Law Research Review Quarterly (L. Research Rev. Q.) was published online for the first time in February 2020 (ISSN 2716-3415). However, this journal has previously been published in several editions in print since 2015, especially as seminars and conference papers under Seminar Nasional Hukum Universitas Negeri Semarang. Over time and as a form of improving the quality of publications, the name Law Research Review Quarterly was officially used in the 2020 issue and beyond. The Law Research Review Quarterly is a peer-reviewed law journal published quarterly every February, May, August, and November by the Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia. The Law Research Review Quarterly aims to reflect the current concerns and latest research of law and justice scholars and advance discussion of these issues. The scope of the Journal is broad, encompassing a wide array of law, crime, and justice topics and issues in Indonesia, Southeast Asia, and the global context. The Law Research Review Quarterly is also recognized as one of the leading peer-reviewed journals in Indonesia that provides an international forum for articles, commentaries, and notes in all areas of legal scholarship and across a range of methodologies, including doctrinal, theoretical, and socio-legal. The focus of this journal is to publish articles related to legal justice in a broad perspective, whether from psychological, social, political, economic, cultural, linguistic, and security and intelligence studies. The journal regularly publishes special issues within this broad remit. Title : Law Research Review Quarterly Editor in Chief : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Rini Fidiyani, S.H., M.Hum. ISSN : 2716-3415 (Online) DOI Prefix : 10.15294/snh Publisher : Faculty of Law Universitas Negeri Semarang Frequency : 4 (four) issues per year (February, May, August, November)
Non-Conviction Based Asset Forfeiture as an Instrument for Recovering State Losses in Corruption Crimes in Indonesia
NCBAF as emerged as a strategic legal instrument for recovering state losses arising from corruption, particularly in jurisdictions where conviction-based mechanisms prove ineffective. In Indonesia, the recovery of assets obtained through corruption remains heavily dependent on final and binding criminal judgments, a requirement that often delays asset confiscation and creates opportunities for offenders to conceal, transfer, or dissipate illicit assets. This study examines the weaknesses of the existing asset forfeiture framework within the Indonesian legal system and analyzes the urgency of adopting NCBAF as an alternative mechanism for recovering state losses in corruption cases. Employing normative legal research, this study adopts statutory and conceptual approaches through an analysis of national legislation and relevant international standards, particularly the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC). The findings demonstrate that the current conviction-based asset forfeiture regime is inadequate to address situations in which perpetrators have fled, died, or transferred assets to third parties. NCBAF, which operates through an in rem approach and focuses on the illicit origin of assets rather than the criminal liability of individuals, offers significant potential to accelerate asset recovery and close existing legal loopholes. The study concludes that comprehensive and clearly formulated regulations governing NCBAF are urgently required to strengthen Indonesia’s anti-corruption framework, enhance the effectiveness of state loss recovery, and ensure legal certainty while upholding due process of law.
Copyright (c) 2026 Law Research Review Quarterly
Handling Corruption as a Social System: An AGIL-Based Socio-Legal Analysis of Prosecutorial Practices in South Sulawesi
This article examines the handling of corruption in South Sulawesi through a socio-legal approach by applying Talcott Parsons' AGIL (Adaptation, Goal Achievement, Integration, and Latency) framework to structured interviews. Different from the dominant approach that frames the handling of corruption primarily in terms of legal compliance, institutional capacity, or political matters, this article conceptualizes handling as a dynamic social system shaped by the institutional practice and professional experience of prosecutors. Empirical data was collected through structured interviews with 25 prosecutors from 24 district attorney's offices and 1 person from the South Sulawesi High Prosecutor's Office, all of whom had first-hand experience in dealing with corruption. The findings suggest that the handling depends on a functional balance between technical adaptation to complex corruption schemes, the achievement of substantive objectives oriented towards the deterrent effect and recovery of assets, institutional integration through teamwork and inter-agency coordination, and latency mechanisms that support professional values, and psychological stability. Disruption to AGIL's function can weaken the performance of handling corruption. This article offers a contribution by developing the AGIL framework from the normative side to the practical direction of institutional-based. This article affirms the concept of institutional balance to explain the legal structure, organizational coordination, and professionalism interacting in maintaining the handling of corruption at the regional level.
