Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
type: channel
description: Paramita: Historical Studies Journal starting in 2024 migrates from OJS 2 to OJS 3 to better secure from various unwanted things, including journal hacking and so on. To submit, the author please visit the new website page of our journal at the link MIGRATION OFFICIAL STATEMENT HERE Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, a peer review journal, is published by History Department, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang in collaboration with Masyarakat Sejarawan Indonesia (Indonesian Historical Society). Paramita firstly was published in 1990 based on SIT: No. 100/ PT 36 H.FIS/ 1990 and ISSN: 0854-0039. Paramita: Historical Studies Journal also has elecronic ISSN: 2407-5825. Since 2016, Paramita: Historical Studies Journal has accredited (A) based on Keputusan Direktur Jenderal Penguatan Riset dan Pengembangan Kementerian Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi Republik Indonesia No: 36a/E/KPT/2016, issued on 23 Mei 2016. Since 2018-2020, Paramita: Historical Studies Journal is categorized as Peringkat I (Sinta I) based on Keputusan Direktur Jenderal Penguatan Riset dan Pengembangan, Kementerian Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi Republik Indonesia Nomor 30/E/KPT/2018 tentang Hasil Akreditasi Jurnal Ilmiah periode 2 tahun 2018. Since 2020-2024 our journal still categorized as Peringkat I (Sinta I) based on Keputusan Menteri Riset dan Teknologi/Kelapa Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasioinal Nomor 200/M/KPT/2020 tentang Peringkat Akreditasi Jurnal Ilmiah Periode 3 tahun 2020. Every year Paramita publishes thirty articles for two issues in March and September. The range of carried studies in the publication includes history, historiography, history of education, and history education. At that time, the editorial staff of Paramita: Historical Studies Journal is led by Prof. Dr. Wasino, M.Hum. Paramita: Historical Studies Journal editorial staff is located in by History Department, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang at Sekaran Campus, fir…
publisher: istory Department, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang in collaboration with Masyarakat Sejarawan Indonesia (Indonesian Historical Society)
language: en
publication name: Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
issn: 0854-0039
items: Cutting from Within: the Electoral Strategy of the Indonesian Communist Party, 1955-1957
items: Socio-Economics under Female Leadership: Unveiling the History of the Sukadana-Landak Kingdom, 1609-1622
items: Reviving the China-Islamic World Connection: from Historical Trade to the Belt and Road Initiative and Beyond
items: Historical Patterns of Mount Merapi Eruptions: Understanding the Century Cycle and Its Implications for Community Preparedness Education, 1768-2010
items: Fascism on the Theatrical Stage: Theatre as a Joyful Learning Approach to Japanese Occupation History
items: The Historical Roots of Corporate Social Responsibility in Indonesia: The Institutionalization of Social Welfare in the Mangkunegaran Sugar Industry, 1861–1940
items: East Timor Refugee Nationalism: Adaptation and Identity Conflict in Kupang, 1998-2014
items: The Pretkalpa of the Garuda Mahapurana as a Reflection of Social History: A Sociological Study of Soul Purification
items: Historical Trajectories of Indonesia’s Fiscal Gap and Military Spending, 2003–2023
items: The Intellectual History of Entrepreneurship Education in Indonesian Higher Education
items: Museum-Based History Learning for Schools at the Wereldmuseum Leiden: Educational Activities and the Roles of Teachers and Museum Educators
items: Correspondence Between the Johor Palace and Arab Merchants: A Historical Documentation Study in the 19th Century
items: Designing a Democratic Education Curriculum through History Learning for High School Students
items: Kazakh Ethnogenesis and The Formation of Turkic Identity in Central Asia: A Historical and Cultural Analysis
items: The Expansionist Politics of Sultan Agung and Turning Away the Sea in the 17th Century: Rereading Javanese Historiography
items: Reactualization of Sundanese Local Hero Figure’s Values to Foster Student Character in History Education
items: Becoming a Global Village: The History of Globalization in Bali
items: Study of Corporal Punishment in Schools in Indonesia, 1966-2014
items: Investigating Local Historical Figures: The Implementation of the PjBL Model to Increase Historical Literacy
items: Total Diplomacy, Total History: Military Historians and the Indonesian Peace Corps
items: Historical Deconstruction of Śrī Mahārāja Śrī Jayāmrta in the Sukun Inscription of 1083 Śaka
items: The Development of 6Cs Skills through Project-Based Learning ‘Masyarakat Belajar Sejarah’ (History Learning Society)
items: Reimagining History Education: A Critical Exploration of Transforming University Historical Laboratories into Educational Tourism Destinations
items: The Role of Civic Associations in Ethnic Conflicts in Medan and Ambon, Indonesia
items: Constructing Narratives: Indonesia-Australia Relations in Indonesian History Textbooks
items: Customary Land Rights and Postcolonial Land Governance: The Case of Pakel Village, Indonesia, 1950s-1980s
items: Negations of the Laweyan Batik Community during the Pajang and Mataram Period
items: Forging A New Nation: The Role of Youth Radicalism in Semarang’s Revolutionary Struggle, 1945-1947
items: Two Perspectives, One History: Western Colonialism in Indonesian and Malaysian History Textbooks
items: More Notes on the “Print Islam” in Early 20th Century Malay-Indonesian World: Cairene Reformism and Its Traditionalist Counterpart

Cutting from Within: the Electoral Strategy of the Indonesian Communist Party, 1955-1957
type: item
description: Abstract: The Indonesian Communist Party is among the major parties in the period of liberal democracy. The party's development was supported by a strategy of welcoming the 1955 General Elections for the DPR and the Constituent Assembly, followed by the 1957 DPRD elections. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the strategy of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) in facing the struggle of the 1955 General and 1957 Regional Elections. The research was conducted using a historical method comprising four steps: heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The results showed that Marxism–Leninism served as the ideological foundation of the PKI, guiding its strategic development and strengthening party doctrine through the establishment of the National Unity Front. This initiative mobilized and integrated non-party organizations in pursuit of democratic objectives during the 1955 elections, while also strengthening national coalitions to consolidate the opposition against rival parties. In the 1957 regional elections, the PKI sharply criticized other parties for corruption and accused them of being traitors to the people's revolution. This strategy succeeded in splitting and winning votes from other parties. Therefore, PKI ranked among the top four parties with 6,000,000 and 8,500,000 votes in the 1955 General and 1957 Regional Elections, respectively. PKI succeeded in positioning the party with a strategy of coalition and attacking others for corruption. This study contributes to historiography by highlighting the role of ideological consolidation and mass mobilization in electoral success, offering insights into the dynamics of political strategy in post-independence Indonesia. Abstrak: Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI) merupakan salah satu partai besar pada masa demokrasi liberal. Perkembangan partai ini didukung oleh strategi dalam menyambut Pemilu 1955 untuk DPR dan Konstituante, yang kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pemilihan DPRD tahun 1957. Oleh …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Indonesian Communist Party
  topic: keywords
subject: Political campaign
  topic: keywords
subject: the 1955 election
  topic: keywords
subject: the 1957 election
  topic: keywords
subject: Liberal democracy
  topic: keywords
creator: Desvian Bandarsyah
creator: Rizkindo Junior
creator: Sulaeman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2026-04-23
publication date: 2026-04-23
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v36i1.43067

Socio-Economics under Female Leadership: Unveiling the History of the Sukadana-Landak Kingdom, 1609-1622
type: item
description: Abstract: Studies on the history of Malay kingdoms in West Kalimantan have largely focused on male rulers, leaving female leadership relatively underexplored. This study examines the leadership of Ratu Mas Jaintan in the Sukadana–Landak Kingdom from a socio-economic historical perspective. The research employs a historical method with an interdisciplinary approach integrating social and economic analysis. Data were collected from manuscripts, archival documents, artifacts, oral traditions, and previous studies, supported by field research and analyzed through historical criticism and comparative analysis. The findings show that Ratu Mas Jaintan played a significant role in shaping the socio-economic life of the kingdom by promoting open trade, regulating the use of natural resources such as diamonds and gold, and supporting agricultural activities. These policies strengthened regional trade networks while maintaining social stability and cultural continuity. This study contributes to the historiography of Southeast Asian history by highlighting the strategic role of female leadership in managing economic networks and political authority in Malay kingdoms. It also provides broader implications for understanding gender and power relations in historical governance and the importance of female leadership in socio-economic development in early Southeast Asian societies. Abstrak: Kajian tentang sejarah kerajaan-kerajaan Melayu di Kalimantan Barat selama ini sebagian besar berfokus pada penguasa laki-laki, sehingga kepemimpinan perempuan relatif kurang dieksplorasi. Penelitian ini mengkaji kepemimpinan Ratu Mas Jaintan di Kerajaan Sukadana–Landak dari perspektif sejarah sosial-ekonomi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah dengan pendekatan interdisipliner yang mengintegrasikan analisis sosial dan ekonomi. Data dikumpulkan dari naskah, dokumen arsip, artefak, tradisi lisan, serta studi terdahulu, yang didukung oleh penelitian lapangan dan dianalisis melalui kritik seja…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Female leadership
  topic: keywords
subject: Malay kingdoms
  topic: keywords
subject: Sukadana-Landak Kingdom
  topic: keywords
subject: Kalimantan History
  topic: keywords
subject: Borneo
  topic: keywords
creator: Patmawati Patmawati
creator: Raziki Waldan
creator: Fitri Susanti Ilyas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2026-04-23
publication date: 2026-04-23
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v36i1.16386

