXERCISE
Rex John Guilabo Bawang Rex John Guilabo Bawang
The Effect of Outbound-Inspired Physical Activity Model in Enhancing Physical Fitness of Elementary School Students
Physical fitness is essential for the physical and mental development of elementary school students. However, the rising trend of sedentary lifestyles has limited students’ participation in physical activities. This study aims to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of an outbound-based physical activity model in improving the physical fitness of elementary school students. A quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group approach was employed. The participants consisted of 100 elementary school students selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using physical fitness tests, questionnaires, and observations, and analyzed using paired t-tests and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The results revealed that students in the experimental group who participated in the outbound program showed a significant improvement in physical fitness compared to those in the control group who received conventional instruction (p < 0.05). Furthermore, students in the experimental group demonstrated higher levels of engagement and motivation toward physical activities. These findings suggest that the outbound-based physical activity model is an effective alternative approach to enhancing physical fitness in elementary school students, while also fostering improvements in social skills and motivation.
Physical Fitness, Physical Activity, Outbound, Physical Education, Elementary School Students
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Sport Science and Fitness
The Effectiveness of Physical Exercise on the Speed and Endurance of Fencing Athletes: A Systematic Literature Review
Physical exercise is one of the essential aspects in maintaining health and physical fitness. This activity not only helps improve muscle strength and body endurance, but also plays a role in maintaining heart health, increasing flexibility, and reducing the risk of various chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. In the modern era, where lifestyles tend to be more sedentary due to technological advancements and the prevalence of online work, it is crucial for every individual to remain physically active. This study aims to determine the effect of physical training on the performance of fencing athletes, with the main focus on speed, accuracy and endurance. This study uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method, in which researchers collect data through accessible journal portals, especially Sinta, using the Harzing's Publish or Perish application. Out of 200 related articles, 6 were found to be relevant after a screening process using Covidence. The data analyzed in this study were drawn from the 2017–2024 period and are indexed in Sinta and publicly accessible. Based on the results and discussion, it can be concluded that regular and targeted physical training plays an important role in improving the performance of fencing athletes. Increasing explosive muscle strength results in athletes being able to make faster, more effective and targeted attacks on each stab accuracy, thus minimizing the opponent to make defensive movements.
Physical Exercise, Speed, Endurance, Fencing Athletes, Systematic Literature Review
The Role of Imagery in Enhancing Basketball Learning: A Psychological Approach-Systematic Literature Review
Physical education learning, particularly in basketball, does not rely solely on physical aspects but also demands mental readiness, concentration, and technical visualization. A psychological approach through imagery or mental imagery is believed to enhance students’ technical skills in sports. This study aims to examine the role of imagery in developing basketball learning through a psychological perspective using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method. Data were collected by searching scientific articles in the Google Scholar database using the Harzing’s Publish or Perish application with the keywords “Sports Imagery and Basketball Learning,” and filtered using the Covidence platform within the publication range of 2017–2024. Inclusion criteria included articles written in Indonesian, indexed in SINTA, and focused on students or teachers in physical education. From a total of 200 articles retrieved, 12 were further screened, and 6 articles were deemed relevant for analysis. The analysis followed the PRISMA model and included a quality assessment of the selected articles. The review findings show that imagery is highly effective in improving technical skills in physical education, especially in basketball learning. The use of imagery techniques also enhances students’ concentration, self-confidence, and tactical understanding during the learning process. In conclusion, imagery is an effective mental training method and can serve as an alternative learning strategy in physical education, particularly in basketball, and is recommended to be combined with physical training for optimal results.
