Law Research Review Quarterly (L. Research Rev. Q.) was published online for the first time in February 2020 (ISSN 2716-3415). However, this journal has previously been published in several editions in print since 2015, especially as seminars and conference papers under Seminar Nasional Hukum Universitas Negeri Semarang. Over time and as a form of improving the quality of publications, the name Law Research Review Quarterly was officially used in the 2020 issue and beyond. The Law Research Review Quarterly is a peer-reviewed law journal published quarterly every February, May, August, and November by the Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia. The Law Research Review Quarterly aims to reflect the current concerns and latest research of law and justice scholars and advance discussion of these issues. The scope of the Journal is broad, encompassing a wide array of law, crime, and justice topics and issues in Indonesia, Southeast Asia, and the global context. The Law Research Review Quarterly is also recognized as one of the leading peer-reviewed journals in Indonesia that provides an international forum for articles, commentaries, and notes in all areas of legal scholarship and across a range of methodologies, including doctrinal, theoretical, and socio-legal. The focus of this journal is to publish articles related to legal justice in a broad perspective, whether from psychological, social, political, economic, cultural, linguistic, and security and intelligence studies. The journal regularly publishes special issues within this broad remit. Title : Law Research Review Quarterly Editor in Chief : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Rini Fidiyani, S.H., M.Hum. ISSN : 2716-3415 (Online) DOI Prefix : 10.15294/snh Publisher : Faculty of Law Universitas Negeri Semarang Frequency : 4 (four) issues per year (February, May, August, November)
Legal Reformulation of Consensus-Based Neutrality Diplomacy in The Resolution of The South China Sea Dispute Based on The Perspective of National Defense and Security
This study aims to analyze Indonesia's foreign policy in dealing with the South China Sea dispute and formulate a consensus-based neutrality diplomacy model from the national defense and security perspective. Although Indonesia is not a claimant country, the escalation of the conflict in the South China Sea, especially unilateral claims that overlap the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the North Natuna Sea, directly threatens Indonesia's maritime sovereignty and national interests. This study uses normative legal research methods to examine how the neutrality principle can be reformulated legally into a more operational and responsive active neutrality approach. The study results indicate that the current neutrality diplomacy approach has not been sufficiently institutionalized to respond to complex geopolitical dynamics. Therefore, a legal reformulation model is proposed that integrates the principle of active neutrality into the legal framework of Indonesia's foreign policy. In conclusion, by institutionalizing consensus-based neutrality diplomacy, Indonesia can strengthen its position as an impartial but constructive mediator, protect its sovereign rights, and actively contribute to the peaceful and legal resolution of disputes in the region, in line with the mandate of the constitution and international law.
Copyright (c) 2025 Law Research Review Quarterly
Mengurai Paradigma Pemidanaan Dalam Konteks Kebijakan Kriminal Di Era Digital
The development of technology and information has created new spaces that offer convenience in life. However, behind this ease lies a loophole exploited by individuals with malicious intent. This space is used as a means to commit criminal acts. Crime in the digital era represents a modern type of offense that requires a different legal approach compared to conventional crimes. The shifting characteristics and modus operandi of criminal acts in the digital era must be met with a reconstruction of positive law in Indonesia. This is crucial to ensure that these crimes can still be effectively handled, thereby maintaining state order.
Criminal Act, Digital, Characteristics, Reconstruction
Kewenangan Mahkamah Pidana Internasional (ICC) dalam Mengeluarkan Surat Perintah Penangkapan terhadap Non-Anggota Statuta Roma: Studi Kasus Perintah Penangkapan Benjamin Netanyahu (The International Criminal Court (ICC) Jurisdiction: Arrest Warrants Beyond Rome Statute States, a Netanyahu Analysis)
Armed conflict has driven the evolution of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) to minimize suffering, yet severe violations persist, necessitating effective enforcement mechanisms like the International Criminal Court (ICC), established by the Rome Statute in 1998. The ICC holds jurisdiction over individuals responsible for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. This article analyzes the ICC's jurisdiction over non-member states of the Rome Statute and the validity of the warrant of arrest issued against leaders from such states, specifically Benjamin Netanyahu, Prime Minister of Israel. Although Israel is not a state party, the ICC can assert jurisdiction if the alleged crimes occurred in the territory of a state party or if the situation is referred by the UN Security Council, in line with the principle of complementarity. The issuance of the warrant of arrest against Netanyahu on May 20, 2024, was based on Article 58 of the Rome Statute following alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity in Gaza, a territory of Palestine (a state party to the Rome Statute), providing a strong legal basis. However, its implementation faces political challenges and rejection from some member states, which could violate their obligations under Article 86 of the Rome Statute.
International Criminal Court, Warrant of Arrest, Non State Parties, Humanitarian Law
Tinjauan Viktimologis Eksploitasi Seksual Terhadap Anak: Studi Kasus Putusan Nomor 253/Pid.Sus/2023/PN Gto
Child sexual exploitation is a serious and complex problem that occurs globally, with profound physical, psychological, and social impacts on victims. This study analyzes cases of child sexual exploitation through the perspective of victimology, which highlights the vulnerability of victims and the mechanisms of victimization. The research method used is the juridical normative legal method. This study results in that the analyzed cases show how the perpetrators build manipulative relationships and conduct grooming systematically to exploit victims. Comprehensive prevention and prosecution efforts are needed, including preventive approaches in the form of education, improving family welfare, and environmental supervision, as well as repressive approaches through law enforcement and victim rehabilitation. Indonesia has adopted various international instruments and laws that support child protection and the fight against this crime. A victimological approach is essential to understand patterns of exploitation and formulate effective protection strategies to ensure children's rights and welfare.
