ACTIVE: Journal of Physical Education, Sport, Health and Recreation
ACTIVE: Journal of Physical Education, Sport, Health and Recreation starting in 2024 migrates to better secure from various unwanted things, including journal hacking and so on. To submit, the author please visit the new website page of our journal at the link https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/peshr MIGRATION OFFICIAL STATEMENT HERE Journal is a peer-reviewed, four-color, professional journal. Continuously published since 2012, Active serves as an authoritative, professional source for educators in physical education, sports, health, and recreation in all settings. It provides the information needed to assist students and clients in learning motor skills, improving fitness, and pursuing physical activity and sport participation safely and appropriately. Active features articles about teaching methods, curriculum, teacher preparation, professional issues, coaching, youth sports, fitness, recreation, and heatlh. Regular departments offer teaching tips, analysis of lawsuits, technology updates, and viewpoints about the professions. Online ISSN (2460-724X) Print ISSN (2252-6773) E-mail: active@mail.unnes.ac.id Indexing GARUDA SINTA DOAJ DIMENSIONS
The Effect of Plyometric Hurdle Training on the Vertical Jump of Volleyball Extracurricular Students
Vertical jump ability is one of the key components of volleyball, especially for executing successful smashes and blocks. Based on observations at SMP Negeri 1 Jambu, the vertical jump ability of students in the volleyball extracurricular program is still not optimal, and the training provided has not specifically focused on improving lower-body explosive power. This study aimed to determine the effect of plyometric hurdle jump training on the vertical jump ability of students in the volleyball extracurricular program at SMP Negeri 1 Jambu. This study employed an experimental method with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The sample consisted of 13 students selected through purposive sampling. The research instrument was a vertical jump test. The plyometric hurdle jump training program was conducted over 12 sessions, three times a week. Data were analyzed using a normality test and a paired-sample t-test. The results showed that the average vertical jump increased from 52.85 cm in the pretest to 59.31 cm in the posttest, an increase of 6.46 cm. The statistical analysis yielded a significance value of 0.000 (p < 0.05). Therefore, plyometric hurdle jump training significantly improved the vertical jump ability of students in the volleyball extracurricular program at SMP Negeri 1 Jambu.
Copyright (c) 2026 ACTIVE: Journal of Physical Education, Sport, Health and Recreation
Students' Perceptions of Free Nutritious Meals and Their Association with Health and Activity
Adequate nutrition is essential for adolescents' health and participation in physical activity. In 2025, Indonesia introduced the Free Nutritious Meal Programme (FNMP) to improve students' nutritional status; however, evidence about students' perceptions of the programme especially in vocational health schools implementing midday meal distribution remains limited. This study explored Grade XI students' perceptions of the FNMP programme and examined links with perceived health and engagement in Physical Education, Sport, and Health (PE) lessons. Using a descriptive qualitative design, eight students were purposively sampled, with a PE teacher and the school principal serving as key informants. Data collection involved semi structured interviews, participatory observation, and document review. Analysis followed Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña’s interactive model, with source and technique triangulation. Findings show students held positive cognitive and affective perceptions of FNMP, reporting associations with improved physical fitness, reduced fatigue, enhanced concentration, and increased participation in PE activities. The results suggest students’ perceptions operate as a mechanism connecting programme implementation to health improvements and ongoing physical activity engagement. These qualitative findings support the FNMP programme’s effectiveness in vocational health school settings and offer practical insights for strengthening future school-based nutrition policies and implementation strategies.
