Ammonia Exposure Risk Analysis for Mothers and Children at Tamangapa Landfill, Makassar

Abstract

Ammonia (NH₃) is a toxic compound produced from the anaerobic decomposition of organic waste in landfill sites. Chronic exposure through contaminated groundwater poses significant health risks, particularly for vulnerable groups such as mothers and children. This study assessed ammonia concentrations in dug well water and evaluated non-carcinogenic health risks among residents near the Tamangapa Landfill in Makassar City, Indonesia. Using an Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) approach, 38 water samples were collected from wells in four cardinal directions around the landfill. Ammonia levels were analyzed via the potentiometric method. Results showed that most samples exceeded the Indonesian clean water standard of 0.10 mg/L, with concentrations ranging from 0.08 to 0.27 mg/L (mean: 0.19 mg/L). Health risk was quantified using Average Daily Dose (ADD) and Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) for ingestion and dermal exposure pathways. Although THQ values were generally below 1—indicating low immediate risk—several locations recorded values approaching or exceeding the threshold, especially among children, who are more susceptible due to lower body weight and higher metabolic rates. These findings highlight the urgent need for improved leachate management and transition from open dumping to a sanitary landfill system. Community-based interventions, including environmental health education and access to safe drinking water, are also recommended to reduce long-term exposure and protect sensitive populations.