Pertanggungjawaban Hukum Dari Jual Beli Akun Canva Pro: Tinjauan Yuridis Sosiologis Perspektif Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen
Penelitian ini menganalisis pertanggungjawaban hukum pihak ketiga dalam praktik jual beli akun Canva Pro yang dilakukan secara tidak resmi di Indonesia, ditinjau dari perspektif Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen (UUPK) No. 8 Tahun 1999. Fenomena jual beli akun digital oleh pihak ketiga marak terjadi seiring pesatnya perkembangan transaksi digital, namun menimbulkan berbagai persoalan hukum, khususnya terkait perlindungan konsumen dan legalitas transaksi. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan sosio-legal dengan metode kualitatif, mengkaji regulasi yang berlaku, studi literatur, analisis putusan pengadilan, serta survei dan wawancara dengan konsumen dan praktisi hukum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penjual akun Canva Pro ilegal dapat dikualifikasikan sebagai pelaku usaha menurut UUPK, sehingga wajib memberikan perlindungan dan informasi yang benar kepada konsumen. Namun, dalam praktiknya, konsumen kerap dirugikan akibat pemblokiran akun, penipuan, dan minimnya mekanisme ganti rugi, diperparah oleh ketidakjelasan status hukum produk digital dan lemahnya pengawasan platform digital. Penelitian ini menyoroti kesenjangan hukum (legal gap) dalam regulasi transaksi digital non-resmi dan menekankan perlunya pembaruan regulasi, peningkatan literasi digital, serta kolaborasi antara pemerintah, platform digital, dan penyedia layanan untuk memperkuat perlindungan konsumen. Rekomendasi yang diajukan meliputi penguatan pengawasan transaksi digital, penegakan hukum terhadap penjual ilegal, serta edukasi konsumen mengenai risiko dan legalitas transaksi akun digital.
Existence And Position Of Paralegal In Legal Assistance And Provision Of Legal Aid In Indonesia
In a state governed by the rule of law that upholds the principles of equality before the law and access to justice , the provision of fair and equitable legal aid is a fundamental human right that must be guaranteed by the state. However, in practice, legal access disparities persist, particularly among the poor, vulnerable groups, and communities in remote areas. In response to the limited availability of lawyers and legal aid services, paralegals emerge as non-professional actors who perform non-litigation legal assistance roles. This study aims to analyze the legal legitimacy and existence of paralegals within Indonesia’s legal system. Using a normative juridical approach, supported by historical and conceptual analysis, the study finds that paralegals gain legal standing through Law No. 16 of 2011 and its derivative regulations. Nevertheless, their formal recognition remains limited, especially following Supreme Court Decision No. 22 P/HUM/2018, which restricts paralegals from participating in litigation processes. This limitation overlooks the significant role paralegals play in legal education, community advocacy, and grassroots legal empowerment. Therefore, policy reform and stronger legal recognition are urgently needed to enable paralegals to contribute more effectively to the realization of substantive justice and broader access to legal remedies.
Pelaksanaan Pengaturan Kartu Identitas Anak Sebagai Jaminan Kepastian Hukum Hak Atas Anak Terlantar (Studi Kasus Di Jakarta Selatan)
Children are the nation's most valuable assets. They have the constitutional right to grow and develop optimally, and they have the right to be protected from all forms of violence and discrimination. In Indonesia, child protection is guaranteed by the 1945 Constitution and reinforced by the ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. However, the reality is that many children are still neglected and live without an official identity, which prevents them from accessing basic rights such as education, health care, and legal protection. One of the state's efforts to address this issue is the issuance of the Child Identity Card (KIA). This is done through Permendagri Number 2 of 2016. The KIA serves as a legal document that guarantees children's identities and facilitates their access to public services. This study aims to examine the implementation of KIA regulations for neglected children in South Jakarta and identify obstacles to its implementation. The study employs a legal-empirical method with a qualitative approach. The study employs the theories of law enforcement by Robert Seidman and of legal certainty by Gustav Radbruch and Jan Michiel Otto, which assert that law in society is influenced by social, political, economic, and cultural forces. Additionally, the theory of legal certainty emphasizes three core values: justice, legal certainty, and utility. It also highlights the importance of having clear, consistent, and easily accessible legal rules. The research findings indicate that, despite its significant potential to ensure legal protection for abandoned children, the KIA still faces various challenges in implementation, including low public awareness, limited infrastructure, and insufficient coordination among relevant agencies. The study recommends enhancing public education, simplifying administrative procedures, and strengthening cross-sectoral coordination to achieve effective, comprehensive legal protection for abandoned children in Indonesia.
Addition of Funds by Merchants in Payments Through The QRIS from an Islamic Law Perspective
The practice of adding funds for consumers who make transactions using QRIS is implemented by merchants to avoid profits from administrative fees or Merchant Discount Rates. The mechanism for disbursing funds from PJP to merchants and the form of additional funds are laden with elements of usury. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify the financial management mechanisms for fund additions by merchants in QRIS payments and to analyze the legal implications of fund additions by merchants in QRIS payments from an Islamic legal perspective. The research method used is qualitative research with a legal-empirical approach. The data collected consists of primary and secondary data, with data collection techniques including literature review, interviews, observation, and documentation. Based on the research findings, it can be stated that the additional funds are not listed on the transaction receipt but are instead communicated verbally or displayed in the corner of the QRIS printout. Consumers scan the QR code using their digital wallet platform, then enter the total amount themselves, and verify the transaction. After that, a notification appears stating that the funds have been received by the merchant. However, the disbursement of funds from the PJP to the merchant's account takes up to H+1 calendar days. Additionally, the addition of funds by merchants in QRIS payments contains elements of usury, rendering the transaction fasid. The additional funds charged by merchants to consumers constitute unlawful income if both parties do not mutually consent. The addition of funds by the merchant in payments via QRIS can be considered as ujrah and valid if both parties mutually consent and agree. Furthermore, the delay in the transfer of funds from the PJP to the merchant's account constitutes riba nasiah.