The Role of Futsal Extracurricular Activities as an to Prevent Juvenile Delinquency in Students
Juvenile delinquency remains a significant concern in secondary education, emphasizing the importance of school-based preventive interventions that promote positive adolescent development. Among various extracurricular activities, futsal has the potential to serve as an educational medium that fosters discipline, responsibility, teamwork, leadership, emotional regulation, and other life skills that may reduce adolescents' susceptibility to delinquent behavior. This study aimed to examine the role of extracurricular futsal activities in preventing juvenile delinquency among students at SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang. A quantitative survey design was employed involving 30 students who participated in the school's futsal extracurricular program using a total sampling technique. Data were collected through a validated and reliable 30-item questionnaire based on the Positive Youth Development (PYD) framework. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, while the Shapiro-Wilk test was conducted to assess normality. Since the data were not normally distributed, the relationship between extracurricular futsal participation and juvenile delinquency prevention was analyzed using the Spearman Rank correlation test. The results revealed a strong and statistically significant positive relationship between the two variables (p = 0.785, p < 0.001), indicating that greater participation in structured futsal activities is associated with stronger juvenile delinquency prevention. These findings support the Positive Youth Development and Life Skills Development frameworks, suggesting that extracurricular futsal contributes to character formation, social competence, and positive behavioral development beyond improving physical fitness and technical skills. Therefore, schools are encouraged to strengthen extracurricular sports programs by integrating intentional character education and life skills
Analysis of Mental Health’s Awareness Effect and Physical Activity Towards Academic Perfromance Students
Academic success depends on several psychological and behavior related factors, like knowing how to take care of mental health and staying active with physical exercise. This study aims to examine the association between mental health knowledge, physical activity, and the academic performance of students at Universitas Negeri Semarang. This research uses a quantitative method and is based on a cross-sectional survey. A total of 200 students were selected using a purposive sampling approach. Mental health awareness was checked using a changed version of Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS), and physical activity was measured with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF). The students’ Grade Point Average was used to evaluate how well they did in their studies. The data was analyzed using multiple linear regression with IBM Statistic 25 Software. The study showed that mental health awareness was significantly associated with academic performance (p= 0.025). however, the adjusted coefficient of determination of 0.036 shows that these two variables explain only 3.6% of the variation in academic achievement. These findings indicate that mental health awareness was significantly associated with academic performance, whereas physical activity was not significantly associated with the GPAs of UNNES students, nevertheless, the contribution of the regression model to explaining student’ academic performance was relatively small.
mental health awareness, physical activity, academic performance,GPA, university students
The Effect of Problem-Based Learning on Students’ Adversity Quotient
Physical Education (PE) plays a vital role in developing students' physical and mental capabilities, including their Adversity Quotient (AQ) in facing challenges. This two-cycle Classroom Action Research (CAR) aims to examine the effect of a Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model in floor gymnastics on students' AQ. A total of 41 eleventh-grade students from class XI-2 at SMAN 10 Bandung were selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through AQ questionnaires, observation sheets, and skill tests, and subsequently analyzed using a paired t-test and reflective analysis. The results indicated that the PBL model exerted a significant positive effect on students' AQ, marked by an increase in the mean score from 64.54 to 73.61. Nonetheless, a mean N-Gain value of 0.2453 (low) and an effectiveness percentage of 24.52% (ineffective) indicated that the rate of improvement progressed slowly on a small scale. In conclusion, the PBL model in PE simultaneously has the potential to intervene in students' psychological aspects. The PBL model is empirically proven to transform students' mental resilience profiles through massive vertical migration, in which the number of students in the Quitter category (easily giving up) was successfully reduced to 0%, while the proportion of students in the Climber category (resilient fighters) surged sharply from 7% to 37%. However, to achieve an optimal increase in AQ, a consistent application of the model over a longer period is required, accompanied by the modification of safe instructional tools.
problem-based learning; adversity quotienti; physical education
Android-Based Augmented Reality for Traditional Sports Learning
This development study aimed to produce an Android-based augmented reality (AR) application for introducing traditional sports to students of SD Muhammadiyah Malawili, Sorong Regency, and to evaluate its feasibility, practicality, and preliminary effectiveness. The study used the ADDIE research and development model, consisting of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The participants were one physical education teacher, two expert validators, and 28 fifth-grade students. Data were collected through observation, interviews, validation sheets, response questionnaires, and comprehension tests. The application contains marker cards, three-dimensional visualizations, audio narration, short videos of basic movements, and interactive quizzes on egrang, gobak sodor, bakiak, kasti, jump rope, and engklek. Expert validation produced a mean feasibility score of 87.41% (highly valid), while teacher and student responses produced a practicality score of 90.11% (highly practical). In a one-class pre-test–post-test field trial without a control group, the mean comprehension score increased from 56.79 to 82.14, with an N-gain of 0.59 (medium). These findings indicate that the application is feasible and practical and has promise as an introductory learning medium. However, the evidence of effectiveness remains preliminary; because the trial involved one class in one school and no control group, the findings cannot be interpreted causally or generalized broadly.