Legal Aspects of Open‑Source Software: A Comparative Study of Google Chrome and Android Platforms
Open‑source software, due to its transparent nature, participatory framework, and high customizability, plays a pivotal role in the development of information technology. This article examines the legal aspects of open‑source software by focusing on two major Google platforms—Google Chrome and Android. The purpose of this study is to conduct a comparative legal analysis of these two platforms and to identify the challenges and opportunities associated with the adoption of the open‑source model. To this end, the paper first defines and conceptualizes key notions such as Free Software and Open‑Source Software, elucidating their underlying nature and philosophical foundations. It then explores the legal frameworks governing such software, including various types of open‑source licenses and the obligations arising therefrom. Subsequently, critical legal concepts such as Copyleft, FOSS (Free and Open‑Source Software), and related issues are analyzed, particularly in light of landmark litigation such as Oracle v. Google. These analyses contribute to a deeper understanding of the legal complexities and the challenges faced by developers and users of open‑source software. Although the general focus of this study is on the legal context of Iran, comparative references are made to jurisdictions with advanced open‑source ecosystems, such as the United States, China, and other jurisdictions. This comparative analysis provides a clear picture of the legal dimensions of open‑source software and the challenges associated with it, offering valuable insights for developers, legal practitioners, and policymakers in achieving a more effective governance and management of open‑source systems.
Economic Exploitation of Children: An Integrated Handling Model for the Protection of Children's Constitutional Rights (Study in Pati Regency)
Economic exploitation of children is still a serious problem that occurs in various regions, including in Pati Regency, and has a direct impact on the violation of children's rights. This problem is generally triggered by the socio-economic conditions of vulnerable families and low legal awareness of the community, so that children are often used as a means to gain economic benefits. This study aims to analyze law enforcement against the crime of economic exploitation of children in Pati Regency and formulate an integrated handling model in the context of protecting children's constitutional rights. The research method used is sociological juridical with a qualitative approach, through the collection of primary data obtained from the public and law enforcement officials, as well as secondary data sourced from laws and regulations and literature studies. The results of the study show that normatively the legal apparatus for child protection has been adequate, but its implementation at the regional level has not been running optimally. Law enforcement is still dominated by preventive efforts, while repressive actions against exploiters have not been carried out firmly and consistently. The low legal culture of the community is also a factor that inhibits the effectiveness of child protection. This study concludes that it is necessary to strengthen fair law enforcement, increase cross-sector coordination, and build community legal awareness as part of an integrated handling model to suppress the practice of economic exploitation of children and ensure the protection of children's constitutional rights in a sustainable manner.
The Application of Restorative Justice to Criminal Acts Committed by Persons with Disabilities in The Perspective of Educational Criminalization (Case Study in Semarang)
Persons with disabilities facing the law need special legal protections to ensure equal and non-discriminatory justice. However, in law enforcement practice in Indonesia, the implementation of proper accommodation and legal assistance is still not optimal. This research aims to analyze legal protection for persons with disabilities and the application of restorative justice in the perspective of educational criminalization. The research method used is normative research with a legislative and conceptual approach. The results of the study show that even though legal regulations are available, they still face obstacles in their implementation, so that the application of restorative justice based on educational criminalization is seen as more humane and just because it focuses on recovery and rehabilitation.
Persons with disabilities, legal protection, restorative justice, educational punishment.
Women’s Exploitation in the Word of Work : Criminology Study and Human Right Protection (Pimp Case Study in Sragen)
Exploitation of women in the workplace through prostitution practices still occurs in Sragen Regency and places women in a vulnerable position without adequate legal protection. This study aims to analyse the forms of exploitation of women and the role of pimps in prostitution practices in Sragen from a criminological perspevtive, as well as examine the implementation of Law Number 21 og 2007 in handling cases and protecting victims. This study uses a normative research method with a legislative approach and cases studies. The results of the study indicate the exploitation is carried out systematically through fraud, forced sexual services, retrictions on freedom, as well as threats and violence, which fulfil the elements of forced labor and the crime of human trafficking.
Electronic Evidence and Digital Criminalisation in the 17 + 8 People’s Demands Demonstration
This article examines the role of electronic evidence and the practice of digital criminalisation in the series of demonstrations of 17+8 people's demands. The purpose of this study is to analyse the position of electronic evidence in proving criminal acts in the series of protests 17+8 of people's needs, the application of the ITE Law to the digital activities of the 17+8 demonstrations in the context of digital criminalisation, and the adequacy of legal norms in protecting freedom of expression in the digital era. The research uses a normative juridical method with a case approach to examine the practice of digital criminalisation that occurred in a series of demonstrations. The results show that electronic evidence has been recognised as legal evidence and plays a strategic role in ensuring public accountability, but its implementation is ambivalent. The multi-interpretive articles in the ITE Law are often used selectively against demonstrators, thus strengthening the pattern of digital repression. On the other hand, although Indonesia's legal norms are relatively complete, their implementation is still weak and emphasises public order over protecting people's fundamental rights. This article recommends reformulating the ITE Law's rubber articles, strengthening the PDP Law's implementation, and establishing an independent institution to oversee the protection of personal data and digital restrictions.