Pembuktian Gratifikasi Seksual Sebagai Tindak Pidana Korupsi di Indonesia
Berkembangnya modus dalam gratifikasi yang dalam hal ini gratifikasi dalam bentuk pemberian layanan seksual menjadi polemik dan celah untuk dapat melakukan tindak pidana korupsi. Pengaturan mengenai gratifikasi diatur dalam Pasal 12B Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2001 tentang perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 tentang Tindak Pidana Korupsi (UUPTPK). Dalam penjelasan pasal disebut kan pengartian gratifikasi yaitu pemberian dalam arti luas dan menyebutkan bentuk-bentuk namun tidak terdapat gratifikasi seksual atau layanan seksual secara eksplisit sebagai salah satu kategori yang masuk dalam gratifikasi. Rumusan masalah penelitian adalah apakah pemberian pelayanan seksual dapat dikategorikan sebagai bentuk gratifikasi dalam tindak pidana korupsi di indonesia, Bagaimanakah cara pembuktian bahwa pemberian pelayanan seksual kepada pejabat negara merupakan gratifikasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini, untuk mengetahui apakah pemberian pelayanan seksual dapat dikategorikan sebagai bentuk gratifikasi dalam tindak pidana korupsi di indonesia, untuk menjelaskan pembuktian pemberian pelayanan seksual sebagai gratifikasi dalam tindak pidana korupsi berdasarkan hukum positif di indonesia. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif hukum dengan jenis penelitian doktrinal yang didasarkan pada hukum normatif tertulis yang didukung oleh bahan kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada penjelasan Pasal 12 B ayat (1) UUPTPK memberikan pengertian terhadap pemberian yaitu dalam arti luas dan disebutkan pula dalam bentuk fasilitas lainnya. Dalam hal ini gratifikasi dalam bentuk pemberian pelayanan seksual atau gratifikasi seksual dapat dimasukkan dalam kategori fasilitas lainnya. Dalam pembuktian gratifikasi seksual dapat menggunakan sistem pembuktian terbalik berimbang atau semi terbalik. Terdapat beberapa hal yang harus dibuktikan oleh terdakwa dan jaksa meliputi apakah terdapat gratifikasi seksual yang diterima oleh terdakwa atau tidak dan jika ada apakah terdapat hubungan pemberian pelayanan seksual tersebut terhadap jabatan sehingga melakukan atau tidak melakukan sesuatu yang ii bertentangan dengan tugas dan kewajibannya dan juga harus memenuhi unsur unsur yang disebutkan di dalam Pasal 12 B UUPTPK.
Constitutional Guarantee of Legal Protection for Freelance Workers from a Social Justice Perspective
This research investigates the absence of constitutional protection for freelance workers, particularly freelance models, within Indonesia’s labor law framework. While the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia guarantees the right to work and to fair and decent remuneration, these protections are primarily structured around formal employment relationships, thereby excluding a growing segment of the labor force that operates within non-standard, flexible arrangements. The study aims to analyze the extent to which the current legal system, particularly Law No. 13 of 2003 on Manpower, as amended by Law No. 6 of 2023 on Job Creation accommodates or neglects freelance workers in terms of legal recognition, job security, and social protections. Using a normative juridical method with a statute and conceptual approach, this research draws from doctrinal legal analysis to critically evaluate the legal construction of employment relationships. The findings reveal significant normative gaps that leave freelance models vulnerable to exploitation, lacking access to written employment contracts, social security, and fair dispute resolution mechanisms. The study proposes a reconfiguration of legal norms to introduce a Constitutional Employment Contract model, which accounts for the flexible nature of freelance work while ensuring fundamental labor rights. Additionally, the paper recommends the establishment of an independent regulatory body to provide legal oversight and advocacy for flexible workers. Ultimately, this research concludes that achieving social justice for all workers in the modern labor market necessitates a transformation of Indonesia’s labor law regime toward a more inclusive and responsive constitutional framework.
SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES REGARDING OWNERSHIP RIGHTS TO LAND WITH MULTIPLE CERTIFICATES
One of the problems often faced between the community and the government through the Agrarian and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency is the existence of duplicate certificates. Regarding the case of a double certificate dispute, it also occurred in the jurisdiction of the Agrarian and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency of Tegal City. This research uses a qualitative approach. The type of research in this legal research is empirical legal research. The data sources of this research use interviews and secondary data. The data collection technique for this research was carried out through conventional and online literature searches as well as interview methods. The data analysis technique used in this legal research uses qualitative data analysis techniques. The results of the research and discussion can be concluded as follows: Factors that can cause the emergence of dual land title certificates include several technical errors, due to overlapping in the issuance of land title certificates, and influenced by internal and external factors. The existence of dual land title certificates creates legal uncertainty in terms of land registration. Land title certificates should be strong proof of land ownership.; Settlement of disputes over ownership of dual-certified land in Tegal City by the Agrarian and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency of Tegal City is through mediation. In mediation, each party acknowledged ownership of 25 m2 of land.2and an agreement was reached that Brother Mohamad would pay for 25 m2 of land at a price of Rp. 45,000,000 to Mr. Tarjani. The Agrarian and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency of Tegal City has revised the Certificate of Ownership Number 4820/Kraton and Certificate of Ownership Number 269/Kraton so that there is no overlap. The issuance of the revised certificate of title is a form of state legal protection for the owner of the land certificate of title.
