Compressive Strength and Damage Simulation of Type V Cement-Based Concrete with GGBFS Addition
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15294/jtsp.v27i2.30023Keywords:
Concrete, Damage, Compressive Strength, GGBFS, Type V Cement, Marine EnvironmentAbstract
The durability of concrete structures in marine environments is often compromised by exposure to aggressive chemical agents. Although Type V cement is designed for high sulphate resistance, it remains susceptible to chloride penetration and magnesium-induced softening. This study investigates the mechanical performance of Type V cement-based concrete modified with GGBFS under simulated marine conditions. Specimens with 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% GGBFS replacement were cast and cured in synthetic seawater for 7, 14, and 28 days before a compressive strength test. Experimental results showed that 2% GGBFS addition yielded the highest compressive strength of 48.12 MPa, which outperformed the regular concrete (42.32 MPa) at 28 days. Numerical simulations using the Mazars damage model in Cast3M were conducted to complement experimental findings, with mesh densities between 16 and 32 sides. Both experimental and modeling results were compared to BS EN 12390-3:2009 standards to categorize damage patterns. The analysis demonstrated that concrete with 2% dan 4% GGBFS exhibited satisfactory damage behaviour, while 0% and 6% GGBFS mixtures were classified as unsatisfactory. Further, the 16-sided mesh configuration generated damage patterns comparable to 2% and 4% GGBFS specimens, whereas the 32-sided mesh closely aligned with damage characteristics of 0% and 6% GGBFS concrete. This study highlights a novel experimental-numerical framework for optimizing GGBFS levels in marine conditions, demonstrating that integrated approaches effectively enhance performance evaluation and durability assessment.
Downloads
References
[1] F. Qu, W. Li, W. Dong, V. W. Y. Tam, and T. Yu, “Durability deterioration of concrete under marine environment from material to structure: A critical review,” J. Build. Eng., vol. 35, no. December 2020, p. 102074, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2020.102074.
[2] F. P. Glasser, J. Marchand, and E. Samson, “Durability of concrete —Degradation phenomena involving,” Cem. Concr. Res., vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 226–246, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.09.015.
[3] [Y. P. Asmara, “Types and Causes of Concrete Damage,” Springer Nature, 2023, pp. 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5933-4_3.
[4] I. Xhaferaj and I. Dervishi, “Action of atmospheric agents against reinforced concrete,” 2013, [Online]. Available: http://dspace.epoka.edu.al/handle/1/1282?show=full.
[5] I. Holly, K. Gajdosova, and R. Sonnenschein, “Reinforcement Corrosion and its Effect on Bond Behaviour,” Appl. Mech. Mater., vol. 837, no. June, pp. 179–182, 2016, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.837.179.
[6] A. S. Syll and T. Kanakubo, “Impact of Corrosion on the Bond Strength between Concrete and Rebar: A Systematic Review,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 15, no. 19, 2022, doi: 10.3390/ma15197016.
[7] D. Zhang et al., “Comparative analysis of sulfate resistance between seawater sea sand concrete and freshwater desalted sea sand concrete under different exposure environments,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 416, no. October 2023, p. 135146, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135146.
[8] D. Sun, Z. Cao, C. Huang, K. Wu, G. De Schutter, and L. Zhang, “Degradation of concrete in marine environment under coupled chloride and sulfate attack: A numerical and experimental study,” Case Stud. Constr. Mater., vol. 17, no. May, pp. 1–12, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01218.
[9] J. Wu, J. Wei, H. Huang, J. Hu, and Q. Yu, “Effect of multiple ions on the degradation in concrete subjected to sulfate attack,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 259, p. 119846, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119846.
[10] J. Ma, Z. Li, Y. Jiang, and X. Yang, “Synthesis, characterization and formation mechanism of friedel’s salt (FS: 3CaO·Al2O3·CaCl2·10H2O) by the reaction of calcium chloride with sodium aluminate,” J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. Mater. Sci. Ed., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 76–83, 2015, doi: 10.1007/s11595-015-1104-y.
[11] T. Li, H. Chen, T. Zhang, L. Liu, and Y. Zheng, “Thermodynamic study on phase composition of hardened Portland cement paste exposed to CaCl2 solution: Effects of temperature, CaCl2 concentration, and type and dosage of supplementary cementitious materials,” Cem. Concr. Res., vol. 178, no. January, p. 107437, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107437.
[12] N. Ghafoori, M. O. Maler, M. Najimi, and A. Hasnat, “Properties of high early-strength Type V cement concrete for rapid repair,” vol. 289, p. 2003, 2019, doi: 10.1051/MATECCONF/201928902003.
[13] M. K. Putri, “The Effect of Portland Cement Type V due to Self Compacting Concrete (SSC) on Sulphate Resistance,” Universitas Indonesia, 2011.
[14] S. L. Sarkar and D. N. Little, “Stabilization of Sulfate-Contaminated Crushed Concrete Base with Type V Cement and Fly Ash,” Transp. Res. Rec., vol. 1611, no. 1, pp. 3–9, 1998, doi: 10.3141/1611-01.
[15] B. Chatveera and P. Srinourn, “Properties of Portland Cement Type V Mortar Mixed with Ground Rice Husk Ash and Limestone Powder,” IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 371, no. 1, 2018, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/371/1/012008.
[16] G. E. Thomas, P. V. Indira, and A. S. Sajith, “Enhancement of Mechanical Properties of Cement Mortar Using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag as a Partial Replacement,” in Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering (LNCE, Volume 274), Springer Nature, 2022, pp. 171–180. doi:10.1007/978-981-19-4055-2_15.