electronic evidence, digital criminalisation, ITE Law
The Guidance and Supervision Function of the Regional Government of West Kalimantan Province regarding the Accessibility of the Legal Documentation and Information Network (JDIH) of Regencies/Cities within its Region
As a means of disseminating information, JDIH provides convenience for the public to search for and access the full text of provisions of laws and regulations, such as laws, government regulations, presidential decrees, and regional regulations. However, in its implementation, the use of JDIH owned by each Regional Government cannot be optimally utilized by the society. Because there are still several official JDIH pages belonging to the Regional Government that cannot be accessed by the public. This research aims to determine the extent of the guidance and supervision function of the West Kalimantan Provincial Government regarding the accessibility of JDIH Districts/Cities in the West Kalimantan Province. This research is research with a juridical-normative method, with legal material sources consisting of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. The data collection technique used is primary data collection through interviews with informants and data sourced from each JDIH website of the Regency/City Government in West Kalimantan Province. The results of the study focused on the lack of support given to JDIH which has a strategic role in government that supports organizational performance and as a form of government presence providing access to information to the public through an electronic system that is easily accessible, fast and simple.
Legal Documentation and Information Network (JDIH), JDIH Implementation, Problems of JDIH Implementation.
Apartment Management Model: A Comparative Study between Pekunden Semarang and Singapore Rusunawa
Flats are essential infrastructure designed for various purposes, including providing adequate housing for low-income communities. However, policy implementation has yet to be fully effective, as shown by the Pekunden Public Rental Flats (Rusunawa Pekunden) in Semarang, which face issues such as the absence of targeted government policies to address stagnant living patterns of low-income residents and weak management structures. This study aims to: (1) examine the penetration of Singapore’s Housing and Development Board (HDB) Ethnic Integration Policy into Indonesia’s public housing regulations; And (2) analyze the application of Singapore’s housing concepts and policies to improve the effectiveness of flat management in Indonesia. This qualitative research adopts a literature review approach to explore concepts, regulations, and best practices in housing management. The findings indicate that socio-economic segregation can be mitigated through regulatory reforms, including requiring at least 20% of commercial flat floor area to be allocated to low-income residents within the same development. Moreover, adopting HDB principles highlights the importance of centralized management, transparent financing, and social integration policies. In conclusion, strengthening regulations, innovating financing mechanisms, and promoting community participation are key strategies for creating effective, inclusive, and sustainable vertical housing that meets Indonesia’s urban development needs.
Analysis of the Implementation of Regulations and Enforcement of Business Competition Law : Comparative Study of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand
This research seeks to address several key research questions, namely how the implementation and enforcement of competition law in Indonesia compares with those in Malaysia and Thailand. The focus of the study includes identifying significant similarities and differences between the three countries in terms of regulations, policy implementation, and the effectiveness of their law enforcement agencies. Through a comparative analysis approach, this study is expected to provide a deeper understanding of the effectiveness of competition law implementation and its impact on creating a healthy, fair, and competitive business climate in Southeast Asia. The results show that substantially all three countries, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, share a similar basic regulatory framework, particularly regarding the prohibition of anticompetitive agreements and abuse of dominant position. However, there are important differences in terms of implementation and enforcement. Indonesia relies on the Business Competition Supervisory Commission (KPPU), Malaysia has the Malaysia Competition Commission (MyCC), and Thailand has the Office of Trade Competition Commission (OTCC). Each of these institutions has distinct characteristics and working mechanisms, reflecting the social, economic, and political conditions in their respective countries, thus influencing the effectiveness of competition law implementation in the region.
Regulation; Law Enforcement; Business Competition.
Analysis Of Corporate Criminal Responsibility After The Enactment Of Law No. 1 Of 2023 On The Penal Code
This research aims to understand the concept of corporate criminal liability following the issuance of Law No. 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code. Corporate criminal liability has become increasingly important due to the tendency of companies to engage in actions that harm society, the environment, or even their own employees. The research method used in this study is normative legal research with a legislative approach. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources related to corporate criminal liability. The research findings indicate that although Indonesia has Law No. 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code, which includes provisions on criminal liability for corporations, there are still challenges in enforcing the law. Some of the challenges faced include the weak corporate awareness of social and environmental responsibility, as well as limitations in the role of law enforcement agencies in investigating and prosecuting corporate criminal acts. In this regard, efforts need to be made to enhance corporate awareness of social and environmental responsibility, as well as to improve the capacity of law enforcement agencies in handling corporate criminal acts. This research is expected to contribute to the development of corporate criminal law theory in Indonesia.