Skeletal Muscle Mass Predicts SmO2 and Physical Performance in Adolescent Badminton Athletes Using NIRS
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) allows real-time assessment of muscle oxygenation via muscle oxygen saturation (SmO₂). This study investigated how skeletal muscle mass (SMM) influences the SmO₂ ratio and physical performance in adolescent badminton players. Using a quasi-experimental, one-time case study design, ten adolescent athletes from PB Mutiara Cardinal Bandung were selected by purposive sampling. SMM was measured with a Tanita Body Composition Analyzer, SmO₂ ratio recorded by a NIRS-based Moxy Monitor, and aerobic capacity (VO₂Max) estimated through the Bleep Test. Data underwent descriptive analysis, Shapiro–Wilk normality testing, linearity assessment, and simple linear regression. Results indicated a positive association between SMM and SmO₂ ratio (R = 0.625; R² = 0.390; Sig = 0.053), with SMM accounting for 39.0% of SmO₂ ratio variance, though this relationship did not reach statistical significance. Conversely, SMM showed a significant positive effect on physical performance (R = 0.709; R² = 0.503; Sig = 0.022), explaining 50.3% of VO₂Max variance. These results imply that while greater skeletal muscle mass predicts better aerobic performance in adolescent badminton athletes, it is not the primary determinant of SmO₂ ratio.
Skeletal Muscle Mass;Physical Performance;Badminton
Functional Movement Screen Relationship With Futsal Athletes' Anxiety On Kendal Porprov Team
This study was motivated by the importance of the relationship between physical and psychological conditions in futsal athletes, particularly movement quality measured through the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) and athletes' anxiety levels. This study aimed to determine the relationship between FMS scores and anxiety levels among futsal athletes on the Kendal Regency Porprov (Provincial Multi-Sport Games) Team. A quantitative approach with a cross-sectional correlational survey design was employed. The sample consisted of 35 futsal athletes selected using purposive sampling. Movement quality data were collected using the FMS test, while anxiety levels were measured using the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT). Data were analyzed using the Spearman Rank correlation test following a normality test. Results showed a mean FMS score of 18.29 (very good category) and a mean anxiety score of 19.69 (moderate category). The Spearman correlation test yielded a coefficient of 0.155 with a significance value of 0.372 (p>0.05), indicating no significant relationship between FMS and anxiety levels. It is concluded that movement quality, as measured by FMS, is not significantly associated with anxiety levels among futsal athletes on the Kendal Regency Porprov Team. Further research with larger samples and additional psychological variables is recommended to better understand this relationship.
Doping and Reproductive Health in Female Athletes: A Narrative Literature Review
Doping is not only a violation of sport integrity but also a health-risk behaviour with specific implications for female athletes. This narrative literature review synthesises peer-reviewed studies, consensus statements, and official anti-doping documents published mainly between 2014 and 2026. The review focused on prohibited substances and methods that may affect endocrine regulation, menstrual function, fertility potential, virilisation, sexual health, and athlete well-being. The strongest evidence concerns anabolic-androgenic steroids, which can disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, impair ovulation, cause oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, reduce fertility potential, and produce androgenic changes such as acne, hirsutism, voice deepening, breast atrophy, and clitoromegaly. Human growth hormone, stimulants, hormone modulators, diuretics, and masking practices may contribute to reproductive-health risk indirectly through metabolic disturbance, cardiovascular strain, neuroendocrine stress, appetite suppression, low energy availability, and substance stacking. Menstrual dysfunction should not be interpreted as direct proof of doping because relative energy deficiency in sport, psychological stress, training load, eating disorders, pregnancy, and endocrine disease may produce overlapping symptoms. Prevention therefore requires gender-responsive anti-doping education, confidential medical referral, menstrual-health monitoring, supplement-risk counselling, therapeutic-use guidance, psychological support, and consistent anti-doping control. The review concludes that clean-sport policy should be integrated with reproductive-health protection so that female athletes receive both fair-competition safeguards and clinically appropriate support.
Effectiveness of the Backhand Netting Technique in Badminton: A Performance Analysis
Backhand netting is an essential skill in badminton, helping players control the pace of play while creating scoring opportunities. Its effectiveness depends on shuttlecock placement accuracy, trajectory quality over the net, and its ability to land where the opponent struggles to reach it. This study aimed to describe the effectiveness of the backhand netting technique among athletes of the Badminton Student Activity Unit (UKM) at Universitas Negeri Semarang and identify its contributing biomechanical factors. A descriptive-correlational quantitative approach was used, involving ten male athletes selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected through a backhand netting skill test with three assessment indicators and 2D kinematic video analysis using Kinovea software, then analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation. Results showed a mean effectiveness score of 10.10 out of 12, with eight athletes (80%) classified as very effective and two (20%) as effective. Kinematic analysis further revealed a significant, strong positive correlation between the final elbow angle during follow-through and effectiveness score (r = 0.692, p = 0.027). Overall, the athletes' backhand netting technique was highly effective, driven mainly by optimal elbow extension during follow-through, offering coaches valuable insight for evaluating technical performance through biomechanical technology.