Penyelesaian Sengketa Pengadaan Tanah Untuk Kawasan Cagar Budaya
Kawasan cagar budaya merupakan kawasan ruang geografis didalamnya terdapat dua situs cagar budaya dengan tata letak berdekatan antara situs cagar budaya lainnya dan/atau cagar budaya tersebut memiliki ciri tata ruang yang khas. Demi perkembangan dan pemanfaatan kawasan cagar budaya pemerintah melakukan perluasan dengan cara pengadaan tanah, akan tetapi pengadaan tanah yang dilakukan rawan menimbulkan konflik dan terjadi sengketa pengadaan tanah. Bumi, air bahkan kekayaan yang terdapat didalamnya merupakan kekayaan milik negara sehingga menimbulkan kewajiban negara untuk mengelola serta mengatur penggunaan serta kepemilikan tanah sehingga penggunaan tanah dapat merata secara adil. Dengan perencanaan pengadaan tanah yang sitematis dan terbuka, serta penyelesaian konflik yang dilakukan diharapkan bahwa masyarakat mampu meraih keadilan.
Sengketa, Pengadaan Tanah, Kawasan Cagar Budaya
Legal Review of the Implementation of Regional Retribution Collection at the Manunggal Jati Sport Center, Semarang City from a Good Governance Perspective
This study examines the implementation of local retribution collection at the Sport Center Manunggal Jati in Semarang City from the perspective of positive law and the principles of good governance. The main issue addressed is the extent to which the regulation and implementation of user service retribution in this sector align with the general principles of good administration. The research adopts a normative juridical method with a descriptive-analytical approach. Data were obtained through literature studies on statutory regulations, local government documents, and previous research findings. The results reveal that the legal framework for retribution collection is well-established, both at the national and regional levels, including Law Number 1 of 2022, Government Regulation Number 35 of 2023, Semarang Regional Regulation Number 7 of 2018, and Mayor Regulation Number 6 of 2020. However, implementation still faces challenges such as limited public outreach, suboptimal administrative systems, and insufficient supervision. Nevertheless, the retribution collection at Sport Center Manunggal Jati reflects the principles of legal certainty, utility, impartiality, non-abuse of power, and public interest. The study concludes that strengthening management systems, conducting regular regulatory evaluations, and applying digital technology are essential to improve the efficiency and accountability of retribution administration.
local retribution, sport center, positive law, good governance-
Strategi Penyelesaian Masalah Over Kapasitas Lapas Di Indonesia
Over kapasitas lembaga pemasyarakatan (lapas) adalah salah satu persoalan yang cukup serius dalam berjalannya sistem peradilan di Indonesia. Hal tersebut ditengarai dengan jumlah warga binaan yang tinggi melebihi jumlah total kapasitas sel. Penelitian ini dilakukan guna menganalisis faktor dan strategi yang dapat diterapkan untuk menangani permasalahan over kapasitas lapas yang terjadi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian yuridis normatif dengan jenis pendekatan perundang-undangan dan perbandingan. Hasil dari penelitian ini menguraikan faktor dan dampak dari over kapasitas lapas, serta menjelaskan beberapa strategi penyelesaian, diantaranya menerapkan metode restorative justice, mengoptimalkan program asimilasi dan reintegrasi, penjatuhan alternatif pidana selain pidana penjara, dan menciptakan kondisi hunian yang layak huni. Kesimpulannya, apabila persoalan over kapasitas lapas yang terjadi di Indonesia ingin dapat teratasi, maka dibutuhkan pendekatan menyeluruh ke segala aspek serta mengikutsertakan masyarakat untuk bersinergi dengan lembaga peradilan dan pemerintah.
Over Kapasitas, Lembaga Pemasyarakatan, Strategi Penyelesaian
Urgensi Pengaturan Crypto Asset Sebagai Objek Jaminan di Indonesia
Crypto asset atau cryptocurrency merupakan entitas baru pada sistem keuangan dan aset digital. Keberadaan crypto asset di Indonesia diakui sebagai komoditas berjangka dan aset digital serta keuangan digital. Keterbatasan pengaturan crypto asset sebagai jaminan, memahami pengguna atau pemilik nya telah meningkat, maka diperlukan adanya pembaharuan pengaturan yang dapat mengakomodasi crypto asset sebagai objek jaminan di Indonesia. Hal ini akan mempermudah pemilik atau pengguna crypto asset untuk memperoleh dana segar tanpa harus menjual aset digitalnya. Hukum jaminan dalam KUHPerdata belum mengakomodasi terkait permasalahan ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengumpulkan dan menganalisis apakah hukum positif di Indonesia telah mengatur crypto asset sebagai objek jaminan dan bagaimana urgensi pengaturan crypto asset sebagai objek jaminan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan jenis penelitian yuridis normatif. Sumber data pada penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang berasal dari bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier. Bahan hukum tersebut dianalisis berdasarkan perspektif kualitatif dan diuji validitas datanya menggunakan triangulasi data dan triangulasi metode. Hasil penelitian dan pembahasan menunjukan bahwa: (1) hukum positif di Indonesia belum mengakomodasi terkait crypto asset sebagai jaminan, namun diakui sebagai komoditas dan aset digital serta termasuk keuangan digital. (2) Urgensi pengaturannya yaitu adanya pengakuan hukum terhadap crypto asset sebagai aset yang dapat dijaminkan, mekanisme pendaftaran dan pengawasan, penentuan nilai crypto asset sebagai jaminan, sistem penilaian dan pemantauan nilai jaminan secara otomatis, integrasi dengan sistem keuangan digital, perbankan, dan platform fintech, penyelesaian sengketa dan perlindungan hukum bagi para pihak, serta proses eksekusi jaminan yang efisien dan transparan sesuai dengan ketentuan hukum jaminan.
