Household Health Behaviors as Modifiable Risk Factors for Pneumonia Symptoms in Toddlers

Abstract

Pneumonia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five years of age. Parental health-related behaviors, including smoking, handwashing with soap, and household ventilation, are potential modifiable risk factors. This cross-sectional study, conducted in 2024, examined the association between these behaviors and pneumonia incidence among children under five. Data were collected from children with and without pneumonia, and bivariate analysis was performed using Chi-square tests and Odds Ratio (OR) estimation. Results showed that parental smoking had an OR of 4.889 (p = 0.100), handwashing with soap before feeding an OR of 2.471 (p = 0.193), handwashing before eating an OR of 1.843 (p = 0.452), and handwashing after defecation or urination an OR of 3.159 (p = 0.297). Window opening and closing habits showed a protective tendency with an OR of 0.328 (p = 0.273). Although all p-values were >0.05, indicating no statistically significant associations, the OR magnitudes suggest a potential increased risk of pneumonia linked to unfavorable parental behaviors. These findings highlight the importance of promoting healthy household practices, including smoke-free environments, proper hand hygiene, and adequate ventilation, as essential strategies for preventing pneumonia in children.