The Relationship Of Physical Activity Levels To The Sleep Quality Of Sport Science Students
Physical activity and sleep quality are important factors that influence students' health and academic performance. Final-year students often face academic demands that may affect both aspects. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between physical activity level and sleep quality among final-year students of the Sport Science Study Program, Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang. This research employed a quantitative cross-sectional design involving 40 respondents selected through purposive sampling. Physical activity was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), while sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Data were analyzed using the Spearman Rank correlation test. The results showed that 50% of respondents had high physical activity levels, 32.5% had moderate levels, and 17.5% had low levels. The majority of respondents experienced poor sleep quality (95%). The Spearman Rank test revealed a correlation coefficient of ρ = 0.044 with a significance value of p = 0.786 (p > 0.05). These findings indicate that there is no significant relationship between physical activity level and sleep quality among final-year students of the Sport Science Study Program. Sleep quality is likely influenced by factors other than physical activity.
The Effect Of Shuttle Run And Zig-Zag Drill Exercises On Soccer Dribbling Agilityon SSB Duta Fortuna U-13
This quasi-experiment-based quantitative research with a pretest-posttest design of two groups aims to analyze and compare the effect of shuttle run and zig-zag drill exercises on ball dribbling agility in SSB DUTA FORTUNA U-13 players. The research sample amounted to 20 players who were taken using saturated sampling techniques, then divided evenly into two groups to undergo a 3-week training program with a frequency of 3 times per week. Dribbling agility is measured using the dribbling agility test in seconds. The results of the Paired Samples T-Test analysis showed that both training methods had a significant influence on the improvement of dribbling agility (p < 0.001), where the shuttle run group experienced a decrease in average travel time by 0.634 seconds and the zig-zag drill group by 0.639 seconds. Based on the effect size analysis, both treatments were in the very large effect category, but the zig-zag drill showed slightly stronger values (Cohen's d = 21.582) than the shuttle run exercise (Cohen's d = 30.693). It can be concluded that both training methods effectively improve the dribbling agility of early age players, with the zig-zag drill making a slightly higher contribution due to its complex movement characteristics more resembling real situations in the game of soccer.
Shuttle Run; Zig-zag Drill; Kelincahan Dribbling
Analysis of Physical Fitness Levels in Urban and Rural Klaten Students
Physical fitness is one of the key factors supporting the health, growth, and learning ability of elementary school students. Differences in environmental characteristics between urban and rural areas are thought to influence students’ physical fitness levels. This study aims to compare the physical fitness levels of elementary school students in urban and rural areas of Klaten Regency. The study employed a survey method using a comparative quantitative approach. The sample consisted of 89 male and female students with an average age of 11 years, selected using purposive sampling, comprising 48 students from SD Muhammadiyah 1 Tonggalan and 41 students from SDIT Persada Bayat. Data collection was conducted on April 20–24, 2026, using the Indonesian Physical Fitness Test (TKJI) for ages 11–12, which included a 40-meter run, 30-second sit-ups, 30- second sit-to-stand, standing long jump, and a 600-meter run. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Independent Samples t-test after meeting the normality and homogeneity tests. The results showed no significant differences in the bent arm hang, sit-up, and vertical jump components. However, there were significant differences in the 40-meter run and 600-meter run components. Urban students demonstrated better performance in the speed component, while rural students performed better in the cardiorespiratory endurance component. These findings suggest that environmental characteristics have the potential to influence specific physical fitness components in elementary school students.
Interpersonal Communication and Performance of Badminton Doubles Athletes in Jepara
This study examines the role of interpersonal communication between badminton doubles partners in supporting the achievement of athletes from Jepara Regency. Interpersonal comm unication plays an important role in fostering cooperation, coordination, trust, and mutual understanding between partners during training- s, and competitive matches. The objectives of this study are to describe the forms of verbal and nonverbal interpersonal communication among badminton doubles athletes in Jepara Regency and to analyze the role of interpersonal communication in enhancing athletic performance and achievement. This research employed a qualitative method with a narrative design. Data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation to gain comprehensive insights into the athletes’ experiences. The findings reveal that effective interpersonal communication significantly contributes to improving team cohesion, strategic coordination, self-confidence, and athletes’ ability to cope with competitive pressure. The study also found that openness, empathy, supportiveness, positivity, and equality are essential components in establishing harmonious relationships between partners. Conversely, miscommunication and a lack of openness may negatively affect performance during matches. Overall, effective interpersonal communication positively contributes to the achievement of badminton doubles athletes in Jepara Regency and supports the development of strong partnerships in pursuing common goals.