[17] N. Puspita, A. I. Hani’A, and M. Fauzi, “The effect of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) on Portland cement type II to compressive strength of high quality concrete,” IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 830, no. 2, 2020, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/830/2/022068.
[18] R. A. T. Cahyani and Y. Rusdianto, “An Overview of Behaviour of Concrete with Granulated Blast Furnace Slag as Partial Cement Replacement,” IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 933, no. 1, 2021, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/933/1/012006.
[19] A. Moon et al., “Experimental Investigation on Partial Replacement of Cement with Fly Ash and Glass Powder,” Int. J. Sci. Res. Eng. Manag., vol. 08, no. 05, 2024, doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-26365-2_7.
[20] [R. Raafidiani, S. Sumargo, and R. Permana, “The influence of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) as Portland Composite Cement (PCC) substitution in improving compressive strength of concrete,” IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 1098, no. 2, p. 022035, 2021, doi: 10.1088/1757-899x/1098/2/022035.
[21] P.Venkateswara Rao, Santhosh rajan. S.M, Hemalatha V, and Rakesh S, “Experimental Investigation on Partially Replacing the Fine Aggregate by using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag in Cement Concrete,” Int. Res. J. Adv. Eng. Hub, vol. 2, no. 04, pp. 870–874, 2024, doi: 10.47392/irjaeh.2024.0122.
[22] Samsuri, Ngudi, T, dan Chauliah, F. P., “Pengaruh Granulated Blast Furnace Slag dalam Semen Terhadap Kapasitas Produksi, Kuat Tekan Mortar dan Nilai Ekonomis: Studi Kasus di PT Semen Indonesia (Persero) Tbk,” Widya Tek., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 67–71, 2016. https://doi.org/10.31328/JWT.V24I2.397.
[23] S. Murakami, Continuum Damage Mechanics, Volume 185., vol. 1, no. 69. Morikita Publishing Co. Ltd., Tokyo, 1967. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2666-6.
[24] “Cast3M.” http://www-cast3m.cea.fr/ (accessed Jun. 26, 2025).
[25] N. Handika and A. I. Hani’a, “Cracking Pattern Analysis of the Turning Band Method (Tbm) Application on a Single-Reinforcement Bar Concrete Beam Modelling Using the Mazars Damage,” J. Teknol., vol. 86, no. 6, pp. 95–105, 2024, doi: 10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v86.21817.
[26] K. Hongsen, M. Melhan, N. Handika, and B. O. B. Sentosa, “Parameterization of Oil Palm Shell Concrete on Numerical Damage Model Based on Laboratory Experiment using Digital Image Correlation,” J. Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 1858, no. 1, 2021, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1858/1/012029.
[27] A. I. Hani’a, N. Handika, and S. Astutiningsih, “Impact of random field-Size effect using Turning Band Method (TBM) on damage behavior modelling of oil palm shell concrete under compression test,” in AIP Conference Proceedings, Apr. 2024, vol. 3114, no. 1, doi: 10.1063/5.0203254.
[28] BS-EN-12390-3-2009, “British Standard BS-EN-12390-3-2009 Testing Hardened Concrete Part 3: Compressive Strength of Test Specimens,” BSI Group. p. 20, 2009.
[29] ASTM C989 – 09, “Standard Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and Mortars,” ASTM Stand., vol. 44, no. 0, pp. 1–8, 2013, [Online]. Available: http://10.217.116.4/pdflink/astmpdf/ASTM103/ASTM/PDF/SEC4/VOL2/C989.PDF.
[30] ASTM C 33 – 03, Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates, vol. 03. West Conshohocken: ASTM International, 2003.
[31] Badan Standardisasi Nasional, “SNI 03-4142-1996 Metode Pengujian Jumlah Bahan Dalam Agregat Yang Lolos Saringan No. 200 (0,075 Mm),” Badan Stand. Nas. Indones., vol. 200, no. 200, pp. 1–6, 1996.
[32] ASTM C117 – 13, “Standard Test Method for Materials Finer than 75-um (No.200) Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing.” 2013.
[33] B. S. Nasional, “SNI 1969:2008 Cara Uji Berat Jenis dan Penyerapan Air Agregat Kasar,” Badan Standar Nas. Indones., p. 20, 2008.
[34] ASTM C127, “Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity and Water Absorption of Coarse Aggregate,” Am. Soc. Test. Mater., vol. 04, no. Reapproved, pp. 1–6, 2001.
[35] A. International, “C 136 - 06 Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates,” ASTM Int., pp. 1–5, 2009, [Online]. Available: www.astm.org,.
[36] ASTM Internasional, “Astm C 192/C 192M-07,” pp. 1–8, 2009, [Online]. Available: http://www.aci-int.org.
[37] SNI-03-2834, “Tata Cara Pembuatan Rencana Beton Normal,” 2002.
[38] ASTM ASTM D1141-98, “Standard Practice for the Preparation of Substitute Ocean Water,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Philadelphia, 2004. Philadelphia: ASTM, 2004.
[39] ASTM C39/C39M-01, “Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens 1.”
[40] G. Pijaudier-cabot, J. Mazars, G. Pijaudier-cabot, J. Mazars, D. Models, and J. Lemaitre, “Damage Models for Concrete To cite this version : HAL Id : hal-01572309,” pp. 500–512, 2017.
[41] R. F. Hamon, “Model damage of MAZARS Code _ Aster Table des Matières,” 2013.
[42] J. Ahmad et al., “A Comprehensive Review on the Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) in Concrete Production,” Sustain., vol. 14, no. 14, 2022, doi: 10.3390/su14148783.