Conflicting Authority over Asset Seizure in Tax, Corruption, Bankruptcy
This study aims to analyze the conflict of asset seizure authority involving the Directorate General of Taxes, the Attorney General's Office, and the Bankruptcy Trustee in the bankruptcy proceedings of PT Mount Dreams Indonesia. The main focus of this research is on asset seizures conducted by the Directorate General of Taxes as part of criminal tax investigations pursuant to Article 44 paragraph (2) letter j of the Law on General Provisions and Tax Procedures (UU KUP). The existence of overlapping lex specialis regulations in the fields of taxation, corruption, and bankruptcy law has led to conflicts of authority between law enforcement agencies in executing asset seizures. This study employs normative juridical methods using statutory, doctrinal, and Gustav Radbruch’s substantive justice theory approaches. The findings indicate that the absence of inter-agency coordination norms and the lack of harmonization among sectoral lex specialis regulations are the main causes of authority conflicts over asset seizures in bankruptcy proceedings. Furthermore, the expansion of asset recovery instruments operated independently by each agency, without integration into the bankruptcy estate, exacerbates conflicts over asset control. This research recommends the establishment of inter-agency coordination norms for asset seizure authority, strengthening renvoi as a unified verification forum, integrating asset recovery results into the bankruptcy estate, and enhancing the principle of substantive justice in the regulation of bankruptcy settlement.
Legal Review of the Right to Religious Holiday Allowance (THR) for Online Motorcycle Taxi Partners
Online motorcycle taxi drivers are categorized as partners in a partnership relationship with the application company, meaning they do not receive employment rights as regular workers do, including the Religious Holiday Allowance (THR). However, in practice, they work under a system that closely resembles an employment relationship, such as the presence of binding rules, sanctions, and specific targets. This disparity creates legal issues and highlights the need for a study on the protection of their rights. Therefore, this research is conducted to provide online motorcycle taxi drivers with an understanding of their rights and the legal actions they can take. The research method used in this study is normative juridical, which analyzes law as a norm or rule that applies in society. This study aims to examine the legal status of online motorcycle taxi partners in the context of labor law in Indonesia and encourage regulatory reform to make it fairer and more adaptable to the dynamics of work in the digital era
Legal Reformulation of Consensus-Based Neutrality Diplomacy in The Resolution of The South China Sea Dispute Based on The Perspective of National Defense and Security
This study aims to analyze Indonesia's foreign policy in dealing with the South China Sea dispute and formulate a consensus-based neutrality diplomacy model from the national defense and security perspective. Although Indonesia is not a claimant country, the escalation of the conflict in the South China Sea, especially unilateral claims that overlap the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the North Natuna Sea, directly threatens Indonesia's maritime sovereignty and national interests. This study uses normative legal research methods to examine how the neutrality principle can be reformulated legally into a more operational and responsive active neutrality approach. The study results indicate that the current neutrality diplomacy approach has not been sufficiently institutionalized to respond to complex geopolitical dynamics. Therefore, a legal reformulation model is proposed that integrates the principle of active neutrality into the legal framework of Indonesia's foreign policy. In conclusion, by institutionalizing consensus-based neutrality diplomacy, Indonesia can strengthen its position as an impartial but constructive mediator, protect its sovereign rights, and actively contribute to the peaceful and legal resolution of disputes in the region, in line with the mandate of the constitution and international law.
Copyright (c) 2025 Law Research Review Quarterly
Mengurai Paradigma Pemidanaan Dalam Konteks Kebijakan Kriminal Di Era Digital
The development of technology and information has created new spaces that offer convenience in life. However, behind this ease lies a loophole exploited by individuals with malicious intent. This space is used as a means to commit criminal acts. Crime in the digital era represents a modern type of offense that requires a different legal approach compared to conventional crimes. The shifting characteristics and modus operandi of criminal acts in the digital era must be met with a reconstruction of positive law in Indonesia. This is crucial to ensure that these crimes can still be effectively handled, thereby maintaining state order.
Criminal Act, Digital, Characteristics, Reconstruction
Kewenangan Mahkamah Pidana Internasional (ICC) dalam Mengeluarkan Surat Perintah Penangkapan terhadap Non-Anggota Statuta Roma: Studi Kasus Perintah Penangkapan Benjamin Netanyahu (The International Criminal Court (ICC) Jurisdiction: Arrest Warrants Beyond Rome Statute States, a Netanyahu Analysis)
Armed conflict has driven the evolution of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) to minimize suffering, yet severe violations persist, necessitating effective enforcement mechanisms like the International Criminal Court (ICC), established by the Rome Statute in 1998. The ICC holds jurisdiction over individuals responsible for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. This article analyzes the ICC's jurisdiction over non-member states of the Rome Statute and the validity of the warrant of arrest issued against leaders from such states, specifically Benjamin Netanyahu, Prime Minister of Israel. Although Israel is not a state party, the ICC can assert jurisdiction if the alleged crimes occurred in the territory of a state party or if the situation is referred by the UN Security Council, in line with the principle of complementarity. The issuance of the warrant of arrest against Netanyahu on May 20, 2024, was based on Article 58 of the Rome Statute following alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity in Gaza, a territory of Palestine (a state party to the Rome Statute), providing a strong legal basis. However, its implementation faces political challenges and rejection from some member states, which could violate their obligations under Article 86 of the Rome Statute.