Reviving the China-Islamic World Connection: from Historical Trade to the Belt and Road Initiative and Beyond
type: item
description: Abstract: This paper presents analysis of the relationship between China and the Islamic world, focusing on economic, political and cultural dimensions. Drawing on literature review and secondary data analysis, including academic studies and reports from international organisations, the study investigates historical interactions between China and Islamic civilisations, highlighting trade as the key driver of their engagement. The findings demonstrate that historical China-Islamic world interactions were largely characterised by reciprocal exchange, in which Islamic commercial networks, knowledge systems and religious institutions played a formative role in shaping China’s external engagements. The paper further examines the contemporary relationship, focusing on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) as the most significant economic framework connecting the two regions. The study finds that in the contemporary period, the relationship has evolved into an asymmetrical form of engagement, with China exercising greater economic leverage and strategic influence through infrastructure investment, energy cooperation and development financing. This shift reflects broader changes in the global political economy rather than a contradiction with earlier historical patterns. In addition, the study explores China’s approach to Islam in the context of Muslim minority governance, analysing challenges associated with the treatment of Uyghur Muslims in Xinjiang and their implications for China’s relations with the Muslim world. The findings indicate that domestic governance practices related to Islam have become a significant constraint on China’s soft power in Muslim-majority societies, shaping diplomatic perceptions despite deepening economic ties. The study adopts historical, political-economic and socio-religious perspectives to provide a concise and integrated understanding of the dynamics shaping contemporary China-Islamic world relations. Abstrak: Artikel ini menyajikan analisis…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Islamic world
  topic: keywords
subject: Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
  topic: keywords
subject: Silk Road
  topic: keywords
creator: Boon Dar Ku
creator: Mohamad Ainuddin Iskandar Lee
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2026-04-23
publication date: 2026-04-23
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v36i1.13647

Historical Patterns of Mount Merapi Eruptions: Understanding the Century Cycle and Its Implications for Community Preparedness Education, 1768-2010
type: item
description: Abstract: Mount Merapi is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia, yet public understanding of its long-term eruption pattern remains limited. Most people are more familiar with short-term volcanic activity than with the possibility of major eruptions recurring within a longer historical cycle. This study aims to analyze the historical eruption pattern of Mount Merapi from 1768 to 2010 and to examine its implications for community preparedness education. The study uses the historical method, including heuristic data collection, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. Primary and secondary historical sources on Merapi’s eruptions were critically reviewed and synthesized to identify long-term patterns and their social impacts. The findings show that Merapi’s major destructive eruptions tend to appear within a century-scale cycle, particularly the eruptions of 1930 and 2010, both of which caused severe casualties and widespread damage. The 2010 eruption was widely regarded as unexpected, but historical evidence suggests that it was part of a recurring long-term pattern. These findings reveal a gap between historical knowledge and public awareness of disasters. This study contributes to Indonesian disaster historiography by offering a long-term interpretation of volcanic disasters and by emphasizing the importance of integrating historical eruption records into disaster risk reduction and community preparedness education. Abstrak: Gunung Merapi merupakan salah satu gunung api paling aktif di Indonesia, tetapi pemahaman masyarakat tentang pola erupsi jangka panjangnya masih terbatas. Masyarakat umumnya lebih mengenal aktivitas vulkanik jangka pendek daripada kemungkinan terjadinya erupsi besar yang berulang dalam siklus sejarah yang lebih panjang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pola erupsi historis Gunung Merapi dari tahun 1768 hingga 2010 serta mengkaji implikasinya bagi pendidikan kesiapsiagaan masyarakat. Penelitian ini menggunakan met…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mount Merapi
  topic: keywords
subject: volcanic eruption
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental history
  topic: keywords
subject: disaster cycle
  topic: keywords
subject: community preparedness education
  topic: keywords
creator: Septian Aji Permana
creator: Siti Zahrah Mahfood
creator: Ary Purwatiningsih
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2026-04-23
publication date: 2026-04-23
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v36i1.34819

Fascism on the Theatrical Stage: Theatre as a Joyful Learning Approach to Japanese Occupation History
type: item
description: Abstract: This study examines the use of theatre during the Japanese occupation period as a medium for creating a more reflective and engaging history-learning experience. In many classrooms, the topic of the Japanese occupation in Indonesia is commonly taught through textbooks and teacher-centered explanations that emphasize political and economic aspects. As a result, cultural dimensions, such as the use of theatre as a propaganda tool during the occupation period, are rarely discussed in history education. This study aims to explore how theatre from the Japanese occupation era can be used as a pedagogical resource to help students understand the mechanisms of propaganda and power relations during that period. This research employed a qualitative case study approach involving 33 eleventh-grade students from a senior high school in Jember, Indonesia. Data were collected through classroom observations, semi-structured interviews with students, and document analysis of historical drama scripts used in classroom role-playing activities. The findings show that students initially had a limited understanding of theatre as a propaganda medium during the Japanese occupation. However, through role-playing activities, students recognized how performing arts were used to shape public opinion and communicate ideological messages. This study highlights the potential of arts-based learning in history education to deepen students’ historical understanding and foster critical awareness of propaganda in historical contexts. Abstrak: Penelitian ini mengkaji pemanfaatan teater pada masa pendudukan Jepang sebagai media untuk menciptakan pengalaman pembelajaran sejarah yang lebih reflektif dan menarik. Dalam banyak praktik pembelajaran di kelas, topik pendudukan Jepang di Indonesia umumnya diajarkan melalui buku teks dan penjelasan yang berpusat pada guru, dengan penekanan pada aspek politik dan ekonomi. Akibatnya, dimensi kultural seperti penggunaan teater sebagai alat propaganda pada…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: History learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Japanese occupation
  topic: keywords
subject: joyful learning
  topic: keywords
subject: propaganda theatre
  topic: keywords
subject: role-playing
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohamad Na’im
creator: Jefri Rieski Triyanto
creator: Mukhamad Zulianto
creator: Dimas Anggoro
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2026-04-23
publication date: 2026-04-23
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v36i1.34656

The Historical Roots of Corporate Social Responsibility in Indonesia: The Institutionalization of Social Welfare in the Mangkunegaran Sugar Industry, 1861–1940
type: item
description: Abstract: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is often understood as a modern normative concept that was only adopted in Indonesia in the post-2000 period. This study challenges that assumption by tracing the historical roots of CSR-like practices through an examination of social welfare initiatives in the Mangkunegaran sugar industry between 1861 and 1940. Employing historical research methods, this study analyzes how welfare initiatives at the Colomadu and Tasikmadu sugar factories evolved from ad hoc responses into an institutionalized system. The findings demonstrate that the Mangkunegaran sugar enterprises implemented practices that can be categorized as “Proto-CSR,” driven by a Dual Logic: economic rationality aimed at maintaining labor productivity, and a moral-cultural obligation of the ruler rooted in Mangkunegaran leadership ethics to protect and care for the populace (kawula). This institutionalization culminated in the establishment of the Bevolkingfondsen (Population Fund), a formal financing mechanism that supported healthcare services, housing improvements, and public sanitation. This study concludes that the Mangkunegaran welfare practices conceptually preceded the modern notion of Creating Shared Value (CSV). These findings contribute to the theoretical discourse on CSR by demonstrating that corporate social responsibility in Indonesia has deep indigenous and historical roots, rather than being merely an adoption of contemporary global management standards. Abstrak: Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan (CSR) kerap dipahami sebagai konsep normatif modern yang baru diadopsi di Indonesia pada era pasca-2000. Penelitian ini menantang asumsi tersebut dengan menelusuri akar historis praktik tanggung jawab sosial melalui studi kasus industri gula Mangkunegaran pada periode 1861–1940. Dengan menggunakan metode sejarah, penelitian ini menganalisis transformasi inisiatif kesejahteraan sosial di pabrik gula Colomadu dan Tasikmadu dari respons situasional menjadi…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mangkunegaran Sugar Industry
  topic: keywords
subject: Welfare Institutionalization
  topic: keywords
subject: Proto-CSR
  topic: keywords
subject: Dual-Logic
  topic: keywords
creator: Wasino
creator: William Bradley Horton
creator: Hartatik Endah Sri
creator: Witasari Nina
creator: Aricindy Argitha
creator: Scientia Inu Kirana Enwa Siwi
creator: Sina Fortuna Devi Putri
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2026-04-23
publication date: 2026-04-23
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v36i1.34091