The Effect of Parachute Training on Running Speed in Football
This study aims to determine the effect of training using parachutes on the running speed of SSB PS Peraga U-17 players using the Two Group Pretest-Posttest Design. Speed is an important component in football that supports a player's sprint and acceleration abilities. Parachute training includes resisted sprint training whichprovides air resistance so as to increase the work of the leg muscles when running. The method of this study was a quantitative experiment with two groups, namely the experimental group that was given training using a parachute and the control group that was not given special treatment. The research sample was SSB PS Peraga U-17 players who were selected with a total sampling technique. The research instrument used a 40-meter sprint running test conducted before and after the treatment. The results showed that the experimental group experienced a more significant increase in running speed than the control group. Thus, training using parachutes has an effect on increasing the running speed of SSB PS Peraga U-17 football players
Implementing Structured Strength Training for Muscle Endurance in Satchel Peace Softball Athletes
This research investigated the effectiveness of a structured strength training program in enhancing the muscular endurance of female softball athletes from Satchel Peace Cirebon. A quantitative experimental approach was employed using a One-Group Pretest–Posttest Design, involving 23 athletes selected through total sampling. Muscular endurance was evaluated before and after the intervention using one-minute push-up and sit-up tests. The training intervention consisted of 10 sessions designed according to the principles of progressive overload, goal-oriented training, and recovery. Statistical analysis was conducted with IBM SPSS and included the Shapiro–Wilk normality test, Levene's homogeneity test, and a paired-sample t-test. The findings demonstrated an increase in the mean score from 24.91 during the pretest to 32.96 in the posttest. Furthermore, the paired-sample t-test produced a p-value of 0.000 (< 0.05), indicating the rejection of H₀ and acceptance of H₁. These results confirm that a structured strength training program significantly improves the muscular endurance of softball athletes. The observed improvement may be attributed to neuromuscular adaptations and enhanced muscle function resulting from consistent and continuous training.
Trends and Developments in Fitness Test Research: A Scopus Bibliometric Analysis
The evaluation of physical fitness is a core element of sport science, clinical exercise physiology and population health surveillance but a comprehensive bibliometric synthesis of the recent global trend is missing. The present study aims to describe the productivity, intellectual structure, and thematic evolution of the research on fitness tests published between 2015 and 2026. A total of 5,766 peer-reviewed articles indexed in the Scopus database (Elsevier) were retrieved with the search string TITLE-ABS-KEY ("fitness test" OR "physical fitness test" OR "exercise test"). The articles were analysed through performance analysis and science mapping with Bibliometrix R-package (Biblioshiny), VOSviewer 1.6.20, and Microsoft Excel, following the protocol of (Aria & Cuccurullo, 2017; Donthu et al., 2021). The dataset included 92,894 citations (mean = 16.11; median = 7.00) from 1,134 source journals. The annual scientific production increased from 380 documents in 2015 to a maximum of 691 documents in 2024, with a 3-year moving average that indicates a sustained acceleration after 2020. The top contributing countries were: United States (n = 1,168), United Kingdom (n = 782), and Brazil (n = 580). Lotka’s law was confirmed (n ≈ 3.24), with a very skewed distribution of productivity; Bradford’s law identified 15 core journals, accounting for 34.1% of all output. Co-occurrence analysis of author keywords resulted in five thematic clusters: General Exercise & Fitness, Cardiorespiratory & Performance, Athletic Performance & Training, Health Aging & Body, and Methodological. Thematic evolution over three sub-periods (2015–2018, 2019–2022, 2023–2026) demonstrated a clear migration of the field from cardiorespiratory and laboratory-based assessment to wearable sensors, machine-learning-enabled monitoring and CRF risk stratification. These findings offer an empirical guide for researchers, clinicians, educators, and policymakers interested in advancing valid, scalable, and technology-integrated fitness assessment.
The Effect of Wall Shooting Drill Using B.E.E.F Method on Free Throw Accuracy in Senior High School Basketball Athletes
This study aimed to determine the effect of wall shooting drill training using the B.E.E.F. method (Balance, Eyes, Elbow, and Follow-Through) on the free-throw accuracy of basketball athletes at SMAN 3 Tegal City. The study employed a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental method using a one-group pre-test–post-test design. The sample consisted of 25 athletes selected through a total sampling technique. The treatment was administered over 12 training sessions within four weeks. Data were collected through free-throw tests conducted before and after the treatment. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Shapiro–Wilk normality test, and a paired-samples t-test. The results showed that the mean free-throw score increased from 3.92 in the pre-test to 4.84 in the post-test. The paired-samples t-test revealed a significance value of 0.037 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test results. Therefore, it can be concluded that wall shooting drill training using the B.E.E.F. method has a significant effect on improving free-throw accuracy among basketball athletes. This method can be recommended as an alternative training program to enhance free-throw performance in school-level basketball athlete development.
