Analysis of Vegetation Diversity and Emission Absorption Sufficiency on the Pandaan-Malang Green Toll Road
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15294/jtsp.v27i2.27589Keywords:
Vegetation, Green Toll Road, Emissions, Pandaan-Malang Toll Road, TransportationAbstract
Green corridors on toll roads are a natural strategy designed to reduce transportation emissions while maintaining the ecological function of the area. This study aims to assess the ability of vegetation to absorb carbon along the Pandaan–Malang Green Toll Road by comparing the total emissions produced by passing vehicles. The method employed is a quantitative descriptive approach with a bottom-up methodology to calculate carbon emissions and estimate CO₂ absorption, utilizing existing vegetation data. The research data revealed that the total annual emissions reached 63.32 million kg, while the total vegetation absorption was only 51.08 million kg or 19.33%, resulting in a deficit of 12.24 million kg (80.67%). Trembesi trees dominate, contributing around 90% of the total absorption, but dependence on this monoculture poses ecological risks due to pest attacks and climate pressure. Therefore, a species diversification strategy that focuses on zoning and strengthening technical regulations on green belts is needed. The policy implications aim to transform green highways from aesthetic elements into sustainable ecological infrastructure that actively functions in climate change mitigation and improves ecosystem service quality.
Downloads
References
[1] M. Abda, G. I. Kholid, and W. Herijanto, “The Impact of Toll Roads on The Modes Choice Transportation Case Study: Banyuwangi-Surabaya,” 2024.
[2] International Energy Agency, “CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2022.” Accessed: Jun. 09, 2025.
[3] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - EPA, “Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks | US EPA.” Accessed: Jun. 07, 2025.
[4] IEA - International Energy Agency, “Global Energy Review 2023: CO₂ Emissions.” Accessed: Jun. 07, 2025.
[5] Badan Pusat Statistik - BPS, “Statistik Transportasi Darat 2023.” Accessed: Jun. 07, 2025.
[6] International Union for Conservation of Nature, “Nature-based Solutions: IUCN Global Standard,” IUCN Global Standard for Nature-based Solutions: a user-friendly framework for the verification, design and scaling up of NbS: first edition, Jul. 2020.
[7] N. Seddon, A. Chausson, P. Berry, C. A. J. Girardin, A. Smith, and B. Turner, “Understanding the value and limits of nature-based solutions to climate change and other global challenges,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, vol. 375, no. 1794, Mar. 2020.
[8] C. Mahé, C. Jumarie, and M. Boily, “The countryside or the city: Which environment is better for the honeybee?,” Environ Res, vol. 195, p. 110784, Apr. 2021.
[9] PT Jasa Marga Persero Tbk, “Laporan Kinerja Jalan Tol Pandaan–Malang.” Accessed: Jun. 07, 2025.
[10] Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Provinsi Jawa Timur, “Evaluasi Jalur Hijau pada Jalan Tol Pandaan–Malang,” 2023, Accessed: Jun. 07, 2025.
[11] Pratiwi, “Analisis Perbandingan Serapan Karbon antara Jalur Hijau Perkotaan dan Jalan Tol,” Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 45–56, 2021, Accessed: Jun. 07, 2025.
[12] Hadi et al, “Evaluasi Metodologi Ekstrapolasi Serapan Karbon pada Ruang Terbuka Hijau Perkotaan,” Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 123–134, 2019, Accessed: Jun. 07, 2025.
[13] Z. Mehmood et al., “Effects of Air Pollution on Morphological, Biochemical, DNA, and Tolerance Ability of Roadside Plant Species,” Apr. 01, 2024.
[14] D. Fu, B. Bu, J. Wu, and R. P. Singh, “Investigation on the carbon sequestration capacity of vegetation along a heavy traffic load expressway,” J Environ Manage, vol. 241, pp. 549–557, Jul. 2019.
[15] L. Gratani, R. Catoni, and L. Varone, “Quercus ilex L. carbon sequestration capability related to shrub size,” Environ Monit Assess, vol. 178, no. 1–4, pp. 383–392, Jul. 2011.
[16] Yudhistira, Rosdiana, and R. Sakay, “Analisis Kemampuan Vegetasi dalam Mereduksi Emisi Karbon CO2 dari Kendaraan Bermotor,” Jurnal TELUK: Teknik Lingkungan UM Kendari, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 017–023, Dec. 2023.
[17] IPCC, “2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories,” Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Accessed: Jun. 07, 2025.
[18] N. T. Huong Giang and N. T. Kim Oanh, “Roadside levels and traffic emission rates of PM2.5 and BTEX in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam,” Atmos Environ, vol. 94, pp. 806–816, 2014.
[19] FAO, “Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020,” 2020.
[20] D. J. Nowak and D. E. Crane, “Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA,” Environmental Pollution, vol. 116, no. 3, pp. 381–389, Mar. 2002.