International Criminal Court, Warrant of Arrest, Non State Parties, Humanitarian Law
Tinjauan Viktimologis Eksploitasi Seksual Terhadap Anak: Studi Kasus Putusan Nomor 253/Pid.Sus/2023/PN Gto
Child sexual exploitation is a serious and complex problem that occurs globally, with profound physical, psychological, and social impacts on victims. This study analyzes cases of child sexual exploitation through the perspective of victimology, which highlights the vulnerability of victims and the mechanisms of victimization. The research method used is the juridical normative legal method. This study results in that the analyzed cases show how the perpetrators build manipulative relationships and conduct grooming systematically to exploit victims. Comprehensive prevention and prosecution efforts are needed, including preventive approaches in the form of education, improving family welfare, and environmental supervision, as well as repressive approaches through law enforcement and victim rehabilitation. Indonesia has adopted various international instruments and laws that support child protection and the fight against this crime. A victimological approach is essential to understand patterns of exploitation and formulate effective protection strategies to ensure children's rights and welfare.
Pertanggungjawaban Hukum Dari Jual Beli Akun Canva Pro: Tinjauan Yuridis Sosiologis Perspektif Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen
Penelitian ini menganalisis pertanggungjawaban hukum pihak ketiga dalam praktik jual beli akun Canva Pro yang dilakukan secara tidak resmi di Indonesia, ditinjau dari perspektif Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen (UUPK) No. 8 Tahun 1999. Fenomena jual beli akun digital oleh pihak ketiga marak terjadi seiring pesatnya perkembangan transaksi digital, namun menimbulkan berbagai persoalan hukum, khususnya terkait perlindungan konsumen dan legalitas transaksi. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan sosio-legal dengan metode kualitatif, mengkaji regulasi yang berlaku, studi literatur, analisis putusan pengadilan, serta survei dan wawancara dengan konsumen dan praktisi hukum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penjual akun Canva Pro ilegal dapat dikualifikasikan sebagai pelaku usaha menurut UUPK, sehingga wajib memberikan perlindungan dan informasi yang benar kepada konsumen. Namun, dalam praktiknya, konsumen kerap dirugikan akibat pemblokiran akun, penipuan, dan minimnya mekanisme ganti rugi, diperparah oleh ketidakjelasan status hukum produk digital dan lemahnya pengawasan platform digital. Penelitian ini menyoroti kesenjangan hukum (legal gap) dalam regulasi transaksi digital non-resmi dan menekankan perlunya pembaruan regulasi, peningkatan literasi digital, serta kolaborasi antara pemerintah, platform digital, dan penyedia layanan untuk memperkuat perlindungan konsumen. Rekomendasi yang diajukan meliputi penguatan pengawasan transaksi digital, penegakan hukum terhadap penjual ilegal, serta edukasi konsumen mengenai risiko dan legalitas transaksi akun digital.
Existence And Position Of Paralegal In Legal Assistance And Provision Of Legal Aid In Indonesia
In a state governed by the rule of law that upholds the principles of equality before the law and access to justice , the provision of fair and equitable legal aid is a fundamental human right that must be guaranteed by the state. However, in practice, legal access disparities persist, particularly among the poor, vulnerable groups, and communities in remote areas. In response to the limited availability of lawyers and legal aid services, paralegals emerge as non-professional actors who perform non-litigation legal assistance roles. This study aims to analyze the legal legitimacy and existence of paralegals within Indonesia’s legal system. Using a normative juridical approach, supported by historical and conceptual analysis, the study finds that paralegals gain legal standing through Law No. 16 of 2011 and its derivative regulations. Nevertheless, their formal recognition remains limited, especially following Supreme Court Decision No. 22 P/HUM/2018, which restricts paralegals from participating in litigation processes. This limitation overlooks the significant role paralegals play in legal education, community advocacy, and grassroots legal empowerment. Therefore, policy reform and stronger legal recognition are urgently needed to enable paralegals to contribute more effectively to the realization of substantive justice and broader access to legal remedies.