Basketball; B.E.E.F Method; Drill Wall Shooting; Free Throw Accuracy
Periodized Core And Resistance-Based Strength Training Effects On Service Accuracy In Intermediate Tennis Players
The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of periodized core training and resistance-based strength training on enhancing service accuracy, as well as to compare the efficacy of these two training modalities among intermediate tennis players. This study used an experimental method with a two-group pre-test and post-test design. There were 16 intermediate tennis players from Club TitikTemuTennis in the sample. They were split into two groups: the periodized core training group and the resistance-based strength training group. The training program took place over the course of one month, with three sessions per week for a total of 12 sessions. The research tools used a test to see how well people could serve tennis balls. Descriptive statistics, paired sample t-tests, and independent sample t-tests were used to look at the data. The findings indicated that both training methods significantly enhanced service accuracy. The periodized core training group gained an average of 10.50 points, while the resistance-based strength training group gained 7.75 points. The comparison test showed that periodized core training was better than resistance-based strength training at helping people serve better. So, systematic core stability training is a better way for intermediate tennis players to improve their serve accuracy.
core stability, interme-diate tennis players, periodized core train-ing, resistance-based strength training, ser-vice accuracy, tennis
Application of The Cooperative Learning Model Student Teams Achievement Division Type in Developing Social Skills in Physical Education Learning
Physical Education (PE) learning in junior high school tends to be teacher-centered and focused on technical mastery, thus insufficiently facilitating the development of students’ social skills. This study aims to examine the application of the Cooperative Learning model STAD type in developing social skills of Grade VII junior high school students in PE learning. The method used was quasi-experimental with a Non-Equivalent Control Group design, involving 34 students in the experimental group and 36 students in the control group selected through purposive sampling. Social skills were measured using the SSIS-RS (7 domains, 37 items), validated against 76 respondents and yielding a Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient of 0.913. The result of the Independent Samples T-Test on posttest data showed a significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.003), and the Mann-Whitney U test on N-Gain Scores confirmed the superiority of the experimental group (p = 0.001). It is concluded that the STAD-type cooperative learning model is significantly more effective in developing students’ social skills compared to conventional learning, through a structured positive interdependence mechanism.
Implementing Physical Education via UNNES Lantip
The UNNES Lantip Program is one of the implementations of the Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka (MBKM) initiative, aimed at providing teaching experience for university students while supporting schools in the learning process. This study aims to describe the implementation of Physical Education, Sports, and Health (PE) learning through the 2nd Batch of the UNNES Lantip Program at SDN Wonosari 03 Semarang. The study employed a qualitative descriptive method, utilizing observation, documentation, and direct teaching practice at the school as data collection techniques. The program was conducted from July 12 to September 30, 2022, at SDN Wonosari 03 Semarang. The activities included school observation, supervised teaching practice, independent teaching practice, preparation of instructional materials and lesson plans, and learning evaluation. The results indicate that the program successfully enhanced the teaching experience of university students, assisted teachers in the implementation of PElearning, and increased student participation through the use of diverse instructional media and teaching methods. Supporting factors included the guidance provided by mentor teachers, the availability of school facilities, and the cooperation of students. Meanwhile, the challenges encountered involved classroom management, the limited teaching experience of student participants, and communication that was not yet fully optimal.
Relationship Between Physical Activity and Stress Among UNNES Sports Science Students
Final-semester students are vulnerable to accumulated psychological stress from demanding academic obligations, including final assignments and workforce transition preparation, making stress a serious threat to well-being. Exercise and physical activity have long been known to mitigate this stress through biological and neuropsychological pathways. This study examines the relationship between daily physical activity intensity and psychological well-being among final-semester students at the Faculty of Sport Science. A quantitative correlational design was used, involving 200 respondents selected through random sampling from the Faculty of Sport Science class of 2022. Physical activity was measured using the IPAQ instrument and categorized by MET-minutes/week as low (below 600), medium (600-3000), and high (above 3000), while stress was assessed using the DASS-21, ranging from normal to very high. Data were analyzed using Spearman correlation and Chi-Square tests. Results showed a strong negative correlation between the variables (rs = -0.692; p < 0.001), with strong association strength (Gamma = -0.850; p < 0.001). The distribution of stress categories differed significantly between activity groups (χ² = 117.784; df = 8; p < 0.001). Students with higher physical activity had significantly better psychological well-being, reinforcing the need for active movement promotion strategies as mental health interventions in higher education.