Aset Digital; Crypto Asset; Jaminan; Urgensi Pengaturan
IDEOLOGI PATRIARKI ATAS DAMPAK KETIMPANGAN GENDER BAGI MUTU PENDIDIKAN PADA KELUARGA PETANI DI KABUPATEN GROBOGAN
Patriarchal ideology on the impact of gender inequality occurs due to several factors, including: Customs, Lack of public understanding, high rates of early marriage in girls and economic limitations of the family. The purpose of this study is first to identify and analyze the causes of patriarchal ideology on the impact of gender inequality on mutual education in farming families. Second, to analyze the efforts that will be made to overcome patriarchal ideology on the impact of gender inequality on mutual education in farming families. The research method used in this study is a qualitative approach with a sociological juridical research type. The data sources used in this study are primary, secondary and tertiary data sources. The results of this study indicate that patriarchal ideology on the impact of gender inequality that occurs in society is still strong and has an impact on education, especially for girls. Therefore, efforts need to be made by the government and families to overcome gender discrimination in order to realize gender equality in women's education in society. The theory in this study is (1) The theory of liberal feminism according to Mary Wallstonecraft is used to analyze gender discrimination that affects education and women's rights. The reason for using this theory is because it focuses on women's empowerment and the barriers that prevent women from gaining equal access to education with men. (2) Feminist legal theory according to Catharine Mackinon is used to analyze how legal efforts and government policies address gender inequality in education. The reason for using this theory is because this theory seeks to empower women by providing space for them to participate in the formation, implementation, and interpretation of law.
Compartmentalization Structured Candidate Selection untuk Fungsionalisasi Partai Politik dalam Pilkada Berbasis Good Election.
Praktik dinasti politik di Indonesia semakin berkembang pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No. 33/PUU-XIII/2015 yang menghapus syarat “tidak memiliki konflik kepentingan dengan petahana” dalam pencalonan kepala daerah. Kondisi ini menjadi tantangan serius bagi fungsi partai politik sebagai pilar demokrasi, khususnya dalam proses rekrutmen politik yang berkualitas. Penelitian hukum ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis implikasi hukum dari putusan tersebut, serta mengidentifikasikan dan mengevaluasi model compartmentalization berbasis structured candidate selection sebagai fungsionalisasi partai politik guna mencegah konflik kepentingan dalam kandidasi kepala daerah. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan konseptual dan normatif dengan teknik studi dokumen hukum dan pustaka. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penghapusan persyaratan “tidak memiliki konflik kepentingan dengan petahana” membuka ruang legal bagi praktik dinasti politik, yang bertentangan dengan demokrasi konstitusional. Untuk itu, partai politik perlu mengadopsi tiga dimensi dalam seleksi kandidat, yakni netralitas, integritas, dan transparansi, serta menerapkan model rekrutmen compartmentalization melalui lima aspek utama yakni reason, adaption, goal attainment, integration, dan latency. Dengan demikian, partai politik dapat memperkuat fungsi kaderisasi sesuai prinsip good election.
THE PHENOMENON OF CHILDFREE AS A CULTURE THAT CONTRADICTS PATRIARCHAL IDEOLOGY IN INDONESIA
Based on the National Socioeconomic Survey conducted by the Central Statistics Agency in 2022, 8% of Indonesian women (equivalent to 71,000 people) aged 15-49 chose to be childfree. This phenomenon is considered deviant from norms, religion, and culture. In addition, it also has a negative impact on the population and the existence of the country. This study aims to identify and analyze the causes of childfree in Indonesia and the government's response to this phenomenon. The research method used is sociological-legal with a qualitative approach. The results of the study indicate that childfree in Indonesia is caused by internal and external cultural impacts, economic and psychological factors, environmental and demographic issues, technological development, and reproductive health. Government actions to anticipate the spread of the childfree movement include developing programs that enhance family resilience and well-being. This study employs Schutz's phenomenological theory, gender theory (nature, nurture, and equilibrium), and James E. Anderson's public policy theory. Schutz's phenomenological theory helps understand the meaning of childfree for its adherents as an expression of individual freedom perceived to bring happiness. Gender theory explains the relationship between patriarchy and childfree. Patriarchy emerges from the nature approach, while childfree from nurture. Gender equilibrium theory serves as a mediating solution by balancing individual rights and social interests. James E. Anderson's public policy theory is used to assess the urgency of the issue and formulate relevant policies.