East Timor Refugee Nationalism: Adaptation and Identity Conflict in Kupang, 1998-2014
type: item
description: Abstract: This study examines the dynamics of nationalism among former East Timorese refugees in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, during 1998–2014. It explores how socio-economic adaptation, identity conflict, and negotiations of belonging unfolded in the aftermath of the 1999 referendum and within the wider context of post-Reformasi Indonesia. Employing a historical method with an interdisciplinary perspective, this research draws on government archives, international reports, newspapers, and in-depth interviews with former refugees, community leaders, government officials, and NGO activists. The analysis is informed by social identity theory, Anderson’s concept of imagined communities, diaspora theory, ethnic boundary-making, and refugee labeling. The findings indicate that refugee nationalism was neither fixed nor singular, but fluid, situational, and continuously renegotiated. Adaptation developed through informal economic strategies, kinship networks, intermarriage, religious participation, and everyday interaction with local communities. At the same time, identity conflict persisted through stigmatization as “refugees” or “new residents,” insecure access to land and public services, unresolved trauma, and fragmented state policies. The study identifies three interrelated forms of nationalism: historical-ideological nationalism, survival nationalism, and hybrid nationalism, particularly among younger generations. These findings reveal the ambivalent character of Indonesian nationalism, which simultaneously articulates inclusion and reproduces exclusion. This study contributes to refugee and nationalism studies by highlighting how marginalized communities negotiate belonging in everyday life and by underlining the need for more inclusive and sustainable integration policies. Abstrak: Penelitian ini mengkaji dinamika nasionalisme mantan pengungsi Timor Timur di Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur, pada periode 1998–2014. Kajian ini berfokus pada bagaimana adaptasi sosial-ekon…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nationalism
  topic: keywords
subject: refugees
  topic: keywords
subject: East Timor
  topic: keywords
subject: Adaptation
  topic: keywords
subject: Identity conclict
  topic: keywords
subject: Kupang
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Integration
  topic: keywords
creator: Teodorikus Hanpalam
creator: Yety Rochwulaningsih
creator: Wasino
creator: Singgih Tri Sulistiyono
creator: Fitri Amalia Shinta Siwi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2026-04-23
publication date: 2026-04-23
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v36i1.33677

The Pretkalpa of the Garuda Mahapurana as a Reflection of Social History: A Sociological Study of Soul Purification
type: item
description: Abstract: This article examines the Pretkalpa of the Garuda Mahapurana as a source for understanding the moral imagination and social values of ancient Sanatani society. It focuses on the concepts of soul purification, karma, rebirth, heaven, hell, and posthumous reward and punishment as reflected in the text. Using a qualitative design and historical content analysis, this study interprets selected passages from the Garuda Mahapurana to explore how the text constructs ethical order and explains the consequences of human action. The findings show that the Pretkalpa presents the soul as immortal and places human life at the center of moral choice, where virtuous action leads to purification and favorable rebirth, while sinful conduct results in suffering, hell, and lower forms of existence. The text also portrays fear of punishment and hope of reward as important mechanisms for guiding human behavior. This study argues that the Garuda Mahapurana can be read not only as a religious scripture but also as a reflection of social history, because it preserves ideas about morality, ritual practice, and social control in the Puranic period. The article contributes to the study of ancient texts by showing how scriptural narratives functioned as ethical guides within historical society. Abstrak: Artikel ini mengkaji Pretkalpa dalam Garuda Mahapurana sebagai sumber untuk memahami imajinasi moral dan nilai-nilai sosial masyarakat Sanatani kuno. Kajian ini berfokus pada konsep pemurnian jiwa, karma, kelahiran kembali, surga, neraka, serta ganjaran dan hukuman setelah kematian sebagaimana tercermin dalam teks tersebut. Dengan menggunakan desain kualitatif dan analisis isi historis, penelitian ini menafsirkan bagian-bagian terpilih dari Garuda Mahapurana untuk mengeksplorasi bagaimana teks tersebut membangun tatanan etis dan menjelaskan konsekuensi dari tindakan manusia. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pretkalpa memandang jiwa sebagai sesuatu yang abadi dan menempatkan kehidup…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Pretkalpa
  topic: keywords
subject: Garuda Mahapurana
  topic: keywords
subject: social history
  topic: keywords
subject: soul purification
  topic: keywords
subject: Karma
  topic: keywords
subject: Rebirth
  topic: keywords
subject: heaven and hell
  topic: keywords
subject: moral order
  topic: keywords
creator: Shukra Raj Adhikari
creator: Bhawani Shankar Adhikari
creator: Ganga Acharya
creator: Nisha Pradhananga
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2026-04-23
publication date: 2026-04-23
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v36i1.33145

Historical Trajectories of Indonesia’s Fiscal Gap and Military Spending, 2003–2023
type: item
description: Abstract: Military spending reflects a nation's priorities and its geopolitical orientation, but in Indonesia it has been compromised by chronic fiscal deficits. The aim of this research was to analyze the historical trajectories of Indonesia’s fiscal gap in military spending from 20023 to 2023 by situating national development within broader global conflicts, including Russia-Ukraine war. A historical method was employed by applying synchronic and diachronic analysis, drawing on archival data from the state budget, official reports from the Ministry of Finance, publications from the SIPRI, and policy documents. The findings demonstrated that historical patterns of defence expenditure consistently revealed a widening fiscal gap between projected requirements and available fiscal capacity. Global geopolitical tensions intensified military modernisation and imposed additional burdens on national budgets. The study concludes that Indonesia’s defence financing challenges cannot be examined solely through contemporary fiscal debates but must be interpreted within a long-term historical narrative of deficit budgeting and external shocks. The contribution of this research lies in advancing historical scholarship on fiscal policy and defence spending while providing policymakers with insights into alternative financing strategies grounded in past experiences and institutional legacies. Abstrak: Belanja militer mencerminkan prioritas suatu negara sekaligus orientasi geopolitiknya, namun di Indonesia hal ini terhambat oleh defisit fiskal yang bersifat kronis. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis trajektori historis kesenjangan fiskal dalam pembiayaan pertahanan Indonesia selama periode 2003–2023 dengan menempatkan dinamika nasional dalam konteks konflik global, termasuk perang Rusia–Ukraina. Metode sejarah digunakan dengan menerapkan analisis sinkronik dan diakronik, berdasarkan data arsip Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara, laporan resmi Kementerian Keuangan, publikasi …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Defense Financing
  topic: keywords
subject: Fiscal Gap
  topic: keywords
subject: Historical Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Indonesia
  topic: keywords
subject: Military Spending
  topic: keywords
creator: Aris Marsudiyanto
creator: Athor Subroto
creator: Bambang Permadi Soemantri Brodjonegoro
creator: A. Hanief Saha Ghafur
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2025-10-09
publication date: 2025-10-09
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v35i2.32010

The Intellectual History of Entrepreneurship Education in Indonesian Higher Education
type: item
description: Abstract: Entrepreneurship education in Indonesia did not emerge as a sudden response to contemporary economic challenges, but rather evolved through a long, intellectual, and policy-driven process shaped by historical, political, and socio-cultural dynamics. While existing studies predominantly focus on the effectiveness and outcomes of entrepreneurship education, relatively little attention has been paid to its historical and intellectual foundations. This study addresses this gap by examining the intellectual history of entrepreneurship education in Indonesian higher education. Using a qualitative historical approach combined with discourse analysis, the study analyzes primary sources, including education policies, curriculum regulations, and official government documents, alongside secondary academic literature from the 1980s to the present. The findings reveal that entrepreneurship education gradually shifted from a marginal development discourse during the late New Order period to a formally institutionalized component of higher education following the Reformasi era, particularly through the National Education System Law of 2003 and subsequent curriculum reforms. This trajectory reflects a broader paradigm shift from a bureaucratic education model toward one emphasizing innovation, self-reliance, and an entrepreneurial mindset, further reinforced by the Merdeka Belajar–Kampus Merdeka policy. The study contributes to the historiography of education by contextualizing entrepreneurship education within Indonesia’s intellectual, ideological, and policy landscape, highlighting the importance of historically grounded perspectives for evaluating current and future educational reforms. Abstrak: Pendidikan kewirausahaan di Indonesia tidak muncul sebagai respons yang tiba-tiba terhadap tantangan ekonomi kontemporer, melainkan berkembang melalui proses panjang yang bersifat intelektual dan digerakkan oleh kebijakan, serta dibentuk oleh dinamika historis, politik, dan sos…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: intellectual history
  topic: keywords
subject: entrepreneurship education
  topic: keywords
subject: higher education
  topic: keywords
subject: indonesia
  topic: keywords
creator: Imam Shofwan
creator: Sunardi Sunardi
creator: Abdul Rahman
creator: Gunarhadi Gunarhadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2026-04-23
publication date: 2026-04-23
doi: 10.15294/paramita.vi.29939