Supplement Use and Doping Risk Across Menstrual Cycle Phases in Female Athletes
The menstrual cycle is a physiological factor influencing health status, nutritional requirements, and athletic performance in female athletes. Hormonal fluctuations across menstrual cycle phases encourage the use of various sports supplements to support performance, recovery, and management of menstrual symptoms. However, supplement use may also increase the risk of accidental doping due to contamination of consumed products with prohibited substances. This study aimed to examine the relationship between sports supplement use across menstrual cycle phases and doping risk among female athletes. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method following PRISMA guidelines was employed, with literature retrieved from Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink databases covering 2015-2025. A total of 10 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Findings indicate that menstrual cycle phase influences both nutritional needs and supplement-use patterns among female athletes. The most commonly used supplements include iron, protein, caffeine, creatine, vitamin D, magnesium, and omega-3 fatty acids. Although these supplements support athletic performance and overall health, uncontrolled use may increase the risk of accidental doping. Therefore, education on safe supplement use and menstrual cycle monitoring is essential as part of a comprehensive strategy to support the performance and well-being of female athletes.
Effectiveness of the Bakiak Game in Improving Peer Interaction among Elementary School Students
This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the bakiak (clog) game in improving peer interaction among grade V students of SDN Pasirbenteng II. The research employed a quantitative approach with a pre-experimental method through a one group pretest–posttest design. The research sample consisted of 37 students selected using the total sampling technique. The research instrument was a peer interaction questionnaire based on indicators of cooperation, communication, empathy, tolerance, and social support, comprising 19 statement items. Prior to use, the instrument underwent validity and reliability testing. The reliability test using Cronbach's Alpha yielded a value of α = 0.720, indicating that the instrument is reliable. Item validity was assessed using corrected item-total correlation, resulting in 11 valid items out of 19, which were retained for data collection. Data analysis used descriptive statistics, N-Gain calculations, and the Paired Sample t-Test. The results showed that the average score increased from 54.81 (pretest) to 90.59 (posttest), with an average N-Gain value of 0.7886, categorized as high. The Paired Sample t-Test revealed a significance value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores. These findings demonstrate that the bakiak game is effective in improving peer interaction among elementary school students.
Traditional Games; Bakiak Game; Peer Interaction; Social Skills
Phenomenological Study of Game Tactics in Male and Female Volleyball Athletes
This study aimed to understand the tactical playing ability of male and female vol-leyball athletes at O2C Ciparay Volleyball Academy. Using a qualitative phenome-nological design, the research explored athletes' interpretations of game reading, decision-making, communication, and strategic adjustment. Eight participants-three male athletes, three female athletes, and two coaches-were selected through purposive sampling based on active training participation, minimum three years of experience, involvement in official competitions, and willingness as in-formants. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, observation, and documentation, then analyzed using NVivo. Findings indicate that tactical abil-ity is influenced by decision-making, game pattern reading, psychological factors, team communication, mastery of basic techniques, positioning, covering, ball an-ticipation, training experience, and gender differences in playing characteristics. Athletes who effectively read game situations, communicate, and master basic techniques tend to make quicker, more appropriate decisions in attacking and de-fensive situations, Differences between male and female athletes are influenced by physical aspects, anthropometry, power, endurance, and training approaches. This study concludes that tactical ability is essential for volleyball performance and requires development through technical training, game-situation training, mental strengthening, communication, and teamwork, Coaches should design in tegrated, contextual, and gender-responsive training programs to optimize tactical development across competition levels.