[21] BMKG, “( Prakiraan - Bulanan ) Curah Hujan di Propinsi Jawa Timur Tahun 2024.” Accessed: Jun. 08, 2025.
[22] D. Dwi, P. Atmoko, S. Sulastri, and Y. Q. Mondiana, “Analisis Kemampuan Jenis Pohon Dalam Mereduksi Emisi Karbondioksida (CO2) Pada Jalur Hijau Di Kota Malang,” JURNAL GREEN HOUSE, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 17–25, Jul. 2024.
[23] PUPR, “Pemeringkatan Jalan Hijau,” 2018.
[24] K. Sartison and M. Artmann, “Edible cities – An innovative nature-based solution for urban sustainability transformation? An explorative study of urban food production in German cities,” Urban For Urban Green, vol. 49, p. 126604, Mar. 2020.
[25] A. Widodo, L. B. Prasetyo, and S. Sutikno, “Estimasi Emisi CO2 dari Lalu Lintas Kendaraan Bermotor di Kawasan Perkotaan,” Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, pp. 45–55, 2015, Accessed: Jun. 07, 2025.
[26] F. Stuart Chapin, P. A. Matson, and P. M. Vitousek, “Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology,” Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology, pp. 1–529, Jan. 2012.
[27] C. M. Litton, J. W. Raich, and M. G. Ryan, “Carbon allocation in forest ecosystems,” Glob Chang Biol, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 2089–2109, Oct. 2007.
[28] KLHK, “Pedoman Penyelenggaraan Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca Nasional Buku II,” 2012.
[29] W. Yahya, A. Sitawati, R. Fitri, R. D. Andajani, and A. N. Siswanto, “Kajian Daya Serap Ruang Terbuka Hijau Koridor Jalan Tol Jagorawi dalam Menurunkan Emisi CO2 dari Kendaraan,” Desa-Kota: Jurnal Perencanaan Wilayah, Kota, dan Permukiman, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–13, Feb. 2025.
[30] A. N. Izzah, “Kajian Efektivitas Jalur Hijau pada Jalan Tol Cikampek dalam Mengurangi Emisi Polutan CO.,” 2018, Accessed: Jun. 10, 2025.
[31] S. Cyntia Permatasari, “Emisi dan Serapan Karbon Dioksida (CO2) di Beberapa Ruas Jalan Utama Yogyakarta.” Accessed: Jun. 11, 2025.
[32] A. Sitawati, W. Yahya, R. Fitri, R. D. Andajani, and S. M. Ikhsan, “Carbon Emission Reduction with Green Open Space Development in Jagorawi Toll Road, Indonesia,” Journal of Lifestyle and SDGs Review, vol. 5, no. 2, p. e03099, Nov. 2024.
[33] M. Tomson et al., “Green infrastructure for air quality improvement in street canyons,” Environ Int, vol. 146, p. 106288, Jan. 2021.
[34] S. Sudarti, Y. Yushardi, and N. Kasanah, “Analisis Potensi Emisi CO2 Oleh Berbagai Jenis Kendaraan Bermotor di Jalan Raya Kemantren Kabupaten Sidoarjo,” Jurnal Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 70–75, Aug. 2022.
[35] S. Handy, “Impact of Highway Capacity and Induced Travel on Passenger Vehicle Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Policy Brief,” 2014, Accessed: Jun. 11, 2025.
[36] H. V. C. N. T. V. N. V. L. H. M. H. Đ. C. C. TRẦN NGỌC SƠN1, “Assessment of Ecosystem Services Based on i-Tree Eco Model in the 293 Park, Danang City,” 2023.
[37] A. Dib, M. Balac, and A. Sciarretta, “Deep learning approach to predict microscopic pollutant emissions from mesoscopic traffic simulations,” Transp Res D Transp Environ, vol. 146, Sep. 2025.
[38] A. Coiret, E. Deljanin, and P. O. Vandanjon, “Vehicle energy savings by optimizing road speed-sectioning,” European Transport Research Review, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–15, Dec. 2020.
[39] E. Hidayat et al., “Karakteristik Tingkat Emisi CO2 Pada Berbagai Derajat Kejenuhan Lalu Lintas di Jalan Tol,” Jurnal Jalan Jembatan, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 190–204, 2013, Accessed: Jun. 11, 2025.
[40] PUPR, “Pedoman Penanaman Pohon dan Ruang Terbuka Hijau di Jalan Tol (Permen PUPR No. 05/PRT/M/2012),” 2012.
[41] D. J. Nowak and D. E. Crane, “Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA,” Environmental Pollution, vol. 116, no. 3, pp. 381–389, Mar. 2002.
[42] D. Suheriyanto, G. N. Madapuri, and D. Wahyudi, “Identification of Tree Species and Their Potential as Carbon Stock in Three Urban Forests of Malang City, Indonesia,” J Biota, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 44–51, Jan. 1970.