Pelaksanaan Pengaturan Kartu Identitas Anak Sebagai Jaminan Kepastian Hukum Hak Atas Anak Terlantar (Studi Kasus Di Jakarta Selatan)
Children are the nation's most valuable assets. They have the constitutional right to grow and develop optimally, and they have the right to be protected from all forms of violence and discrimination. In Indonesia, child protection is guaranteed by the 1945 Constitution and reinforced by the ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. However, the reality is that many children are still neglected and live without an official identity, which prevents them from accessing basic rights such as education, health care, and legal protection. One of the state's efforts to address this issue is the issuance of the Child Identity Card (KIA). This is done through Permendagri Number 2 of 2016. The KIA serves as a legal document that guarantees children's identities and facilitates their access to public services. This study aims to examine the implementation of KIA regulations for neglected children in South Jakarta and identify obstacles to its implementation. The study employs a legal-empirical method with a qualitative approach. The study employs the theories of law enforcement by Robert Seidman and of legal certainty by Gustav Radbruch and Jan Michiel Otto, which assert that law in society is influenced by social, political, economic, and cultural forces. Additionally, the theory of legal certainty emphasizes three core values: justice, legal certainty, and utility. It also highlights the importance of having clear, consistent, and easily accessible legal rules. The research findings indicate that, despite its significant potential to ensure legal protection for abandoned children, the KIA still faces various challenges in implementation, including low public awareness, limited infrastructure, and insufficient coordination among relevant agencies. The study recommends enhancing public education, simplifying administrative procedures, and strengthening cross-sectoral coordination to achieve effective, comprehensive legal protection for abandoned children in Indonesia.
Addition of Funds by Merchants in Payments Through The QRIS from an Islamic Law Perspective
The practice of adding funds for consumers who make transactions using QRIS is implemented by merchants to avoid profits from administrative fees or Merchant Discount Rates. The mechanism for disbursing funds from PJP to merchants and the form of additional funds are laden with elements of usury. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify the financial management mechanisms for fund additions by merchants in QRIS payments and to analyze the legal implications of fund additions by merchants in QRIS payments from an Islamic legal perspective. The research method used is qualitative research with a legal-empirical approach. The data collected consists of primary and secondary data, with data collection techniques including literature review, interviews, observation, and documentation. Based on the research findings, it can be stated that the additional funds are not listed on the transaction receipt but are instead communicated verbally or displayed in the corner of the QRIS printout. Consumers scan the QR code using their digital wallet platform, then enter the total amount themselves, and verify the transaction. After that, a notification appears stating that the funds have been received by the merchant. However, the disbursement of funds from the PJP to the merchant's account takes up to H+1 calendar days. Additionally, the addition of funds by merchants in QRIS payments contains elements of usury, rendering the transaction fasid. The additional funds charged by merchants to consumers constitute unlawful income if both parties do not mutually consent. The addition of funds by the merchant in payments via QRIS can be considered as ujrah and valid if both parties mutually consent and agree. Furthermore, the delay in the transfer of funds from the PJP to the merchant's account constitutes riba nasiah.
Pembuktian Gratifikasi Seksual Sebagai Tindak Pidana Korupsi di Indonesia
Berkembangnya modus dalam gratifikasi yang dalam hal ini gratifikasi dalam bentuk pemberian layanan seksual menjadi polemik dan celah untuk dapat melakukan tindak pidana korupsi. Pengaturan mengenai gratifikasi diatur dalam Pasal 12B Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2001 tentang perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 tentang Tindak Pidana Korupsi (UUPTPK). Dalam penjelasan pasal disebut kan pengartian gratifikasi yaitu pemberian dalam arti luas dan menyebutkan bentuk-bentuk namun tidak terdapat gratifikasi seksual atau layanan seksual secara eksplisit sebagai salah satu kategori yang masuk dalam gratifikasi. Rumusan masalah penelitian adalah apakah pemberian pelayanan seksual dapat dikategorikan sebagai bentuk gratifikasi dalam tindak pidana korupsi di indonesia, Bagaimanakah cara pembuktian bahwa pemberian pelayanan seksual kepada pejabat negara merupakan gratifikasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini, untuk mengetahui apakah pemberian pelayanan seksual dapat dikategorikan sebagai bentuk gratifikasi dalam tindak pidana korupsi di indonesia, untuk menjelaskan pembuktian pemberian pelayanan seksual sebagai gratifikasi dalam tindak pidana korupsi berdasarkan hukum positif di indonesia. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif hukum dengan jenis penelitian doktrinal yang didasarkan pada hukum normatif tertulis yang didukung oleh bahan kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada penjelasan Pasal 12 B ayat (1) UUPTPK memberikan pengertian terhadap pemberian yaitu dalam arti luas dan disebutkan pula dalam bentuk fasilitas lainnya. Dalam hal ini gratifikasi dalam bentuk pemberian pelayanan seksual atau gratifikasi seksual dapat dimasukkan dalam kategori fasilitas lainnya. Dalam pembuktian gratifikasi seksual dapat menggunakan sistem pembuktian terbalik berimbang atau semi terbalik. Terdapat beberapa hal yang harus dibuktikan oleh terdakwa dan jaksa meliputi apakah terdapat gratifikasi seksual yang diterima oleh terdakwa atau tidak dan jika ada apakah terdapat hubungan pemberian pelayanan seksual tersebut terhadap jabatan sehingga melakukan atau tidak melakukan sesuatu yang ii bertentangan dengan tugas dan kewajibannya dan juga harus memenuhi unsur unsur yang disebutkan di dalam Pasal 12 B UUPTPK.
