The Use Of Artificial Intelligence In The Court Process In Indonesia: A Review Of Procedural Law On The Aspect Of Evidence And Decision-Making
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15294/lslr.v10i1.28681Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence, Evidence;, Judge's DecisionAbstract
The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) presents significant opportunities to address structural challenges within the Indonesian justice system. This article examines the use of AI in judicial processes from a procedural law perspective, focusing on two key stages: evidentiary proceedings and judicial decision-making. Employing a normative legal method and a comparative analysis with the European Union (EU), the study explores Indonesia’s regulatory framework, practical implementation, and emerging legal challenges related to AI integration. Indonesian initiatives such as the Smart Assembly system for judge assignment and the Supreme Court’s Early Detection mechanism to reduce decision disparities serve as illustrative case studies. The analysis demonstrates that AI has the potential to enhance administrative efficiency, improve consistency in the application of law, and assist in the evaluation of electronic evidence and formulation of judicial recommendations. However, its integration raises important procedural concerns, including the admissibility and reliability of digital evidence, algorithmic accountability, risks of data bias, and the possible erosion of independent human judicial reasoning. Unlike the EU, which has established comprehensive ethical guidelines and regulatory safeguards to ensure transparency, non-discrimination, human oversight, and human rights protection, Indonesia lacks a coherent legal framework governing AI use in the judiciary. The article concludes that AI should function as a supportive instrument rather than a substitute for judicial authority. Regulatory reform is therefore necessary to ensure that AI deployment aligns with the principles of fairness, accountability, and dignified justice.
References
Ahmad, Ahmad, Muhammad Fachrurrazy, Sawitri Yuli Hartati S, et al. Buku Ajar Metode Penelitian & Penulisan Hukum. PT. Sonpedia Publishing Indonesia, 2024.
Ahmed, Mohammed Abubakr, Tugberk Kaya, and Tolgay Karanfiller. ‘Evaluating E-Court Systems in Regional Governments in Developing Countries Using Technology Acceptance Model’. Information Development, 12 February 2024, 02666669241229176. https://doi.org/10.1177/02666669241229176.
Ahmed, Umair. ‘Implementing Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the Judicial System in Europe: Challenges and Opportunities’. Pakistan Social Sciences Review 8, no. I (2024). https://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2024(8-I)02.
Andriati, Syarifah Lisa, Inneke Kiki Rizki, and Ain Najwa Binti Mohd Malian. ‘Justice on Trial: How Artificial Intelligence Is Reshaping Judicial Decision-Making’. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 9, no. 2 (2024). https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v9i2.13683.
Antinucci, M. ‘EU Ethical Charter on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Judicial Systems with a Part of the Law Being Established on Blockchain as a Trojan Horse Anti-Counterfeiting in a Global Perspective’. Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University, no. 2 (April 2020): 36–42. https://doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.66.2.036-042.
Ba’abud, Mohammad Fadel Roihan, and Dodik Setiawan Nur Heriyanto. ‘Application of the Principles of Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Towards Personal Data Breach Committed Cross-Country Borders’. Uti Possidetis: Journal of International Law 5, no. 1 (2024): 106–37. https://doi.org/10.22437/up.v5i1.28300.
Busroh, Firman Freaddy, Fatria Khairo, and Putri Difa Zhafirah. ‘Business Disputes Settlement Through Electronic Mediation’. In Proceedings of the International Conference on “Changing of Law: Business Law, Local Wisdom and Tourism Industry” (ICCLB 2023), vol. 804, edited by Mirsa Umiyati, I. Nyoman Putu Budiartha, Ade Saptomo, et al. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. Atlantis Press SARL, 2023. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-180-7_51.
Calandrillo, Steve P., Chryssa Deliganis, and Christina Elles. ‘The Vested Rights Doctrine: How a Shield Against Injustice Became a Sword for Opportunistic Developers’. OHIO STATE LAW JOURNAL 77 (March 2016).
Decision of Chief of Supreme Court and Chief of Judicial Commission No. 047/KMA/SKB/IV/2009 and No. 02/SKB/P.KY/IV/2009 on The Code of Ethics and Guidelines for Judges’ Conduct.
Djamaludin, Djamaludin, Muhammad Fahruddin Aziz, Yanuriansyah Ar-Rasyid, and Iskandar Ali As-Sayyis. ‘Assessing the Impact of Electronic Court Systems on the Efficiency of Judicial Processes in the Era of Digital Transformation’. Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Konstitusi, 27 June 2023, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v6i1.8082.