[43] D. I. Adekanmbi et al., “Quantification of Above-Ground Biomass and Carbon Sequestration Potential of Roadside Trees in the Plateau Department of Benin Republic,” Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, vol. 11, no. 09, pp. 20–27, 2023.
[44] R. A. HOUGHTON, “The annual net flux of carbon to the atmosphere from changes in land use 1850-1990*,” Tellus B, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 298–313, Apr. 1999.
[45] E. P. C. C. Silvano Fares, “Carbon sequestration by urban trees.” Accessed: Jun. 11, 2025.
[46] R. Sharma, L. Pradhan, M. Kumari, and P. Bhattacharya, “Assessment of Carbon Sequestration Potential of Tree Species in Amity University Campus Noida,” p. 52, Feb. 2021.
[47] D. J. Nowak, D. E. Crane, and J. C. Stevens, “Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States,” Urban For Urban Green, vol. 4, no. 3–4, pp. 115–123, Apr. 2006.
[48] M. Xu, X. Yang, L. Deng, X. Liao, Z. Niu, and L. Hao, “Decoupling state of urban development and carbon emissions and its driving factors and predictions: A case study of Chengdu metropolitan area,” Ecol Inform, vol. 82, p. 102692, Sep. 2024.
[49] N. Cruz-Pérez et al., “Net carbon balance study for selected roads in Tenerife, Canary Islands,” Integr Environ Assess Manag, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1023–1030, Jul. 2023.
[50] A. Penelitian et al., “Analisis Kemampuan Vegetasi dalam Mereduksi Emisi Karbon CO2 dari Kendaraan Bermotor,” Jurnal TELUK: Teknik Lingkungan UM Kendari, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 017–023, Dec. 2023.
[51] A. Sitawati, W. Yahya, R. Fitri, R. D. Andajani, and S. M. Ikhsan, “Carbon Emission Reduction with Green Open Space Development in Jagorawi Toll Road, Indonesia,” Journal of Lifestyle and SDGs Review, vol. 5, no. 2, p. e03099, Nov. 2024.
[52] Y. Xu, C. Wang, Y. Zheng, Z. Sun, and Z. Ye, “A model tree-based vehicle emission model at freeway toll plazas,” Sustainability (Switzerland), vol. 12, no. 21, pp. 1–15, Nov. 2020.
[53] W. Teng, C. Shi, Y. Yu, Q. Li, and J. Yang, “Uncovering the spatiotemporal patterns of traffic-related CO2 emission and carbon neutrality based on car-hailing trajectory data,” J Clean Prod, vol. 467, p. 142925, Aug. 2024.
[54] F. Han et al., “Surplus or deficit? Quantification of carbon sources and sinks and analysis of driving mechanisms of typical oasis urban agglomeration ecosystems,” J Environ Manage, vol. 371, p. 123058, Dec. 2024.
[55] Y. Cao, X. He, C. Wang, and Y. Fang, “Estimation of Carbon Density in Different Urban Green Spaces: Taking the Beijing Main District as an Example,” Land 2025, Vol. 14, Page 270, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 270, Jan. 2025.
[56] N. Cruz-Pérez et al., “Net carbon balance study for selected roads in Tenerife, Canary Islands,” Integr Environ Assess Manag, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1023–1030, Jul. 2023.
[57] N. Srour, E. Thiffault, and J. F. Boucher, “Exploring the Potential of Roadside Plantation for Carbon Sequestration Using Simulation in Southern Quebec, Canada,” Forests 2024, Vol. 15, Page 264, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 264, Jan. 2024.
[58] V. Kapoor, J. T. Hutchinson, and S. Dessouky, “Evaluation and Enhancement of Carbon Sequestration Potential of Existing Vegetation along Roadsides,” Aug. 2019.
[59] D. Fu, B. Bu, J. Wu, and R. P. Singh, “Investigation on the carbon sequestration capacity of vegetation along a heavy traffic load expressway,” J Environ Manage, vol. 241, pp. 549–557, Jul. 2019.
[60] N. R. Joshi, R. Joshi, and J. R. Mishra, “Contribution of Urban Trees to Offset Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Transportation Sector in the Ring Road Area of Kathmandu Valley, Central Himalaya,” vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 1272–1281, Nov. 2023.
[61] UNEP, “Transport and Carbon Neutrality Pathways.” Accessed: Jun. 11, 2025.
[62] O. Genc, A. Kurt, D. M. Yazan, and E. Erdis, “Circular eco-industrial park design inspired by nature: An integrated non-linear optimization, location, and food web analysis,” J Environ Manage, vol. 270, p. 110866, Sep. 2020.
[63] L. W. Sussams, W. R. Sheate, and R. P. Eales, “Green infrastructure as a climate change adaptation policy intervention: Muddying the waters or clearing a path to a more secure future?,” J Environ Manage, vol. 147, pp. 184–193, Jan. 2015.