Analysis of the Role of Educational Play Activities in Early Childhood Cognitive Development
This research aims to examine how educational play activities contribute to enhancing early childhood cognitive development. The cognitive aspect is a crucial part of child development as it relates to the ability to think, solve problems, and understand their surrounding environment. This study uses a qualitative approach through a literature review supported by simple observations of children's play activities. The findings indicate that various forms of educational play, such as puzzles, building blocks, and exploratory games, can stimulate thinking abilities, improve focus, and encourage the development of children's logic and creativity. Additionally, the active role of parents and teachers in accompanying children during play also significantly influences optimal cognitive development. Thus, educational play activities can serve as an effective and enjoyable learning medium for early childhood. Therefore, proper management and utilization of play activities are necessary for children's cognitive development to reach its maximum potential.
educational play; cognitive development; early childhood
The Effect of Agility Ladder Drill Training on The Footwork Agility of Karate Athletes in The Kumite Class at Bushido
This study aims to determine the effect of the Agility Ladder Drill on the foot agil-ity of karate athletes in the kumite class at the Bushido One Club in Tegal Regen-cy. The study was conducted using a one-group pretest-posttest design and em-ployed the Illinois Agility Test to measure the agility of the participants. This study involved a sample of 20 karate athletes competing in the kumite class. The results of the Paired Samples T-test showed that the mean difference between the pre-test and post-test was 0.77750 with a standard deviation of 0.48070 and a significance level of <0.001 (<0.05). Consequently, the null hypothesis (H0) was rejected and the alternative hypothesis (H1) accepted, indicating a significant difference following the intervention. It can therefore be concluded that the Agility Ladder Drill programme, comprising 14 sessions with a training schedule of three sessions per week, is effective in improving the foot agility of Bushido One Club karate athletes competing in the kumite category.
Analysis of the Lavani Volleyball Team's Offense in the 2026 Proliga Tournament
This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Lavani volleyball team’s of-fensive variations during the Final Four through the Grand Final of the 2026 Pro-liga. The study employs a quantitative descriptive method with an ex post facto approach. The research sample was determined using purposive sampling, data were collected through indirect observation by analyzing video recordings and official match statistics using an observation sheet. The variables analyzed in-cluded the serve, open spike, back attack, and quick attack. The results of the study show that the total number of attack attempts by the Lavani team reached 1,135. The serve was the most dominant technique with 530 successful attempts, 113 errors, and 39 aces, achieving an effectiveness rate of 82.43%. The open spike recorded an effectiveness rate of 79.92% with 215 successful attempts and 54 errors. The back attack had the highest effectiveness rate of 86.32% with 101 suc-cessful attacks and 16 errors, while the quick attack showed an effectiveness rate of 84.91% with 90 successful attacks and 16 errors. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the Lavani team possesses excellent attacking quality with a variety of effective, organized, and difficult-to-anticipate attack patterns.
Effect of Modified Bow Learning on Archery Accuracy in Elementary School Extracurricular
This study analyzed the effect of archery learning using modified bows on students' accuracy in extracurricular activities at Public Elementary School 02 Pakintelan. Elementary school archery often faces obstacles such as limited facilities, low motivation, and standard equipment unsuited to students' physical characteristics. Modified bows were used as an innovative approach to improve accuracy and engagement. This study used a quantitative quasi experimental one group pretest posttest design with 22 students selected through total sampling Data were collected using an archery accuracy test at 10 meters with 20 shots (maximum score 200). The treatment comprised 16 meetings using modified bows. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, normality and homogeneity tests, and a paired-samples t-test (a = 0.05). Results showed significant improvement in archery accuracy after treatment. The mean score increased from 63.95 to 120.86. The paired-samples t-test yielded p=0.000 (p<0.05), indicating a significant effect of modified bow learning on accuracy. In conclusion, modified bows can be recommended as an innovative and effective strategy to improve archery accuracy and student participation in elementary school extracurricular activities.
Wobble Board and Theraband Exercise for Dynamic Stabilization in Chronic Ankle Instability
Dynamic stabilization disorders frequently occur among athletes as a consequence of Chronic Ankle Instability (CAI), which arises from recurrent ankle sprains resulting in ligament damage and diminished ankle function. Effective management is therefore required to enhance proprioception through wobble board exercise and to improve muscular strength through theraband exercise, thereby increasing overall ankle stabilization. This case study investigated the physiotherapy management of dynamic stabilization disorders attributable to CAI using combined wobble board exercise and theraband exercise interventions conducted at Monsphysio Handil Bakti Clinic. Dynamic stabilization was measured using the Y Balance Test over a four-week treatment period. The results demonstrated a progressive improvement in dynamic stabilization, with the Y Balance Test composite score increasing from 86.7% at baseline (Week I) to 93.7% after four weeks of intervention (Week IV), representing an absolute improvement of 7.0 percentage points. These findings suggest that the combined intervention of wobble board exercise and theraband exercise yields weekly improvements in dynamic stabilization among patients with CAI. Future researchers are recommended to conduct studies with longer treatment durations and to control for patient activity levels, which may influence treatment outcomes.