ALIH FUNGSI LAHAN PASCA TAMBANG SUMUR TUA MINYAK BUMI MENJADI WISATA GEOPARK (Studi Kasus di Geopark Teksas Wonocolo, Kecamatan Kedewan)
Alih fungsi lahan di Kawasan pertambangan sumur tua Wonocolo dilakukan dengan tujuan sebagai penanganan pascatambang untuk membuka peluang sektor ekonomi lain bagi masyarakat agar tidak menggantungkan pada sektor tambang yang sewaktu-waktu akan habis, serta memperbaiki lingkungan di wilayah pertambangan. Studi ini bertujuan guna mengidentifikasi serta menganalisis proses alih fungsi lahan pascatambang menjadi Geopark, serta hambatan yang ditemui dalam proses alih fungsi lahan pascatambang. Metode penelitian pada penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian yuridis empiris. Sumber data yang diterapkan yaitu sumber data primer, sekunder, tersier. Temuan studi mengindikasikan pertama proses alih fungsi lahan pasca tambang sumur tua menjadi Geopark melalui 3 proses pra tambang, penambangan, pasca tambang berdasar studi kasus dengan mempertimbangkan Teori kemanfaatan hukum menurut O.Notohamidjojo dan Teori ekosentrisme milik Sonny Keraf. Kedua, terdapat hambatan dalam proses alih fungsi dimana ditemukan pencemaran lingkungan dan status hukum pengelolaan wisata tidak jelas, dalam hambatan digunakan Teori kepastian hukum milik Jean M.Otto dan Teori Ekosentrisme Arne Naess. Simpulan dari penelitian proses alih fungsi dilakukan harus dengan memperhatikan keberlanjutan lingkungan, manfaat bagi masyarakat dan regulasi yang dapat menjamin masyarakat lokal. Saran dalam penelitian (1) Pengembangan geopark diharapakn mempertimbangkan dampak lingkungan dan manfaat, (2) perlu dibuat regulasi untuk pengelolaan Geopark.
VALIDITY OF LAND SALE AND PURCHASE DEED IN TRANSACTIONS WITH UNPAID BALANCE
This study aims to examine the legal validity of the Deed of Sale and Purchase (AJB) of land in transactions where the buyer has not fully settled the payment. This phenomenon frequently occurs in land practices in Indonesia and raises legal concerns regarding the legal strength of AJB as an authentic deed made by a Land Deed Official (PPAT), especially in the case of breach of contract. The research focuses on two main aspects: the validity of AJB in incomplete payment transactions under agrarian law and PPAT regulations, and the legal mechanism for its cancellation and protection for aggrieved parties. A normative legal approach is used by analyzing statutory regulations, legal principles, and relevant court decisions. The findings show that while AJB remains formally valid if procedural requirements are fulfilled, it may be materially flawed when the payment condition as a substantive requirement is unmet. Cancellation of AJB may be pursued through a civil lawsuit for breach of contract, with the burden of proof placed on the seller. This study recommends strengthening regulations on payment verification by PPAT and incorporating breach of contract clauses in preliminary agreements to enhance legal protection and certainty in land sale transactions.
Deed of Sale and Purchase, payment, breach of contract, deed cancellation, PPAT
Legal Protection for Underage Rape Victims Who Experience Forced Marriage With The Perpetarator
Forced marriage, particularly involving underage victims of sexual violence, remains a pressing issue in Indonesia’s legal and human rights landscape. Despite the enactment of Law No. 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Crimes, which criminalizes forced and child marriage—including those justified by cultural traditions—challenges persist in enforcement and victim protection. This study examines the legal safeguards available to child rape victims forced into marriage with their perpetrators, evaluates the effectiveness of Indonesia’s legal system in addressing sexual violence, and explores necessary legal reforms to enhance justice for survivors. By applying a normative descriptive approach, this research identifies gaps in policy, law enforcement, and institutional support, emphasizing the need for stronger victim protection mechanisms, law enforcement consistency, and multi-sector collaboration to ensure comprehensive recovery and justice
Internal Function Separation Policy Strategy as a Profit-Oriented Stability Model with Public Service Obligations by PT Pertamina (Persero).
This study analyzes the legal and institutional tensions faced by PT Pertamina (Persero), an Indonesian State-Owned Enterprise (SOE), in fulfilling its dual command as both a profit-oriented company and a supplyr of Public Service Obligations (PSO). While commandd to distribute subsidized fuel to ensure equitable energy access, Pertamina simultaneously administers under a commercial framework, often incurring financial losses due to delayed remittance and fixed fuel pricing. Employing a normative legal approach, this study explores the regulatory paradox embedded in SOE laws and proposes an internal function separation policy as a tactical solution. Specifically, the creation of a distinct subholding solely amenable for PSO execution is proposed to enhance financial transparency, accountability, and institutional efficiency. This structural model would allow Pertamina’s commercial units to operate independently and competitively without being constrained by the burdens of PSO. The findings underscore the importance of legal clarity and organizational restructuring in balancing public service and profit motives within Indonesia’s tactical energy sector.
Analisis Hukum Perizinan Tenaga Kerja Asing Pasca Undang-Undang Nomor 6 tahun 2023 dan Pengaruh terhadap Keberadaan Tenaga Kerja Lokal
Jumlah Tenaga Kerja Asing (TKA) Di Indonesia terus meningkat dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Hal ini menyebabkan terjadinya pergeseran paradigma pemerintah dalam mengelola tenaga kerja asing dari pendekatan administratif dan proteksionis menjadi pendekatan yang lebih fleksibel dan pro-investasi. Perubahan ini berdampak signifikan terhadap dinamika ketenagakerjaan di Indonesia. Bahkan, di tengah kemudahan perizinan tersebut, muncul berbagai tantangan yang menimbulkan kekhawatiran di kalangan pekerja dalam negeri. Hal ini menimbulkan pertanyaan besar mengenai efektivitas kebijakan penyederhanaan perizinan tenaga kerja asing jika tidak dibarengi dengan penguatan kapasitas sumber daya manusia lokal. Dalam jangka panjang, keseimbangan antara efisiensi investasi dan perlindungan tenaga kerja akan menciptakan sistem pasar tenaga kerja di Indonesia yang lebih sehat, lebih kompetitif, dan berkelanjutan, terutama dalam jangka panjang.