Imagery, Basketball Learning, Psychology, Systematic Literature Review
The Effect of Active and Passive Cooling Down Exercises on Reducing The Pulse Heart Rate of Female Volleyball Athletes
Introduction: A decrease in pulse rate is the most important part that can be measured to support the effectiveness of the training program. In volleyball, which requires a long game time, coaches must also know the process of effective and efficient cooling exercises that can be used to lower the pulse rate. Cool-down training is one way to reduce the pulse rate. Objectives: This study aims to measure the effects of active and passive cooling exercises on physiological responses, one of which is pulse rate. Method: The method used in this study is a quantitative method with an experimental approach with a research design of a two-group pre-test post-test design. The population in this study was Female Volleyball Athletes of Club Bahana Bina Pakuan Bandung City, with an age group of 15-17 years, many of 16 people. The sampling technique used was total sampling, with a total population of 16 people who became the research sample. The instrument used is a Polar H10 device to measure the pulse rate that drops when given active and passive cooling exercises. Result: The results of this study indicate that a more significant decrease in pulse rate is achieved when using active cooling exercises; the effectiveness obtained is 5.70%, whereas passive cooling exercises result in a significant decrease by 3.68%. Conclusion: This study provides recommendations for coaches to continue to see the decline that occurs when given a cooling exercise program. It is also expected that coaches have polar devices to monitor the condition of athletes.
Correlation Analysis of Postural Balance in Roller Skate Athletes Between Single Leg Stand and Tandem StandCorrelation Analysis of Postural Balance in Roller Skate Athletes Between Single Leg Stand and Tandem Stand
Introduction: Postural balance is a crucial component in the performance of roller skate athletes, especially in maintaining stability during dynamic movements. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between two postural balance assessment methods: single leg stands and tandem stands, among roller skate athletes aged 10 to 15 years. Method: The study involved 15 athletes selected purposively. Balance data were collected using the single-leg stand and tandem stand tests and analyzed with the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and Pearson correlation test. Result: The results showed that both variables were normally distributed and had a very strong and significant correlation (r = 0.934; p < 0.001). These findings indicate that better balance performance in one method tends to reflect better performance in the other. This confirms that both methods can represent the postural balance ability of roller skate athletes. Conclusion: The study concludes that there is a very strong positive correlation between single leg stand and tandem stand, which can serve as a basis for evaluating and developing balance training programs for roller skate athletes.
Physical Condition and Concentration on Pencak Silat Athletes
Introduction: Physical condition and concentration are key factors influencing the performance of pencak silat athletes in both fighter and artistic categories. However, the relationship between these two aspects has rarely been explored specifically in this sport. Objectives: This study aimed to compare physical condition and concentration levels between athletes in the fighter and artistic categories, and to examine the relationship between the. Method: A cross-sectional design was used involving 36 athletes (18 fighter and 18 artistic). Physical condition was assessed through power, speed, agility, and endurance tests, while concentration was measured using the Grid Concentration Test (GCT). Data were analyzed using independent samples t-tests and Pearson correlation. Result: The results showed that fighter athletes had significantly higher power, speed, and endurance (p < 0.05), whereas artistic athletes had significantly better agility (p < 0.05). No significant differences in concentration levels were found between the two groups (p > 0.05). Additionally, there was no significant correlation between physical condition and concentration in either group (p > 0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that physical and cognitive aspects may develop independently. Therefore, training programs should incorporate both components to enhance overall athlete performance.
A Decade of Growth in Outdoor Education Research: A Bibliometric Study Based on the Scopus Database 2014–2024
This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of scientific publications with the aim of identifying publication trends, citation trends, the journals with the highest number of publications, researcher tendencies, as well as network visualization, overlay mapping, and the geographical distribution of research on the topic of outdoor education. The research employed content analysis, conducted through online searches using the Scopus database and analyzed with VOSviewer software version 1.6.20. The research procedure followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) flow, including the stages of identification, screening, and eligibility assessment, covering data from 2014 to 2024. The findings indicate a year-over-year increase in publications related to outdoor education. Network visualization successfully identified several dominant topics in this domain, such as the connection between outdoor education and outdoor learning, although no linkage to psychological aspects has yet been observed. Therefore, new research opportunities may lie in integrating outdoor education with psychological studies. Overlay visualization was used to explore emerging research trends, indicated by yellow-colored terms such as outdoor learning and early childhood education. Overall, the number of scientific publications has shown significant annual growth, as has the number of article citations.