Ebrahimi Afrouzi, Amin. ‘Role-Reversible Judgments and Related Democratic Objections to AI Judges’. SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 4900913. Social Science Research Network, 2 September 2022. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4900913.
Edward, Arief. ‘Penerapan AI Pada Teknologi Forensik’. BRIN - Penerapan AI pada Teknologi Forensik, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional, 15 August 2023. https://brin.go.id/news/114328/penerapan-ai-pada-teknologi-forensik.
Farig, Muamar Azmar Mahmud. ‘Penerapan Dan Kritik Atas Penggunaan Teknologi’. Penerapan Dan Kritik Atas Penggunaan Teknologi, 2025. https://marinews.mahkamahagung.go.id/hukum/penerapan-dan-kritik-atas-penggunaan-teknologi-0fu.
Farouk, Aisha Dawaki, and Mukti Fajar. ‘Artificial Intelligence-Based System Tools and Their Impact on the Lawyers’ Practice’. Jurnal Penegakan Hukum Dan Keadilan 5, no. 2 (2024): 2. https://doi.org/10.18196/jphk.v5i2.18415.
Ford, Jeremy. ‘Brazil: Courts and Lawyers Embrace AI, Fueling Both Efficiency and More Lawsuits’. Business and Human Rights Centre, Business and Human Rights Center, 25 September 2025. https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/brazil-courts-and-lawyers-embrace-ai-fueling-both-efficiency-and-more-lawsuits/.
Hakim, Hary Abdul, Chrisna Bagus Edhita Praja, and Sung Ming-Hsi. ‘AI in Law: Urgency of the Implementation of Artificial Intelligence on Law Enforcement in Indonesia’. Jurnal Hukum Novelty 14, no. 1 (2023): 122. https://doi.org/10.26555/novelty.v14i1.a25943.
Hidayah, Nur Putri, Galih Wasis Wicaksono, Christian Sri Kusuma Aditya, and Yuda Munarko. ‘Artificial Intelligence and Quality of Composition Verdicts in Indonesia: Lessons from New Zealand’. Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 4, no. 1 (2024): 101–20. https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v4i1.175.
Imaro Sidqi, Siti Maymanatun Nisa, and Hening Sukma Daini. ‘Development of Artificial Intelligence in the Dispute Resolution of Religious Courts’. Jurnal Hukum Islam 21, no. 1 (2023): 83–112. https://doi.org/10.28918/jhi_v21i1_04.
Irina Zlătescu and Petru-Emanuel Zlătescu. ‘Implementation of the European Ethical Charter on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Judicial Systems and Their Environment’. Law Review, no. Supliment1 (2019): 237–42.
Joice Soraya and Zico Junius Fernando. ‘AI Judges and the Future Revolution of the Judicial Profession in Indonesia’. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 6, no. 3 (2024): 393–426. https://doi.org/10.15294/iccle.v6i3.15358.
Kalifia, Anna Dina. ‘Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Penerima Hak Waris Dengan Rule Based Expert System Menggunakan Forward Chaining’. Jurnal Ilmu Komputer Dan Bisnis 13, no. 1 (2022): 193–209. https://doi.org/10.47927/jikb.v13i1.309.
Khimjibhai, Khara Jyoti, and Dr. Sarvari Joshi. Artificial Intelligence and Judicial Efficiency: Accelerating Trial Processes in Indian Courts. 15 March 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.15583828.
Lat, David. ‘AI Can Assist Human Judges, but It Can’t Replace Them (Yet)’. Substack newsletter. Original Jurisdiction, 9 May 2025. https://davidlat.substack.com/p/artificial-intelligence-ai-judges-judging-adjudication.
Law No. 1 of 2024 on the Amendment of Law No. 11 of 2008 Concerning Electronic Information and Transactions.
Law No. 48 of 2009 concerning Judicial Power.
Liu, Han-Wei, Ching-Fu Lin, and Yu-Jie Chen. ‘Beyond State V Loomis: Artificial Intelligence, Government Algorithmization and Accountability’. International Journal of Law and Information Technology 27, no. 2 (2019): 122–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eaz001.
Maskanah, Ummi. ‘Artificial Intelligence in Civil Justice: Comparative Legal Analysis and Practical Frameworks for Indonesia’. Jambura Law Review 7, no. 1 (2025): 225–42. https://doi.org/10.33756/jlr.v7i1.27786.