Kebijakan Hukum Pencegahan Penyalahgunaan Narkotika Berbasis Public Health Approach Perspektif Welfare State
Pelayanan kesehatan memiliki peran dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat, namun, penyalahgunaannya dapat menyebabkan ketergantungan dan dampak negatif bagi individu maupun masyarakat. Meskipun pemerintah Indonesia telah mengatur hal ini melalui Undang-Undang No. 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika, upaya pencegahan belum optimal, terlihat dari tingginya angka penyalahgunaan. Provinsi Jawa Tengah termasuk dalam wilayah dengan kasus penyalahgunaan tinggi berdasarkan data Badan Narkotika Nasional Provinsi 2023, didukung oleh rendahnya kesadaran masyarakat akan bahaya narkotika. Penelitian menggunakan metode hukum empiris dengan pendekatan sosiologis hukum, perundang-undangan, dan konseptual. Data diperoleh dari sumber primer (wawancara, observasi) dan sekunder (studi pustaka, dokumen hukum), dengan validitas melalui triangulasi sumber dan teori. Analisis data bersifat deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: (i) Pencegahan penyalahgunaan narkotika oleh BNNP Jawa Tengah dilaksanakan melalui tiga aspek, yaitu pembentukan kebijakan berbasis Peraturan BNN RI No. 5 Tahun 2021 dengan melibatkan multi-pihak dan adaptasi lokal, penerapan kebijakan melalui program seperti Desa Bersinar, intervensi keluarga, dan deteksi dini, serta evaluasi berbasis capaian dan dampak; (ii) Strategi optimalisasi kebijakan menggunakan public health approach dalam perspektif welfare state, mencakup lima dimensi: prevention (integrasi kurikulum anti-narkotika), dissuasion (pendekatan rehabilitatif), treatment (rehabilitasi berbasis hak), harm reduction (pengurangan risiko), dan reintegration (dukungan sosial mantan pengguna). Simpulannya menegaskan pentingnya pendekatan holistik dan humanis dalam kebijakan narkotika, dengan rekomendasi penguatan sinergi antardimensi dan perluasan program berbasis bukti untuk menurunkan prevalensi penyalahgunaan narkotika.
Juridical Revitalization of Parliamentary Term Limits Through Justice Principles for Strengthening Good Governance
This study addresses the legal uncertainty surrounding the term limits of legislative members in Indonesia, encompassing the House of Representatives (DPR), Regional Representative Council (DPD), and Regional People's Representative Councils (DPRD). The core problem lies in existing laws, such as Law No. 17 of 2014 on MD3 and Law No. 8 of 2012 on Elections, which specify a five-year term but lack explicit limitations on re-election periods. This regulatory vacuum enables incumbents to hold office indefinitely, leading to significant implications for democratic quality. The research aims to analyze the legal and socio-political consequences of this unlimited tenure, including the stagnation of democratic circulation, the proliferation of political dynasties, increased risks of corruption, and declining public trust. It employs a normative-legal methodology, scrutinizing primary legal materials, academic journals, and survey data to evaluate the existing framework. Findings reveal that the absence of term limits undermines equal political opportunities, fosters political dynasties, and correlates with a high incidence of corruption cases among legislative members. Comparative analysis with other countries, such as Venezuela and the Philippines which impose strict term limits, highlights the necessity for reform. The study concludes that amending the 1945 Constitution and revising the MD3 Law and Election Law to include clear term limitations is crucial. These legislative reconstructions are essential to foster leadership regeneration, enhance accountability, and ensure a healthy, responsive constitutional democracy in Indonesia.
Kepatuhan Terhadap Standar Bahasa Indonesia Bagi Dosen Asing Dalam Perspektif Hukum Ketenagakerjaan
The internationalization of higher education encourages Indonesian universities to recruit foreign lecturers to enhance academic quality and global collaboration. However, foreign lecturers must comply with legal requirements regarding Indonesian language use as stipulated in Law No. 24 of 2009, Government Regulation No. 57 of 2014, Government Regulation No. 34 of 2021, and Ministerial Regulation of Education and Culture No. 70 of 2016. These regulations mandate foreign lecturers to obtain the Indonesian Language Proficiency Test (UKBI) certificate as official proof of language competence. This study investigates the regulation and implementation of Indonesian language proficiency standards for foreign lecturers, analyzing their legal implications within employment law. Using a normative juridical approach, the research analyzes legal materials through library research, assessing norm compliance and practical implementation. Findings indicate weak enforcement of language proficiency requirements due to unclear sanctions and regulatory inconsistencies. Hiring foreign lecturers without language proficiency certification results in defective employment contracts, potential administrative penalties, and industrial relations imbalances. Furthermore, inadequate language skills among foreign lecturers negatively impact educational quality and students' rights. The study recommends harmonizing language and employment regulations, reinforcing oversight of UKBI implementation, and mandating language proficiency certification for foreign lecturer recruitment. These actions are vital to ensure legal certainty, protect local workforce rights, and uphold Indonesian as a key national language for academic and legal purposes.
