Banking Law Enforcement by OJK Civil Servant Investigators (PPNS): A Comparative Analysis of Institutional Design in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the United Kingdom
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15294/lslr.v10i2.31309Keywords:
OJK Civil Servant Investigators, Banking Law Enforcement, Comparative LawAbstract
Banking law enforcement in Indonesia requires coordination among prudential supervision, criminal investigation, administrative enforcement, and consumer protection. This article examines the role of Civil Servant Investigators (PPNS) within Indonesia’s Financial Services Authority (OJK) and compares Indonesia's integrated OJK model with Malaysia’s model centered on Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) and the United Kingdom’s twin-peaks framework comprising the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) and Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA). The study employs doctrinal-comparative legal research supplemented by documentary analysis of official enforcement and complaint statistics. The comparison is organized around institutional design, investigative and enforcement powers, legal instruments and sanctions, inter-agency coordination, and consumer-remedy architecture. OJK’s 2020–2024 reports record 89 banking-sector investigation warrants, 86 case dossiers filed with prosecutors, and 81 P-21 completions. Because the annual reports reflect a rolling case pipeline, these figures are treated as output indicators rather than a cohort-based success rate. In 2024, banking accounted for 13,089 of the complaints filed directly with OJK, and banking complaints reported by providers had a settlement rate of 94.30%. The comparison shows that Indonesia combines sectoral expertise and integrated authority but remains dependent on inter-agency coordination for coercive measures and prosecution; Malaysia embeds investigation, administrative action, civil remedies, compounding, publication, and prosecutorial controls within a centralized statutory architecture; and the United Kingdom separates conduct and prudential mandates while relying on formal cooperation between them. The article proposes a clearer allocation of investigative responsibility, stronger case-pipeline reporting, and a more transparent link between enforcement and consumer redress.
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