Physical Condition Analysis of Central Java PPLP Rowing Athletes
Introduction: The importance of physical condition in rowing is very influential in the development of an athlete. One of the efforts made to improve the physical condition of athletes is to analyze their physical condition, which will be the solution to the problem. Objectives: This study aims to determine the physical condition of rowing athletes at the Central Java Student Education and Training Center (PPLP). Method: This type of research is descriptive quantitative. The population of this study was 10 PPLP Central Java rowing athletes, consisting of 3 boys and 7 girls. The data collection technique of this study used tests and measurements of physical conditions. The data analysis technique used is descriptive statistics. Result: The results of this study indicate that the physical condition of PPLP rowing athletes in Central Java is quite good in the parameters of flexibility, balance, muscle power, strength, cardiovascular endurance, speed, body composition, and explosive strength. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that the physical condition of PPLP rowing athletes is quite good, and there are several aspects that need to be improved, such as cardiopulmonary endurance and flexibility.
The Relationship Between Cervical Curve and Endurance in Upper Trapezius Muscles
Introduction: A decrease in the cervical curve due to Forward Head Posture (FHP) can reduce the endurance of the upper trapezius muscle, which plays an essential role in supporting the head. Objectives: This study aims to determine the relationship between cervical curve and upper trapezius muscle endurance. Method: The study used a quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach, involving 36 Physiotherapy students of Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Measurement of cervical curve was done with craniovertebral angle (CVA), while muscle endurance was measured through isometric contraction with 90° shoulder abduction. Data analysis used Spearman Rank Correlation test. Result: There is a positive and significant relationship between upper trapezius muscle endurance and craniovertebral angle (CVA), with a correlation coefficient of 0.433 and a significance value (p-value) of 0.008. This shows that the better the upper trapezius muscle endurance, the more upright a person's head posture. Conclusion: A decrease in cervical curve (FHP) is associated with decreased muscle endurance, which can lead to faster fatigue and muscle soreness. This finding shows the importance of posture management in preventing musculoskeletal disorders, especially in the student population who are often exposed to prolonged device use activities.
ANALYSIS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CIRCUIT TRAINING METHOD ON ENDURANCE ABILITY OF FOOTBALL PLAYERS
The reason of this inquire about is to see into the utilize Analysis Of Inclusive In circuit training for endurance football players.The PRISMA guidelines for precise audits and meta-analyses were taken after in this audit examination. The consider must be distributed inside the earlier five a long time, from January 2020 to July 2024. Within the look strategy, the taking after watchwords are utilized:(1) circuit training (2) Endurance (3) Football. The search engines Scopus (a large, multidisciplinary database of peer-reviewed literature: scientific journals, books, and conference proceedings). The topic of this inquire about as a entire gotten 358. Contains 309 articles which are at that point taken 10 significant articles. Analysis of circuit training exercises in increasing the endurance of soccer players in this study obtained data in Scopus and then processed it into a research analysis with the topic circuit training, endurance, and soccer with a total of 358 search results and 309 articles with the right topic and 10 articles taken as material for the analysis of this research.
Factors Influencing Lesbianism Among Female Football Players in West Java: A Sociocultural Analysis
This study aims to explore the factors influencing the sexual orientation of lesbian female football players in West Java and its implications for their personal and professional lives. Using a descriptive quantitative approach, data were collected through a Likert-scale questionnaire covering three main categories: background, reasons for attraction, and future expectations. The sample consisted of 37 respondents selected through purposive sampling. The analysis revealed that the environment was the dominant factor influencing players' sexual orientation, with the highest average score of 3.38. The nature of football, which fosters close interaction among female players, was the primary reason for attraction (average 2.6). However, respondents also faced challenges related to insecurity in openly expressing their sexual identity in the football environment (average 1.78). Future expectations indicated a tendency to conform to social norms, such as marrying a male partner for societal acceptance and a more stable life (average 3.49), while support for the legalization of same-sex marriage was low (average 1.46–1.68). Simple regression analysis showed a significant influence between background and reasons for attraction (p < 0.05), whereas Pearson correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between reasons for attraction and future expectations (r = 0.350). This study highlights the need for an inclusive sports environment to reduce stigma and discrimination against players with diverse sexual orientations.