Museum-Based History Learning for Schools at the Wereldmuseum Leiden: Educational Activities and the Roles of Teachers and Museum Educators
type: item
description: Abstract: This study examines the educational activities and resources of Wereldmuseum Leiden within the context of formal history education, focusing on how learning is designed before, during, and after school visits. The central question is: what structured learning activities are implemented, and how do they support students’ historical understanding? Using a mixed-methods approach, qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with five teachers and two museum educators, complemented by a descriptive survey of 20 participants involved in museum programs. The study analyzes activity types, timing, learning resources, and collaboration patterns between schools and museum staff. Findings indicate that hands-on workshops, artifact observation, and audiovisual materials are the most frequently used activities, mainly conducted during museum visits. Pre- and post-visit activities remain limited, suggesting weak integration with school curricula. Collaboration between teachers and museum educators is generally informal and inconsistent. This study highlights the need for more systematic partnerships between museums and schools to strengthen the pedagogical impact of museum-based history education. It also contributes to the field by adapting the instrument of Escribano-Miralles et al. (2021) to ethnographic museums with colonial collections, revealing specific challenges such as the underuse of pre/post-visit activities and digital resources in these settings. Abstrak: Penelitian ini mengkaji aktivitas dan sumber belajar di Wereldmuseum Leiden dalam konteks pendidikan sejarah formal, dengan fokus pada perancangan pembelajaran sebelum, selama, dan setelah kunjungan sekolah. Pertanyaan utama penelitian ini adalah: aktivitas pembelajaran terstruktur apa yang digunakan dan bagaimana aktivitas tersebut mendukung pemahaman sejarah siswa? Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan mixed-methods. Data kualitatif diperoleh melalui wawancara semi-terstruktur den…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Museum Education
  topic: keywords
subject: History Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Experiential Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Wereldmuseum Leiden
  topic: keywords
subject: Colonial History
  topic: keywords
creator: Argitha Aricindy
creator: Wasino
creator: Aji Sofanudin
creator: Hamdan Tri Atmaja
creator: Atika Wijaya
creator: Endah Sri Hartatik
creator: Suryadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2026-04-23
publication date: 2026-04-23
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v36i1.27186

Correspondence Between the Johor Palace and Arab Merchants: A Historical Documentation Study in the 19th Century
type: item
description: Abstract: Before the arrival of British colonial influence, Johor had developed close economic relations with Arab merchants who were active in sectors such as mining and agriculture. This article examines a series of royal correspondences (warkah) exchanged between the Johor royal court and Arab merchants, which serve as primary evidence of institutional trust and support in economic collaboration. Using the historical documentation method, the study explores both the textual content and the broader historical significance of these letters in the context of Johor’s economic expansion during the 19th century. Primary sources from archival records are analysed alongside secondary literature comprising scholarly works and previous studies. The findings highlight Johor’s open-door economic policy and the diplomatic role of the royal institution in fostering foreign investment, particularly from Arab entrepreneurs. By foregrounding royal correspondence as economic evidence, this study demonstrates how documentary heritage can revise prevailing colonial-era narratives that privilege a single entrepreneurial community, thus advancing Southeast Asian historiography on plural economic agency. It also underscores the policy relevance of archival preservation and digitisation, showing how improved access to warkah enables cross-disciplinary analysis of state-merchant relations and supports sustainable heritage governance. Abstrak: Sebelum datangnya pengaruh kolonial Inggris, Johor telah mengembangkan hubungan ekonomi yang erat dengan para pedagang Arab yang aktif di sektor-sektor seperti pertambangan dan pertanian. Artikel ini menelaah serangkaian korespondensi kerajaan (warkah) yang dipertukarkan antara istana kerajaan Johor dan pedagang Arab, yang menjadi bukti utama adanya kepercayaan institusional dan dukungan dalam kerja sama ekonomi. Dengan menggunakan metode dokumentasi sejarah, penelitian ini mengeksplorasi baik isi teks maupun signifikansi historis yang lebih luas da…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Arab Merchants
  topic: keywords
subject: Archival Heritage
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic Collaboration
  topic: keywords
subject: Royal Correspondence
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohd Sohaimi Esa
creator: Abang Mohd Razif Abang Muis
creator: Wasino
creator: Jalani Hamdan
creator: Mohamad Shaukhi Mohd Radzi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2025-10-09
publication date: 2025-10-09
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v35i2.26097

Designing a Democratic Education Curriculum through History Learning for High School Students
type: item
description: Abstract: The purpose of this research is to discover the capabilities of history teachers in designing the internalization plan for democratic values in history lectures; to understand the implementation process of democratic values in history subjects; and to discover the obstructions in implementing those values in high school. This research uses a qualitative research method with a descriptive approach. Data were collected through interviews with three history teachers and twenty students, classroom and school observations, and document analysis at SMAN 2 Ngaglik, a public high school in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The data was then analyzed using the interactive data analysis technique: data reduction, presentation, and conclusion. This research shows democratic education can be applied and assessed concretely in an inclusive and diverse learning environment, using history as a vehicle for developing democratic capacity and forming inclusive citizenship. These thematic findings illustrate a comprehensive approach to democracy education at SMAN 2 Ngaglik, which integrates inclusivity, student-centered pedagogy, civic engagement, tolerance, responsibility, and the use of technology through historical curriculum design and practice. Approaches in schools provide valuable insights and examples for designing inclusive democratic curricula that align with global efforts to develop participatory, tolerant, and autonomous citizens through education. History education can be used as a model of inclusive democratic education closely linked to student diversity and technological innovation, providing valuable new insights and a practical framework for application in pluralistic educational environments. Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kemampuan guru sejarah dalam merancang rencana internalisasi nilai-nilai demokrasi dalam pembelajaran sejarah; memahami proses penerapan nilai-nilai demokrasi dalam mata pelajaran sejarah; serta mengidentifikasi hambatan da…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Zulkarnain
creator: Dimas Aldi Pangestu
creator: Muhammad Amirrudin
creator: Gunartati
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v35i2.25460

Kazakh Ethnogenesis and The Formation of Turkic Identity in Central Asia: A Historical and Cultural Analysis
type: item
description: Abstract: As a representative ethnos of the broader Turkic world in Central Asia, this study examines the historical development and modern identity of the Kazakh people. Tracing a trajectory from early Turkic empires and steppe nomadic traditions to the consolidation of the Kazakh Khanate and Soviet-era transformations, the research highlights the interplay of tribal genealogies, linguistic continuities, and Islamic influences particularly Sufi ethics in shaping Kazakh ethnogenesis. Drawing on historical texts, oral epics, and contemporary cultural practices, the paper positions Kazakhstan as both a historical heartland and a contemporary standard-bearer of Turkic civilisation. In the post-Soviet period, Kazakhstan has actively revitalized its Turkic and Islamic heritage through cultural diplomacy, digital platforms, and multilateral engagement with Turkic-speaking nations. The Kazakh identity, situated at the intersection of Kipchak ancestry, Sufi-Islamic tradition, and Eurasian geopolitics, demonstrates a dynamic continuity of Turkic civilisational identity through cultural memory, symbolic adaptation, and strategic reinvention. These findings not only deepen scholarly understanding of ethnogenesis and identity construction in Central Asia, but also underscore Kazakhstan’s evolving role in cultural diplomacy, heritage preservation, and regional nation-branding. Methodologically, this study demonstrates the value of integrating oral historiography with cultural diplomacy analysis in post-Soviet identity studies. The findings contribute to broader debates on post-Soviet nation-building, soft power strategy, and symbolic politics across the Turkic world. Abstrak: Sebagai etnis representatif dari dunia Turki yang lebih luas di Asia Tengah, studi ini menelaah perkembangan sejarah dan identitas modern bangsa Kazakh. Dengan menelusuri jalur dari kekaisaran awal Turki dan tradisi nomaden stepa hingga konsolidasi Kekhanan Kazakh dan transformasi era Soviet, penelitian ini…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cultural Diplomacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Kazakh Identity
  topic: keywords
subject: Post-Soviet Ethnogenesis
  topic: keywords
subject: Turkic Civilisation
  topic: keywords
creator: Arifeen Yama
creator: Wasino
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2025-10-09
publication date: 2025-10-09
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v35i2.24979