Park, Jihyun, and Dodik Setiawan Nur Heriyanto. ‘In Favor of an Immigration Data Protection Law in Indonesia and Its Utilization for Contact Tracing’. Prophetic Law Review 4, no. 1 (2022): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.20885/PLR.vol4.iss1.art1.
Pasaribu, Masinton. ‘Penerapan Kecerdasan Buatan (Artificial Intelligence) Dalam Proses Legislasi Dan Sistem Peradilan Di Indonesia’. Jurnal Hukum Dan Bisnis (Selisik) 10, no. 2 (2024): 2. https://doi.org/10.35814/selisik.v10i2.
Puspita Sari, Dessi Perdani Yuris, and Rani Hendriana. ‘Pelaksanaan Sanksi Denda E-Tilang Bagi Pelanggar Lalu Lintas’. Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Konstitusi 2, no. 1 (2019): 63–71. https://doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v2i1.1974.
Ramadianto, Anang Riyan, Adhitya Virya Sundiana, Shilvi Grisminarti, and Larmi Kristiani. ‘Judges Vs. Algorithms: The Future of Justice and Ai’s Challenge to Indonesia’s Courts’. Tadulako Law Review 9, no. 2 (2024): 2.
Rassat, Fianda Sjofjan. ‘Mobil Tilang Elektronik Polda Metro Dilengkapi Kecerdasan Buatan’. Antara News, 28 October 2022. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/3209273/mobil-tilang-elektronik-polda-metro-dilengkapi-kecerdasan-buatan.
Reiling, A. D. (Dory). ‘Courts and Artificial Intelligence’. International Journal for Court Administration 11, no. 2 (2020): 8. https://doi.org/10.36745/ijca.343.
Rembeth, Irene Amadea, and Mirza Marali. ‘Meninjau Ulang Peran Amicus Curiae dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana di Indonesia’. hukumonline.com, 2023. https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/meninjau-ulang-peran-amicus-curiae-dalam-sistem-peradilan-pidana-di-indonesia-lt64e34a5d244d2/.
Sandhi, I. Gusti Bagus, Thea Farina, and Kiki Kristanto. ‘Utilization of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technology in the Judicial System’. Journal of Law Science 7, no. 2 (2025): 2. https://doi.org/10.35335/jls.v7i2.6109.
Schmitz, Amy J. ‘Expanding Access to Remedies Through E-Court Initiatives’. SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 3374465. Social Science Research Network, 18 April 2019. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3374465.
Sebayang, Ekinia Karolin, Mahmud Mulyadi, and Mohammad Ekaputra. ‘Potensi Pemanfaatan Teknologi Artificial Intelligence Sebagai Produk Lembaga Peradilan Pidana Di Indonesia’. Locus Journal of Academic Literature Review 3, no. 4 (2024): 317–28. https://doi.org/10.56128/ljoalr.v3i4.311.
Sitepu, Rida Ista, and Nuchraha Alhuda Hasnda. ‘Analysis of the Implementation of E-Litigation with Artificial Intelligence Approach in Procedural Justice and Access to Justice in Pretrial Proceedings’. Perspektif Hukum, 25 May 2024, 45–71. https://doi.org/10.30649/ph.v24i1.275.
Sudirman, Antonius, Konstantinus Bahang, and Joel Casimiro Pinto. ‘The Role of A Judge’s Conscience in Deciding Criminal Cases: Practice of Criminal Justice in Indonesia’. Journal of Law and Legal Reform 6, no. 4 (2025): 2259–92. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v6i4.34799.
Sukinta, Sukinta. ‘Konsep Dan Praktik Pelaksanaan Amicus Curiae Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Indonesia’. Administrative Law and Governance Journal 4, no. 1 (2021): 89–98. https://doi.org/10.14710/alj.v4i1.89.
Yanwiyatono, Yanwiyatono, and Herman Bakir. ‘Strengthening the Role of Artificial Intelligence Technology in the Role of Court Judges in Indonesia’. Edunity: Social and Educational Studies 3, no. 6 (2024): 410–18. https://doi.org/10.57096/edunity.v3i6.249.
Zico Junius. ‘AI Hakim: Merevolusi Peradilan Yang Berintegritas, Bermartabat, Dan Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Hakim’. Judex Laguens 2, no. 2 (2024): 141–66. https://doi.org/10.25216/ikahi.2.2.8.2024.141-166.
Downloads
Published
Article ID
28681Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Jamil (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
All writings published in this journal are personal views of the authors and do not represent the view of this journal and the author's affiliated institutions. Authors retain the copyrights under this license, see our copyrights notice.