Mapping the Evolution of Leadership in Sports Coaching: A Bibliometric Review
Leadership in sports coaching plays a crucial role in enhancing athlete performance and team well-being. This study aims to identify key themes in sports coaching leadership usingbibliometric analysis supported by VOSviewer software. The analysis results reveal eight main clusters, including athlete leadership, motivational climate, team cohesion, and athletes' mentalhealth. Each cluster highlights the strong relationship between coaching leadership styles and athletes' experiences and performance. Leadership styles such as transformational leadership and servant leadership have been found to contribute positively to athletes' motivation, satisfaction, and mental well-being, whereas unsupportive approaches are oftenassociated with burnout. Additionally, the bibliometric analysis identifies the significant contributions of leading authors and countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States inthis research field. This study emphasizes the importance of a holistic leadership approach that focuses not only on technical strategies but also on athletes' psychological well-being to achieve optimal performance.
Sports Sociology, Inclusive Sports, Disabilities, Paralympic, Social Inclusion, Bibliometric Analysis, International Collaboration.
Trends and Developments in Inclusive Sports: A Bibliometric Perspective from Sports Sociology
Sports sociology, particularly in the context of inclusive sports, has become an important field in understanding social dynamics in an increasingly diverse modern society. Inclusive sports aim to accommodate various groups with different characteristics, such as people with disabilities, gender minorities, and specific age groups. This article uses bibliometric analysis to explore the development of research on sports sociology in inclusive sports. Through literature mapping obtained from the Scopus database, this research shows a significant increase in publications related to inclusive sports between 2013 and 2023, analyzing data from 794 articles published in various scientific journals.The analysis results reveal the dominance of topics related to "disability," "paralympic," and "inclusion" in the literature, highlighting efforts to enhance equal access and opportunities for people with disabilities in sports. This research also identifies leading authors and countries that have made significant contributions to the development of theory and practice in inclusive sports, as well as demonstrating the importance of international collaboration in expanding understanding of this issue. However, there are limitations in this research as it only uses data from Scopus, which may overlook literature from other sources, including research in developing countries. This research provides an overview of important trends and developments in inclusive sports sociology and opens opportunities for further research that is more inclusive.
Hand Grip Strength, Arm Muscles Power, and Flexibility: Key Contributions to Wrestling Athlete Slam Success
This quantitative research aimed to examine the relationship between hand grip strength, arm muscle power, and flexibility with the slam results of wrestling athletes at the Sriwijaya State Sports School. Conducted from September 9 to September 27, 2024, the study involved 15 athletes as participants. Data were collected using test and measurement instruments and analyzed using regression and correlation tests with SPSS version 26. The findings revealed significant relationships between the physical attributes and slam results. First, hand grip strength showed a significant correlation with the slam result, with a significance value of 0.023 (<0.05) and a determination coefficient (R) of 0.988, indicating a perfect correlation. Second, arm muscle power demonstrated a significant relationship with the slam result, with a significance value of 0.00 (<0.05) and an R value of 0.981, also showing a perfect correlation. Third, flexibility had a significant impact on the slam result, with a significance value of 0.000 (<0.05) and an R value of 0.720, indicating a strong correlation. Finally, a combined analysis of hand grip strength, arm muscle power, and flexibility revealed a significant relationship with the slam results, with a significance value of 0.00 (<0.05) and an R value of 0.973, demonstrating a perfect correlation. In conclusion, the study highlights that hand grip strength, arm muscle power, and flexibility significantly contribute to the slam results of wrestling athletes at the Sriwijaya State Sports School, with hand grip strength and arm muscle power showing the strongest correlations, emphasizing the importance of these physical attributes in enhancing wrestling performance.