The Expansionist Politics of Sultan Agung and Turning Away the Sea in the 17th Century: Rereading Javanese Historiography
type: item
description: Abstract: This article develops a thesis by Adrian B. Lapian and contextualizes the Islamic rule in Java that stimulated the movement of the sea people to turn their backs on the sea. It critiques conventional historiography that focuses only on heroic stories. Using critical maritime history studies, this article presents a re-reading of the political narrative of Sultan Agung's expansion into North and East Java. The history of Java is not only about political power and conflicts between Javanese kingdoms in the 17th century, but also about expansion, social problems, socio-political domination, and the erasure of collective memory of maritime culture. Therefore, this research attempts to write history with an alternative perspective to examine the "movement towards the sea" in Java, which has implications for the formation of an agrarian society. As a result of strengthening the legitimacy of royal power in the 16th-17th centuries, various violent incidents occurred in northern and peripheral Java. Under the pretext of expanding power and attempting to attack Batavia, this event was normalized, which becomes a phenomenon of historiographical problems in writing history, particularly regarding the minimal discussion about the oppression of the Javanese Maritime community under the political domination of Mataram (Sultan Agung). Abstrak: Artikel ini, dengan mengembangkan tesis dari Adrian B. Lapian, membahas tentang kekuasaan Islam di Jawa yang menstimulasi gerak orang laut untuk memunggungi laut. Artikel ini juga bagian dari kritik terhadap historiografi konvensional yang hanya membahas tentang kisah-kisah heroik semata. Dengan menggunakan kajian sejarah maritim kritis, maka artikel ini menyajikan pembacaan ulang mengenai narasi politik ekspansi Sultan Agung ke daerah Jawa Utara dan Jawa Timur. Sejarah Jawa kenyataannya tidak hanya soal kekuasaan politik dan konflik politik kerajaan-kerajaan Jawa abad 17, tetapi juga soal ekspansi, masalah sosial, dominasi sosial-…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agrarian society
  topic: keywords
subject: Expansionist politics
  topic: keywords
subject: Maritime culture
  topic: keywords
subject: Sultan Agung
  topic: keywords
creator: Miftahuddin
creator: Ajat Sudrajat
creator: Danar Widiyanta
creator: Ita Mutiara Dewi
creator: Kuncoro Hadi
creator: Raymizard Alifian Firmansyah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2025-10-09
publication date: 2025-10-09
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v35i2.24900

Reactualization of Sundanese Local Hero Figure’s Values to Foster Student Character in History Education
type: item
description: Abstract: This research aims to analyze the character values of Regent RAA Kusumadiningrat as one of the Sundanese local heroes and their relevance in the context of history education in the Kurikulum Merdeka. This study is qualitative research that adopts a multi-method research (MMR) strategy with a narrative approach and policy research approach. Data collection is conducted through documentation from primary and secondary sources related to Kusumadiningrat and Kurikulum Merdeka, interviews, and observations conducted at historical sites. Data analysis uses an interactive model owned by Miles and Huberman, which is carried out in an interactive form with the data collection process as part of the analysis cycle process, along with data condensation, display, and conclusion drawing/verification. The research results show that Kusumadiningrat, as a Sundanese traditional leader, has several character traits that are relevant to the Pancasila Student Profiles in the Kurikulum Merdeka, such as faith in God Almighty, critical thinking, global diversity, creative thinking, cooperation, and independence. Reactualization of Kusumadiningrat's character values can be carried out in the F-phase of the Kurikulum Merdeka, especially in the elements of understanding and skills of historical processes, which can be implemented through research project-based learning on this character. This study confirms the importance of promoting local hero values in history education and suggests a new perspective on local heroes that do not necessarily need to be defined by confrontation. Incorporating local heroes into the history education curriculum can serve as sources of inspiration for students, fostering their character development. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis nilai-nilai karakter Bupati RAA Kusumadiningrat sebagai salah satu pahlawan lokal Sunda dan relevansinya dalam konteks pendidikan sejarah pada Kurikulum Merdeka. Studi ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif denga…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: RAA Kusumadiningrat
  topic: keywords
subject: Character Education
  topic: keywords
subject: History Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Kurikulum Merdeka
  topic: keywords
creator: Yulia Sofiani
creator: Miftahul Habib Fachrurozi
creator: Laely Armiyati
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2025-10-11
publication date: 2025-10-11
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v35i2.23800

Becoming a Global Village: The History of Globalization in Bali
type: item
description: Abstract: Bali, currently known as one of the world's tourist destinations, has long historical roots. However, Bali is slowly experiencing changes, namely on the one hand trying to adopt and adapt various existing changes, but on the other hand trying to maintain these customs and traditions so that their cultural roots are not eroded. The purpose of this article is to analyze what continues and what changes occur as a result of external influences. The research method used is a qualitative method with a historical approach, expected to provide a better understanding of how Bali, which was once closed to outside cultures, is now seen as an open fortress. Document sources and in-depth interviews were used to dig up information about the history of globalization in Bali. The conclusion in this research reveals that the arrival of Dutch colonial influence, which initiated the development of tourism in Bali during the colonial period, impacted customs and traditions on the one hand. On the other hand, Balinese people began to recognize various artistic influences and art-making techniques as they were introduced later. Ubud and Kuta in Bali have turned into a global village, which on the one hand is very strong with traditional roots, but is very adaptive to Western influences. Abstrak: Bali yang saat ini dikenal sebagai salah satu destinasi wisata dunia memiliki akar sejarah yang panjang. Namun demikian, Bali secara perlahan mengalami perubahan, yaitu di satu sisi berusaha mengadopsi dan mengadaptasi berbagai perubahan yang ada, namun di sisi lain berusaha mempertahankan adat dan tradisi tersebut agar akar budayanya tidak terkikis. Tujuan dari artikel ini adalah untuk menganalisis apa saja yang tetap dipertahankan dan perubahan apa saja yang terjadi akibat pengaruh dari luar. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan historis yang diharapkan dapat memberikan pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang bagaimana Bali yang dulunya tertutup terhad…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Multiculturalism
  topic: keywords
subject: Local culture
  topic: keywords
subject: Tourism Industry
  topic: keywords
subject: Balinese history
  topic: keywords
subject: Globalization
  topic: keywords
creator: Fransiska Dewi Setiowati Sunaryo
creator: I Ketut Ardhana
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2025-04-24
publication date: 2025-04-24
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v35i1.23715

Study of Corporal Punishment in Schools in Indonesia, 1966-2014
type: item
description: Abstract: This study investigates the practice of corporal punishment in Indonesian schools across three major political periods—Sukarno, the New Order, and the Reform era—before implementing the Child-Friendly School Policy in 2014. Employing a historical method within a case study framework, this research draws on in-depth interviews with six purposively selected individuals who experienced corporal punishment during their school years. Findings reveal that corporal punishment was normalized in earlier eras to instill obedience and maintain classroom order. During the Sukarno and New Order periods, such punishment—ranging from beatings with rattan sticks and rulers to forced labor and public humiliation—was harsh and widespread. In contrast, the Reform era marked a gradual shift toward less severe and more symbolic punitive practices, reflecting the growing influence of child rights discourses. The introduction of the Child-Friendly School Policy in 2014 served as a pivotal policy intervention, significantly reducing the prevalence and severity of corporal punishment. Nonetheless, residual practices persist, indicating a gap between regulatory frameworks and actual implementation at the school level. This study highlights the urgent need for comprehensive pedagogical reform and targeted teacher training to eradicate corporal punishment and foster child-centered, non-violent educational environments. Abstrak: Penelitian ini mengkaji praktik hukuman fisik di sekolah-sekolah Indonesia pada tiga era politik yang berbeda—Era Sukarno, Orde Baru, dan Reformasi—sebelum diterapkannya Kebijakan Sekolah Ramah Anak pada tahun 2014. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah dengan desain studi kasus, serta melibatkan enam informan yang secara purposif dipilih karena memiliki pengalaman menerima hukuman fisik selama masa sekolah. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa hukuman fisik diterima secara luas dan dianggap normal pada era sebelumnya sebagai upaya pendisiplinan untuk menanamkan kepat…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: corporal punishment
  topic: keywords
subject: education
  topic: keywords
subject: child-friendly school policies
  topic: keywords
subject: Indonesia
  topic: keywords
creator: Nasution Nasution
creator: Sugeng Harianto
creator: Esa Putra Bayu Gusti Gineung Patridina
creator: Izzatul Fajriyah
creator: FX Sri Sadewo
creator: Wasino
creator: Arifeen Yama
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2025-04-24
publication date: 2025-04-24
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v35i1.16118