Constitutional Guarantee of Legal Protection for Freelance Workers from a Social Justice Perspective
This research investigates the absence of constitutional protection for freelance workers, particularly freelance models, within Indonesia’s labor law framework. While the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia guarantees the right to work and to fair and decent remuneration, these protections are primarily structured around formal employment relationships, thereby excluding a growing segment of the labor force that operates within non-standard, flexible arrangements. The study aims to analyze the extent to which the current legal system, particularly Law No. 13 of 2003 on Manpower, as amended by Law No. 6 of 2023 on Job Creation accommodates or neglects freelance workers in terms of legal recognition, job security, and social protections. Using a normative juridical method with a statute and conceptual approach, this research draws from doctrinal legal analysis to critically evaluate the legal construction of employment relationships. The findings reveal significant normative gaps that leave freelance models vulnerable to exploitation, lacking access to written employment contracts, social security, and fair dispute resolution mechanisms. The study proposes a reconfiguration of legal norms to introduce a Constitutional Employment Contract model, which accounts for the flexible nature of freelance work while ensuring fundamental labor rights. Additionally, the paper recommends the establishment of an independent regulatory body to provide legal oversight and advocacy for flexible workers. Ultimately, this research concludes that achieving social justice for all workers in the modern labor market necessitates a transformation of Indonesia’s labor law regime toward a more inclusive and responsive constitutional framework.
SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES REGARDING OWNERSHIP RIGHTS TO LAND WITH MULTIPLE CERTIFICATES
One of the problems often faced between the community and the government through the Agrarian and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency is the existence of duplicate certificates. Regarding the case of a double certificate dispute, it also occurred in the jurisdiction of the Agrarian and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency of Tegal City. This research uses a qualitative approach. The type of research in this legal research is empirical legal research. The data sources of this research use interviews and secondary data. The data collection technique for this research was carried out through conventional and online literature searches as well as interview methods. The data analysis technique used in this legal research uses qualitative data analysis techniques. The results of the research and discussion can be concluded as follows: Factors that can cause the emergence of dual land title certificates include several technical errors, due to overlapping in the issuance of land title certificates, and influenced by internal and external factors. The existence of dual land title certificates creates legal uncertainty in terms of land registration. Land title certificates should be strong proof of land ownership.; Settlement of disputes over ownership of dual-certified land in Tegal City by the Agrarian and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency of Tegal City is through mediation. In mediation, each party acknowledged ownership of 25 m2 of land.2and an agreement was reached that Brother Mohamad would pay for 25 m2 of land at a price of Rp. 45,000,000 to Mr. Tarjani. The Agrarian and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency of Tegal City has revised the Certificate of Ownership Number 4820/Kraton and Certificate of Ownership Number 269/Kraton so that there is no overlap. The issuance of the revised certificate of title is a form of state legal protection for the owner of the land certificate of title.
Penyelesaian Sengketa Pengadaan Tanah Untuk Kawasan Cagar Budaya
Kawasan cagar budaya merupakan kawasan ruang geografis didalamnya terdapat dua situs cagar budaya dengan tata letak berdekatan antara situs cagar budaya lainnya dan/atau cagar budaya tersebut memiliki ciri tata ruang yang khas. Demi perkembangan dan pemanfaatan kawasan cagar budaya pemerintah melakukan perluasan dengan cara pengadaan tanah, akan tetapi pengadaan tanah yang dilakukan rawan menimbulkan konflik dan terjadi sengketa pengadaan tanah. Bumi, air bahkan kekayaan yang terdapat didalamnya merupakan kekayaan milik negara sehingga menimbulkan kewajiban negara untuk mengelola serta mengatur penggunaan serta kepemilikan tanah sehingga penggunaan tanah dapat merata secara adil. Dengan perencanaan pengadaan tanah yang sitematis dan terbuka, serta penyelesaian konflik yang dilakukan diharapkan bahwa masyarakat mampu meraih keadilan.