Correlation between Arm Position, Craniovertebral Angle, and Non-Specific Neck Pain in College Students
Students, especially intensive users of visual devices such as computers, are at risk of postural disorders such as Forward Head Posture (FHP) and non-specific neck pain (NSNP). The static position of the arm is thought to contribute to this disorder. This study used a cross-sectional design with 47 female participants aged 18-25 years. FHP is measured by Craniovetebral Angle (CVA), static position of the arm with Forward Shoulder Angle (FSA), and neck pain with Neck Disability Index (NDI). Data analysis was carried out by the Pearson correlation test. The results showed that there was no significant relationship between CVA and FSA (r=0.182; p>0.05), but there was a significant negative relationship between FSA and NDI (r=-0.315; p<0.05). The conclusion was that there was no association between FHP and static arm position, but there was an association between static arm position and non-specific neck pain.
Kinematic Analysis of Hitting: Launch Angle and Swing Velocity Differences in Elite vs. Amateur Softball Swing
Hitting is a basic technique that must be mastered in softball. Efficient hitting requires good coordination between the lower limbs, core, and arms. This study aims to analyze the launch angle and exit velocity characteristics of the hitting technique between elite and amateur softball athletes. This study used a quantitative descriptive method. The population consisted of 13 athletes, including 5 elite athletes and 8 amateur athletes, who were selected using purposive sampling. Data collection used documentation techniques by recording the batting movements of the samples which then the video results will be analyzed using Kinovea and SkillSpector software, and the data was analyzed using SPSS version 26.0 with Independent Sample T-Test. The results showed significant differences in launch angle (p=0.025), exit velocity (p=0.004), and swing speed (p=0.015) between elite and amateur athletes. However, there were no differences in elbow angle (p=0.904) and elbow velocity (p=0.123). This study concludes that there are significant differences in batting technique characteristics between elite and amateur softball athletes, with elite athletes showing better performance in launch angle, exit velocity, and swing speed. However, both samples were similar in elbow and elbow angle velocity.
Analysis of Parental Involvement in Supporting The Effectiveness of Children's Swimming Training
The aim of this study was to assess the significance of the involvement of parents, students and coaches in increasing the effectiveness of children's swimming training. The method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive method. The population used is the parents of the Gaussian Kamil School Swimming Club. Data collection in this study used interview and documentation techniques. The results of this study are in the form of a statement from a parent who definitely wants their child to be brave and improve their skills in swimming, and a child who enjoys practicing swimming with the role of their parents by providing encouragement while practicing. Based on the results of the interview study, it can be found that children will be confident and practice seriously when they are given encouragement such as motivational encouragement and moral support. Many parents are also proud when they see their child's skills improving from the beginning when their child was still learning to swim until now they can master all swimming styles in a few years. It can be concluded that the role of parents greatly supports the effectiveness of children's swimming, especially in supporting the development of children's skills and mentality, especially in the scope of children's swimming practice with new people.
Correlation Of Nutritional Status, Physical Activity, Protein, and Magnesium Intake with Muscle Endurance Among College Students
Muscular endurance is included in the components of fitness related to health. Good muscular endurance is important for college students to reduce muscle fatigue so they can do activities including studying longer. The purpose of this study was to analyze the correlation between nutritional status, protein intake, magnesium, and physical activity with muscle endurance. This study is a quantitative study using a cross-sectional design. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling concerning predetermined criteria and a sample of 99 students in Jakarta was obtained. The instruments in this study used a weighed food record, a physical activity recall form, and a push-up and wall squat muscle endurance test form. The Pearson and Spearman correlation tests analyzed the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Most of the respondents had poor and very poor muscle endurance both based on push-ups (96%) and wall squat tests (79,8%). The majority of respondents had good nutritional status (57.6%), insufficient protein intake (56.6%), insufficient magnesium intake (98%), and light physical activity level (93.9%). Nutritional status, protein intake, magnesium, and physical activity were not significantly correlated with muscle endurance in college students (p-value> 0.05).