Investigating Local Historical Figures: The Implementation of the PjBL Model to Increase Historical Literacy
type: item
description: Abstract: This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Project-Based Learning (PjBL) model by utilizing the biographies of West Sumatra's local historical figures in improving students' historical literacy in social studies learning. The main question is how implementing the PjBL model improves students' historical literacy towards local historical figures of West Sumatra? Qualitative research methods are used to understand patterns and explore data in depth on research subjects, namely social studies teachers and students in social studies subjects in several public junior high schools in Padang City. The results showed that the implementation of the PjBL model by utilizing the biographies of local historical figures of West Sumatra has encouraged the process of increasing historical literacy in students, the mastery of more historical knowledge indicates this, the development of the ability to analyze and discuss various historical sources, and the skills of students in writing history and presenting products in a creative form. This research shows that historical literacy as part of disciplinary literacy can be developed through various learning models oriented towards learners' active involvement. In addition, this research also indicates that contextualized learning materials contribute to creating meaningful learning. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis implementasi model Project Based Learning (PjBL) dengan memanfaatkan biografi tokoh sejarah lokal Sumatera Barat dalam meningkatkan literasi sejarah peserta didik pada pembelajaran IPS. Pertanyaan pokok diajukan adalah bagaimana implementasi model PjBL dalam meningkatkan literasi sejarah peserta didik terhadap tokoh sejarah lokal Sumatera Barat?. Metode penelitian kualitatif digunakan untuk memahami pola dan mengeksplorasi data secara mendalam pada subjek penelitian, yakni guru IPS dan peserta didik pada mata Pelajaran IPS di beberapa SMP Negeri di Kota Padang. Hasil penelitian menunjuk…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: PjBL Model
  topic: keywords
subject: Historical literacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Local historical figures
  topic: keywords
subject: West Sumatra
  topic: keywords
creator: Uun Lionar
creator: Agus Mulyana
creator: Sapriya
creator: Murdiyah Winarti
creator: Ridho Bayu Yefterson
creator: Yelda Syafrina
creator: Hendra Naldi
creator: Yuhardi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2025-04-24
publication date: 2025-04-24
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v35i1.23411

Total Diplomacy, Total History: Military Historians and the Indonesian Peace Corps
type: item
description: Abstract: This research explores the concepts of Total Diplomacy and Total History, focusing on the role of military historians in the Indonesian peacekeeping force. The Indonesian government employs military diplomacy by deploying Garuda Contingent troops on global peace missions, aligning with the constitutional mandate of the Republic of Indonesia. As part of Indonesia’s total diplomacy strategy, military diplomacy is analyzed by deploying peacekeeping troops, engaging with other diplomatic instruments, and involving military historians to document missions comprehensively. The discussion encompasses the definition of military diplomacy, its international role, and its impact on Indonesia's global image. Military historians face challenges, including disrupted historical record-keeping and changes in the composition of historical officer positions. To overcome the obstacles in writing military history, the concept of Total History becomes relevant, integrating various scientific disciplines to support the historiographic process. In peacekeeping operations, military historians must grasp the totality of this scientific approach and present it more engagingly, meaningfully, and solution-oriented, relevant to the conflict areas they oversee. Abstrak: Penelitian ini mengkaji konsep Total Diplomacy dan Total History dengan menyoroti peran sejarawan militer dalam misi pasukan perdamaian Indonesia. Pemerintah Indonesia menjalankan diplomasi militer melalui pengiriman pasukan Kontingen Garuda dalam misi perdamaian dunia, sebagai bentuk pelaksanaan amanat konstitusi Republik Indonesia. Dalam kerangka strategi total diplomacy, diplomasi militer dianalisis melalui perannya dalam mengerahkan pasukan perdamaian, berinteraksi dengan instrumen diplomatik lainnya, serta melibatkan sejarawan militer untuk mendokumentasikan misi secara menyeluruh. Pembahasan mencakup definisi diplomasi militer, perannya di kancah internasional, dan dampaknya terhadap citra global Indonesia. Sejar…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: military diplomacy
  topic: keywords
subject: peacekeeping forces
  topic: keywords
subject: military historians
  topic: keywords
subject: total history
  topic: keywords
subject: Garuda contingent
  topic: keywords
creator: Kusuma
creator: Sarkawi B. Husain
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2025-04-24
publication date: 2025-04-24
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v35i1.9424

Historical Deconstruction of Śrī Mahārāja Śrī Jayāmrta in the Sukun Inscription of 1083 Śaka
type: item
description: Abstract: Śrī Mahārāja Śrī Jayāmṛta, who issued the Sukun inscription (1083 Śaka), is tentatively thought to be related to the Sukun Village, Sukun District, Malang City, based on the inscription obtained from a trader in Malang. The issue raised is deconstructing the history of the character Śrī Jayāmṛta and his relationship with a place called Sukun. The research method is a five-stage historical method: topic selection, source collection (heuristics), criticism, interpretation, and historical writing (historiography). The research results state that Śrī Jayāmṛta, who issued the Sukun inscription (1083 Śaka ), was not the king of the Kadiri Kingdom. He was a king of the Dharmmawangśā Tguh lineage whose original name was Sang Apanji Wijayāmṛtawarddhana. Śrī Jayāmṛta in the Sukun inscription is Śrī Jayawarsa Digwijaya Śāstraprabhu, who issued the Mruwak inscription and the Sirah Kĕtĕng inscription. Following the discovery of the Mruwak inscription and the Sirah Kĕtĕng inscription in the Madiun-Ponorogo area, the Sukun Village mentioned in the Sukun inscription must be searched for in the Madiun-Ponorogo area. In Ponorogo Regency, there are two areas called Sukun: Kampung Sukun, Kauman Village, Ponorogo District, and Sukun Hamlet, Sidoharjo Village, Pulung District. One of them is, of course, what is meant in the Sukun inscription. Abstrak: Śrī Mahārāja Śrī Jayāmṛta, yang mengeluarkan Prasasti Sukun (1083 Śaka), diduga sementara memiliki keterkaitan dengan wilayah Kelurahan Sukun, Kecamatan Sukun, Kota Malang, berdasarkan keberadaan prasasti yang diperoleh dari seorang pedagang di Malang. Permasalahan utama dalam penelitian ini adalah melakukan dekonstruksi terhadap sejarah tokoh Śrī Jayāmṛta dan hubungannya dengan tempat yang disebut Sukun. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode sejarah lima tahap, yaitu: pemilihan topik, pengumpulan sumber (heuristik), kritik sumber, interpretasi, dan penulisan sejarah (historiografi). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Śrī…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Śrī Jayāmṛta
  topic: keywords
subject: Sukun Inscription
  topic: keywords
subject: Dharmmawangśā Tguh
  topic: keywords
subject: Historiography
  topic: keywords
subject: Historical deconstruction
  topic: keywords
creator: Rakaihino Galeswangi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2025-04-24
publication date: 2025-04-24
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v35i1.21828

The Development of 6Cs Skills through Project-Based Learning ‘Masyarakat Belajar Sejarah’ (History Learning Society)
type: item
description: Abstract: This study aims to develop students’ 6Cs skills—critical thinking, creativity, communication, collaboration, character/compassion, and citizenship/culture—through the implementation of Project-Based Learning (PjBL) in a program titled Masyarakat Belajar Sejarah (History Learning Society). The research responds to the relatively low competitiveness of students in East Kalimantan amid the challenges of the 21st-century VUCA world, Indonesia’s demographic bonus, and the development of the new national capital (IKN) in East Kalimantan. Using Kemmis & McTaggart’s action research model, the study involved students from the History Education Program, FKIP, Mulawarman University, across three cohorts (2020–2022). Data was collected through observation, documentation, questionnaires, and interviews in March and June 2023. Students collaborated with schools, non-formal institutions, professionals, and local communities in Samarinda to design creative, contextual historical learning products. The findings show significant improvements across all 6Cs indicators. The project enhanced students’ academic and social competencies and bridged the gap between classroom learning and real-life community engagement. The results highlight the potential of PjBL as a transformative learning strategy for equipping future educators with essential 21st-century skills. This research contributes to history education innovation by positioning students as agents of change within their communities. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan keterampilan 6Cs mahasiswa—berpikir kritis, kreativitas, komunikasi, kolaborasi, karakter/kepedulian, dan kewargaan/budaya—melalui penerapan model Project-Based Learning (PjBL) dalam program Masyarakat Belajar Sejarah. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh rendahnya daya saing mahasiswa di Kalimantan Timur di tengah tantangan dunia abad ke-21 yang ditandai dengan kondisi VUCA (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, Ambiguity), bonus demografi I…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: 6Cs Skills
  topic: keywords
subject: Project-based learning
  topic: keywords
subject: 21st century skills
  topic: keywords
subject: Learning history
  topic: keywords
creator: Michael Sylvester Mitchel Vinco
creator: Rizal Izmi Kusumawijaya
creator: Fathimah Dayaning Pertiwi
creator: Nurul Septia Salsabila
creator: Riski Eka Oktavianengrum
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2025-04-24
publication date: 2025-04-24
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v35i1.21482