Proyeksi Konstitusional Electronic Voting Dalam Pemilu Berbasis Decision Support System Dalam Perspektif Good Election
Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya kebutuhan mendesak terkait dengan modernisasi sistem pemilihan umum, dalam hal ini penggunaan kertas berlebih menyebabkan harus diadakannya efisiensi dan efektivitas melalui minimalisasi penggunaan kertas serta memperkuat transparansi. Hal tersebut dikarenakan Indonesia masih mengandalkan surat suara berbasis kertas yang menimbulkan permasalahan lingkungan dan keunagan di tengah kemajuan teknologi yang pesat. Permasalahan utama yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini yakni untuk mengkaji pengintegrasian e-voting dengan DSS secara konstitusional untuk memenuhi prinsip-prinsip pemilu demokratis sebagaimana telah diamanatkan Pasal 22E UUD 1945 yaitu langsung, umum, bebas, rahasia, jujur, dan adil (LUBER JURDIL) dalam kerangka pemilu yang baik (good election). Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Melalui kombinasi antara analisis hukum dan studi literatur, serta mencakup ketentuan konstitusional, perundang-undangan, putusan pengadilan, serta kesiapan infrastruktur. Penelitian ini juga melakukan perbandingan dengan negara lain terkait dengan penerapan e-voting. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa e-voting yang terintegrasi dengan DSS memungkinkan memberikan keuntungan secara signifikan dalam pemilu, transparansi data, efisiensi biaya, dan pemeliharaan lingkungan. Hal ini perlu dilakukan reformasi hukum secara komprehensif.
Land, Law, and Leniency: Unpacking the Effectiveness of Sanctions in Land-Related Crimes
Land disputes are increasingly prevalent in Indonesia, often resulting in significant harm to individuals and communities, particularly in cases of land grabbing. Land grabbing refers to the unlawful occupation or appropriation of land without the owner's consent, which may involve encroachment, falsification of land certificates, or alteration of land boundaries. Such acts constitute criminal offenses under Article 385 of the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP). However, enforcement remains weak, and judicial decisions frequently result in disproportionately lenient sentences. This raises serious concerns about the deterrent effect of penal sanctions and the broader implications for land governance. Factors contributing to land grabbing include ignorance or neglect of land ownership rights, speculative practices, and the increasing value of land. This research investigates the effectiveness of penal sanctions in land-related crimes, focusing on lenient sentencing patterns in Indonesian court decisions. Using a normative juridical approach combined with document analysis, this study analyzes Supreme Court decisions over the past decade to assess the extent of sentencing disparities and the lack of clear judicial guidelines. Findings reveal a consistent trend of light punishments that fail to reflect the gravity of the offenses or deter future violations, thereby exacerbating agrarian conflicts and undermining the rule of law. The urgency of this issue lies in the continued vulnerability of rightful landowners and the erosion of public confidence in the legal system. This study contributes to legal reform discourse by recommending the development of clearer sentencing guidelines and more equitable legal frameworks to ensure justice and prevent recurring land crimes in Indonesia.
Analisis Yuridis Pertimbangan Hakim terhadap Putusan Nomor 27/Pid.Sus/2020/Pn Sag Terkait TPPO dengan Motif Mail Bride Order
Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang (TPPO) dengan modus mail bride order merupakan bentuk eksploitasi modern yang berkedok pernikahan, umumnya menyasar perempuan yang berada dalam kondisi rentan secara sosial maupun ekonomi. Fenomena ini mencerminkan berkembangnya modus operandi TPPO yang semakin rumit dan tersembunyi, sehingga perlu dikaji secara lebih mendalam, terutama dalam konteks penegakan hukum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pertimbangan hukum dalam Putusan Nomor 27/Pid.Sus/2020/PN Sanggau, guna melihat bagaimana hukum pidana di Indonesia merespons kasus TPPO dengan latar belakang mail bride order. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif yang didukung dengan studi putusan, di mana analisis difokuskan pada ketentuan perundang-undangan, khususnya Undang-Undang Nomor 21 Tahun 2007 tentang Pemberantasan TPPO. Dalam putusan tersebut, hakim menunjukkan pendekatan progresif dengan mengklasifikasikan praktik mail bride order sebagai bagian dari tindak pidana perdagangan orang. Analisis ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam kasus ini, prinsip kepastian hukum telah dijalankan dengan memperhatikan struktur internal norma hukum serta penerapannya secara konkret dalam proses peradilan. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa hukum pidana tidak hanya memberikan sanksi, tetapi juga menjamin perlindungan hak korban melalui putusan yang adil, tegas, dan dapat dilaksanakan.
Consumer Protection Against Mismatches Dosages and Highest Retail Prices Minyakita Distribution in Semarang City
Price fluctuations and the scarcity of cooking oil in Indonesia prompted the government to launch Minyakita as a subsidy product with the Highest Retail Price (HET) setting. However, the implementation of Minyakita distribution in Semarang City still raises various problems, especially related to mismatches in doses and violations of the HET. This research aims to examine legal provisions, the implementation of supervision, and the form of legal protection for consumers for these violations. This study uses an empirical juridical approach with a qualitative type. The results of the study showed that there was a practice of filling the dosage that did not match the packaging label and the selling price was above the HET (Rp15,700 per liter) which was Rp16,000-Rp17,000 per liter, which was clearly detrimental to consumers. On the other hand, supervision by the Trade Office and the Legal Metrology Unit has not run optimally due to limited resources and low public awareness in using the complaint mechanism. In conclusion, although there is a strong legal basis such as Law No. 8 of 1999, BPOM Regulation No. 31 of 2018, and Permendag No. 18 of 2024, the implementation of consumer protection is still weak at the regional level. Therefore, it is recommended to strengthen decentralized supervision, increase consumer education, and apply strict sanctions to violating business actors, in order to realize a fair, transparent, and community-friendly cooking oil distribution system.