The Effect of Administration Ginger and Lemongrass Drink on Interleukine 6 Football Player After Exercise
Physical exercise can increase the production of free radicals. Free radical can trigger oxidative stress and inflammation. Ginger and lemongrass has bioactive compound that function as antioxidant and antiinflammatory. This study aim to determine the effecs of giving ginger and lemongras drink on IL6 level in football player. Quasi experimental study with pre and post control group design. The subject were 24 football player divided 2 namely control and intervention group. The intervention group given a ginger and lemongrass drink. The control group was only given brown sugar drink. The intervention are given after exercise for 28 days. Blood samples were collected and tested after exercise. Interleukine 6 were measured using the ELISA Method. Our result showed there was differences in interleukine 6 after giving ginger and lemongrass drink (p=0.004). The delta of interleukine 6 level after intervention was 3.24 pg/ml. Conclusion this research are there was a decrease in interleukine 6 level after giving ginger and lemongrass drink for 28 days to football players after exercise.
The Influence of Taekwondo Movement Activities on The Cognitive Function Of Early Childhood At The Fundamental Stage
Children's cognitive development is a crucial part of their growth process, particularly in the areas of comprehension and memory. However, many children struggle to improve this ability. Exercise activities such as taekwondo are thought to be able to enhance cognitive development, although there have been few studies specifically looking at their benefits for Indonesian children. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of taekwondo-related activities on cognitive functions, particularly concentration, in children aged 6 to 9 years in the elementary stage. This study uses an experimental approach with 20 children from Sukabumi Academy Taekwondo Dojang, consisting of 10 children and 10 adults. Taekwondo exercises are performed three times a month for 21 minutes at moderate intensity (between 50-80%). The Stroop Colour Word Test (SCWT) is an instrument for assessing a person's ability to understand words, colours and word combinations. The paired T-test is used to analyse the differences between the results before and after the test. The results show a significant increase in the following three variables: Word-Colour Combination (t(19) = 10.491, p<0.001), Word-Colour Recognition (t(19) = 7.973, p<0.001) and Colour-Colour Recognition (t(19) = 8.063, p<0.001). The average score after the test was better than before the test, indicating an increase in concentration after the Taekwondo intervention. Taekwondo exercises significantly improve cognitive functions, especially concentration, in children aged 6 to 9 years. This study highlights the importance of incorporating sports such as taekwondo into early childhood education and development programmes.
The Role Of Self-Confidence In Achieving Peak Performance : A Descriptive Quantitative Study Of Youth Basketball Athletes In Sukabumi
This research seeks to examine the impact of self-confidence on the achievement of peak performance in youth basketball athletes. In addition to physical, technical, and tactical aspects, self-confidence is a crucial psychological factor that supports athletic success. It helps athletes manage competition pressure and boosts their readiness to perform at their best. The study employs a descriptive quantitative approach with a correlational design, involving 33 youth basketball athletes from Sukabumi City as participants. The instruments used include the Sports State Confidence Inventory (SSCI) to assess self-confidence and a peak performance questionnaire created by Garfield and Bennet. Data analysis was conducted using the Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25, with results showing a significant positive correlation between self-confidence and peak performance, yielding a correlation value of 0.759 and a significance level of 0.000. These findings suggest that higher levels of self-confidence increase the likelihood of athletes reaching peak performance. This study aims to offer deeper insights into the factors that affect athletic achievement, particularly self-confidence, and contribute to future youth basketball athletes' development