Reimagining History Education: A Critical Exploration of Transforming University Historical Laboratories into Educational Tourism Destinations
type: item
description: Abstract: This study explores the potential of university-based historical laboratories as educational tours, offering an alternative pathway for history learning. Employing a qualitative case study methodology, the research used interviews, observations, and focus group discussions to collect data, which was analyzed through an interactive data analysis model. Findings underscore the robust potential of university historical laboratories as viable educational tours. Key indicators include well-equipped facilities, proficient human resources, and substantial institutional support, forming a strong foundation for future development. These laboratories enrich educational experiences and serve as dynamic platforms for fostering deeper historical understanding among students. The study advocates for the expansion and refinement of historical education tours centered around the concept of university historical laboratories. This approach emphasizes integrating educational principles with historical exploration, enhancing engagement and learning outcomes. By leveraging existing academic resources and infrastructures, universities can effectively revitalize history education, aligning educational practices with contemporary pedagogical needs. In conclusion, this research highlights the transformative potential of historical laboratories within university settings, advocating for their strategic integration into educational tourism initiatives. Moving forward, it is imperative to cultivate these initiatives with a deliberate focus on educational quality and historical authenticity, ensuring that they serve as dynamic tools for enriching historical education both locally and globally. Abstrak: Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi potensi laboratorium sejarah di perguruan tinggi sebagai bentuk wisata edukatif, menawarkan jalur alternatif dalam pembelajaran sejarah. Dengan menggunakan metode studi kasus kualitatif, data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara, observasi, dan diskusi kelompok t…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: History education
  topic: keywords
subject: University historical laboratories
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational toursim
  topic: keywords
creator: Andy Suryadi
creator: Ganda Febri Kurniawan
creator: Putri Agus Wijayati
creator: R Soeharso
creator: Nurul Asyikin Binti Hassan
creator: Andriyanto Andriyanto
creator: Junaidy Fery Lusianto
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2025-04-24
publication date: 2025-04-24
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v35i1.21079

The Role of Civic Associations in Ethnic Conflicts in Medan and Ambon, Indonesia
type: item
description: Abstract: Various tensions of ethnic conflict had often appeared and disappeared along with the domination of state power throughout the rise and fall of the New Order . From the various regions in Indonesia, ethnic conflicts broke out in the multicultural city of Ambon due to uncontrolled competition for economic and social resources, coupled with other socio-political processes outside of the city. In contrast, ethnic conflicts did not occurred in the city of Medan despite it also had a relatively high competition for resources. The long history of these two regions had a similarity in creating a strong ethnic heterogeneity along with democratisation after the fall of the New Order regime. With the ethnic diversity of these two regions, ethnic conflicts tended to potentially erupt without carrying out any prevention and resolution steps appropriate to the background of the respective regions. This study aims to document the development and activities of the civic associations in Ambon and Medan, as well as to analyse their role in the prevention and resolution of ethnic conflicts in these two regions. This study uses a holistic approach by using various disciplines that are part of the social sciences and humanities clusters. The method used in this study uses a historical and anthropological approach in analysing the comparison of the two regions of study. Civic associations or civil society organisations in Ambon that promote peace and strengthen citizenship played an important role in preventing and resolving conflicts from community initiatives. Meanwhile, the civic associations and civil society organisations in Medan, with their cross-ethnic activities, had driven local democracy, strengthen human rights and promote peace or tolerance, which had positively shaped the plural society in Medan, North Sumatra. Abstrak: Berbagai ketegangan konflik etnis sering muncul dan menghilang seiring dengan dominasi kekuasaan negara sepanjang naik turunnya rezim Orde Baru. …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Civic Association
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethnic Conflict
  topic: keywords
subject: Violent Clashes
  topic: keywords
creator: Budi Agustono
creator: Junaidi
creator: Kiki Maulana Affandi
creator: Johan Robert Saimima
creator: Sem Touwe
creator: Julia Lim Pay Loo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2025-10-09
publication date: 2025-10-09
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v35i2.21046

Constructing Narratives: Indonesia-Australia Relations in Indonesian History Textbooks
type: item
description: Abstract: This study aims to analyze how Australian history is represented in Indonesian history textbooks and how these narratives have evolved. Specifically, it examines the differences in the portrayal of Australian history in high school history textbooks published during the New Order government (1966-1998) and the Reformasi government (1999-2023). To achieve this objective, this study employs the critical discourse analysis method, which allows for systematically examining communication symbols embedded in historical narratives. This approach enables a deeper understanding of how historical events are framed and contextualized in Indonesian history textbooks. The findings reveal that during the New Order period (1966-1998), Australian history was primarily linked to Indonesia’s independence struggle (1945-1949) and the Guided Democracy period (1959-1965). During this time, Australia was depicted as a nation that supported Indonesia’s independence. However, in the Reformasi era (post-1999), significant changes emerged in the historical narrative, particularly in depicting Australia’s involvement in the East Timor referendum. Textbooks published after 1999 reflect a more complex relationship, highlighting Australia’s role in East Timor’s separation from Indonesia. These findings indicate that the representation of history in textbooks is influenced by political dynamics and diplomatic relations between the two nations. The shift in historical narratives demonstrates how government policies and national discourse shape students' collective understanding of international history. Therefore, the history curriculum must adopt a more critical and balanced approach to avoid being solely shaped by political interests. This study confirms that historical narratives in textbooks are not static but are shaped by contemporary political contexts and bilateral relations. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana sejarah Australia direpresentasikan dalam …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Australian History
  topic: keywords
subject: East Timor
  topic: keywords
subject: History textbook
  topic: keywords
subject: New Order
  topic: keywords
subject: Reformation
  topic: keywords
creator: Wawan Darmawan
creator: Annisa'a Ambarnis
creator: Andromeda Aderoben
creator: Wildan Insan Fauzi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2025-04-24
publication date: 2025-04-24
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v35i1.18846

Customary Land Rights and Postcolonial Land Governance: The Case of Pakel Village, Indonesia, 1950s-1980s
type: item
description: Abstract: This paper discusses the social practices and impacts of agrarian policy changes in Pakel Village, Licin District, Banyuwangi Regency. The existence of policy transformation has also changed the patterns of social life of the community, especially in the field of agricultural land ownership. This then triggered a land conflict involving the conflict actor, PT Bumi Sari, and the local community. This research uses qualitative research methods through an in-depth literature study approach. Theoretically, this paper illustrates that various conflicts are an important part of making agrarian policies, especially in areas where companies will build and in relation to community conditions. In the future, this will also contribute academically in the form of future research findings that look in more detail at the conditions of communities after conflicts through ethnographic studies. The results showed that the local community as the original entity in the area was marginalized due to the change in agrarian policy which then favored PT Bumi Sari. The existence of conflict is inseparable because of these differences of opinion and views, with a background as a farmer which makes the community marginalized from social construction, especially in agrarian affairs. However, the existence of these historical records makes lessons and evaluations together in every decision-making and policy determination that is fair and considers the local rights of indigenous people in the region. The discussion showed that land conflicts were related to the complexity and legal certainty that the Pakel Village community did not obtain. Restitution of customary land rights based on postcolonial legal pluralism is ignored, which can indirectly be understood as an attempt by the state to seize land from indigenous communities. Abstrak: Makalah ini membahas praktik sosial dan dampak perubahan kebijakan agraria di Desa Pakel, Kecamatan Licin, Kabupaten Banyuwangi. Adanya transformasi ke…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: land conflict
  topic: keywords
subject: land control
  topic: keywords
subject: land ownership
  topic: keywords
subject: konflik tanah
  topic: keywords
subject: penguasaan tanah
  topic: keywords
subject: kepemilikan tanah
  topic: keywords
creator: Nur Aini Setiawati
creator: Purnawan Basundoro
creator: Ardana Kusumawanto
creator: Muhammad Agung Pramono Putro
creator: Safrial Fachry Pratama
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2025-10-09
publication date: 2025-10-09
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v35i2.18311

Negations of the Laweyan Batik Community during the Pajang and Mataram Period
type: item
description: Abstract: This study examines the negation of the Laweyan batik community during the Pajang and Mataram periods. It addresses two questions: why the Laweyan batik industry was negated and how such negation was expressed. The research employs the historical method, including source collection, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography, and uses Ernst E. Boesch’s symbolic action approach to analyze the intentions, procedures, goals, and situational context of historical actors. The findings show that the negation of the Laweyan batik community was closely related to the inability of Laweyan batik entrepreneurs to maintain harmonious relations with political authorities after the era of Ki Ageng Henis. This negation appeared in two main forms. First, it was expressed in folklore derived from traditional historiography, which portrayed Laweyan as socially improper, unlucky, and morally suspect. Second, it was reflected in rulers’ policies, particularly the tomb politics surrounding Ki Ageng Henis in Kotagede and the promotion of Kauman batik as a palace-centered alternative. These policies symbolically distanced royal authority from the commercial batik tradition associated with Laweyan. This study argues that the negation of Laweyan was not merely cultural prejudice, but also a political and symbolic strategy to preserve aristocratic identity and authority. It contributes to the socio-cultural history of batik by showing how power, memory, and symbolism shaped the historical marginalization of a local craft community. Abstrak: Kajian ini menganalisis penegasian terhadap komunitas batik Laweyan pada masa Pajang dan Mataram. Penelitian ini menjawab dua pertanyaan, yaitu mengapa industri batik Laweyan mengalami penegasian dan bagaimana bentuk-bentuk penegasian tersebut direpresentasikan. Penelitian menggunakan metode sejarah yang meliputi pengumpulan sumber, kritik sumber, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Analisis dilakukan dengan pendekatan tindakan simbolik E…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Laweyan
  topic: keywords
subject: batik industry
  topic: keywords
subject: kauman
  topic: keywords
subject: symbolic negation
  topic: keywords
subject: Ki Ageng Henis
  topic: keywords
creator: Hieronymus Purwanta
creator: Victor Novianto
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2026-04-23
publication date: 2026-04-23
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v36i1.16683

Forging A New Nation: The Role of Youth Radicalism in Semarang’s Revolutionary Struggle, 1945-1947
type: item
description: Abstract: This study examines the youth resistance movement in Semarang in the early days of the Indonesian Revolution, especially between 1945 and 1947, against the Japanese and Allied armies. The youth resistance movement is characterized by a militant and radical nature, which is influenced by various factors from the past experiences of the youth. In addition to the impact of the Japanese occupation, ideological factors such as Socialism, Communism, Islam, and Nationalism also played an important role in encouraging youth radicalism in Semarang. Research on the radical youth movement in Semarang during the Indonesian Revolution is still limited, with some studies highlighting events such as the 'Five-Day Battle'. This research contributes to the understanding of the youth militant movement in Semarang through a literature review from contemporary newspaper sources published in Jakarta and Semarang as well as other related literature collections. These sources are obtained from the National Library and libraries in the local area. The results of the study show that several factors affect radicalism and youth militancy in Semarang. First, their strong motivation and purpose to resist the occupation of the Japanese army and the return of the Allies. Second, the results of Japanese education for youth through military and semi-military organizations during the Japanese occupation that strengthened the military mentality. Third, the influence of the socialist-Marxist youth group organization that developed since the time of the national movement, thus making the city of Semarang known as a "red" city. Abstrak: Studi ini menelaah gerakan perlawanan pemuda di Semarang pada masa awal Revolusi Indonesia, khususnya antara tahun 1945 hingga 1947, terhadap tentara Jepang dan Sekutu. Gerakan perlawanan pemuda tersebut ditandai dengan sifat militan dan radikal, yang dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor dari pengalaman masa lalu para pemuda. Selain dampak pendudukan Jepang, faktor…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Youth Resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Indonesian Revolution
  topic: keywords
subject: Revolutionary
  topic: keywords
subject: Semarang
  topic: keywords
creator: Dwi Mulyatari
creator: Abdurakhman
creator: Raisye Soleh Haghia
creator: Syahidah Sumayyah Rahman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2025-10-09
publication date: 2025-10-09
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v35i2.16485

Two Perspectives, One History: Western Colonialism in Indonesian and Malaysian History Textbooks
type: item
description: Abstract: This study examines how Western colonialism is narrated in Indonesian and Malaysian history textbooks and compares the perspectives embedded in both national textbook traditions. Although Indonesia and Malaysia share historical and cultural links, their textbook narratives differ in their interpretations of colonial rule, its impacts, and its place in national history. This research addresses four main issues: the background of colonial arrival, the characteristics of colonial systems, the impacts of colonial rule, and similarities and differences in colonial state policies as presented in textbooks. Using a qualitative content analysis, this study examines selected secondary school history textbooks from Indonesia and Malaysia, published under different curricular frameworks. The analysis focuses on two main dimensions: how textbooks depict colonialism and how they construct particular perspectives on colonial experience. The findings show that Malaysian textbooks tend to present Western colonialism as a broader geopolitical process shaped by rivalry among imperial powers. British colonialism is described not only as exploitative but also as contributing to administrative modernization, territorial formation, and the development of a plural society. In contrast, Indonesian textbooks emphasize colonial exploitation, coercive policies, and popular resistance, especially under Dutch rule. Colonialism is largely portrayed as an oppressive force that generated suffering and stimulated nationalism. This study demonstrates that textbook narratives are closely related to national identity formation and educational ideology. It contributes to history education by showing that colonialism in textbooks is not merely presented as past events, but also as a value-laden narrative shaped by each nation’s political and historiographical priorities. Abstrak: Penelitian ini mengkaji bagaimana kolonialisme Barat dinarasikan dalam buku teks sejarah Indonesia dan Malaysia ser…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: History textbook
  topic: keywords
subject: Colonialism
  topic: keywords
subject: Indonesia
  topic: keywords
subject: Malaysia
  topic: keywords
subject: Culture
  topic: keywords
subject: Values
  topic: keywords
creator: Wildan Insan Fauzi
creator: Agus Mulyana
creator: Wawan Darmawan
creator: Dadan Wildan
creator: Hany Nurpratiwi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2026-04-23
publication date: 2026-04-23
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v36i1.16397

More Notes on the “Print Islam” in Early 20th Century Malay-Indonesian World: Cairene Reformism and Its Traditionalist Counterpart
type: item
description: Abstract: The article examines aspects of three Islamic-oriented periodicals published in the early twentieth century: al-Imām (1906-1908), al-Munīr (1911-1915), and al-Mīzān (1918-1922). Within what Kersten refers to as the “Print Islam,” existing scholarship has largely concentrated on reformist publications – particularly al-Imām and al-Munīr – while their traditionalist counterparts remain comparatively under-studied. Addressing this gap, the article highlights the traditionalist response by conducting a preliminary study of al-Mīzān, an important periodical associated with traditionalist circles. As the principal vehicles for transmitting Cairene reformism in the Malay-Indonesian world, the periodicals al-Imām and al-Munīr, published by kaum muda (youth-led reformist camp), vigorously criticized established religious practices while also initiating discussions on nationhood within the reformist Islamic movement. In response to reformist challenges, the kaum tua launched al-Mīzān to defend inherited religious practices while engaging contemporary issues through a traditionalist lens grounded primarily in Syāfiī fiqh. During the phase of “Print Islam”, both reformist and traditionalist actors contributed to shaping the trajectory of Islamic history in the archipelago, not only through contestations over religious discourse but also by establishing precedents for further imagined nationhood in religious terms. Abstrak: Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji beberapa aspek dalam tiga majalah berorientasi Islam yang diterbitkan pada awal abad ke-20: al-Imām (1906-1908), al-Munīr (1911-1915), dan al-Mīzān (1918-1922). Dalam apa yang disebut Kersten sebagai print Islam (Islam [dalam media] Cetak), kajian yang ada sebagian besar terkonsentrasi pada publikasi reformis – khususnya al-Imām dan al-Munīr – sementara rekan-rekan tradisionalisnya relatif jarang dikaji. Berawal dari kesenjangan tersebut, artikel ini menyoroti respons tradisionalis dengan melakukan kajian awal te…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: printing press
  topic: keywords
subject: print islam
  topic: keywords
subject: al-Imam
  topic: keywords
subject: al-Munir
  topic: keywords
subject: al-Mizan
  topic: keywords
subject: islamic reformism
  topic: keywords
subject: islamic traditionalist
  topic: keywords
creator: Safari
creator: Muhammad Afif Amrulloh
creator: Asep Musadad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
date: 2026-04-23
publication date: 2026-04-23
doi: 10.15294/paramita.v36i1.15843