Sengketa, Pengadaan Tanah, Kawasan Cagar Budaya
Legal Review of the Implementation of Regional Retribution Collection at the Manunggal Jati Sport Center, Semarang City from a Good Governance Perspective
This study examines the implementation of local retribution collection at the Sport Center Manunggal Jati in Semarang City from the perspective of positive law and the principles of good governance. The main issue addressed is the extent to which the regulation and implementation of user service retribution in this sector align with the general principles of good administration. The research adopts a normative juridical method with a descriptive-analytical approach. Data were obtained through literature studies on statutory regulations, local government documents, and previous research findings. The results reveal that the legal framework for retribution collection is well-established, both at the national and regional levels, including Law Number 1 of 2022, Government Regulation Number 35 of 2023, Semarang Regional Regulation Number 7 of 2018, and Mayor Regulation Number 6 of 2020. However, implementation still faces challenges such as limited public outreach, suboptimal administrative systems, and insufficient supervision. Nevertheless, the retribution collection at Sport Center Manunggal Jati reflects the principles of legal certainty, utility, impartiality, non-abuse of power, and public interest. The study concludes that strengthening management systems, conducting regular regulatory evaluations, and applying digital technology are essential to improve the efficiency and accountability of retribution administration.
local retribution, sport center, positive law, good governance-
Strategi Penyelesaian Masalah Over Kapasitas Lapas Di Indonesia
Over kapasitas lembaga pemasyarakatan (lapas) adalah salah satu persoalan yang cukup serius dalam berjalannya sistem peradilan di Indonesia. Hal tersebut ditengarai dengan jumlah warga binaan yang tinggi melebihi jumlah total kapasitas sel. Penelitian ini dilakukan guna menganalisis faktor dan strategi yang dapat diterapkan untuk menangani permasalahan over kapasitas lapas yang terjadi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian yuridis normatif dengan jenis pendekatan perundang-undangan dan perbandingan. Hasil dari penelitian ini menguraikan faktor dan dampak dari over kapasitas lapas, serta menjelaskan beberapa strategi penyelesaian, diantaranya menerapkan metode restorative justice, mengoptimalkan program asimilasi dan reintegrasi, penjatuhan alternatif pidana selain pidana penjara, dan menciptakan kondisi hunian yang layak huni. Kesimpulannya, apabila persoalan over kapasitas lapas yang terjadi di Indonesia ingin dapat teratasi, maka dibutuhkan pendekatan menyeluruh ke segala aspek serta mengikutsertakan masyarakat untuk bersinergi dengan lembaga peradilan dan pemerintah.
Over Kapasitas, Lembaga Pemasyarakatan, Strategi Penyelesaian
Urgensi Pengaturan Crypto Asset Sebagai Objek Jaminan di Indonesia
Crypto asset atau cryptocurrency merupakan entitas baru pada sistem keuangan dan aset digital. Keberadaan crypto asset di Indonesia diakui sebagai komoditas berjangka dan aset digital serta keuangan digital. Keterbatasan pengaturan crypto asset sebagai jaminan, memahami pengguna atau pemilik nya telah meningkat, maka diperlukan adanya pembaharuan pengaturan yang dapat mengakomodasi crypto asset sebagai objek jaminan di Indonesia. Hal ini akan mempermudah pemilik atau pengguna crypto asset untuk memperoleh dana segar tanpa harus menjual aset digitalnya. Hukum jaminan dalam KUHPerdata belum mengakomodasi terkait permasalahan ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengumpulkan dan menganalisis apakah hukum positif di Indonesia telah mengatur crypto asset sebagai objek jaminan dan bagaimana urgensi pengaturan crypto asset sebagai objek jaminan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan jenis penelitian yuridis normatif. Sumber data pada penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang berasal dari bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier. Bahan hukum tersebut dianalisis berdasarkan perspektif kualitatif dan diuji validitas datanya menggunakan triangulasi data dan triangulasi metode. Hasil penelitian dan pembahasan menunjukan bahwa: (1) hukum positif di Indonesia belum mengakomodasi terkait crypto asset sebagai jaminan, namun diakui sebagai komoditas dan aset digital serta termasuk keuangan digital. (2) Urgensi pengaturannya yaitu adanya pengakuan hukum terhadap crypto asset sebagai aset yang dapat dijaminkan, mekanisme pendaftaran dan pengawasan, penentuan nilai crypto asset sebagai jaminan, sistem penilaian dan pemantauan nilai jaminan secara otomatis, integrasi dengan sistem keuangan digital, perbankan, dan platform fintech, penyelesaian sengketa dan perlindungan hukum bagi para pihak, serta proses eksekusi jaminan yang efisien dan transparan sesuai dengan ketentuan hukum jaminan.
Aset Digital; Crypto Asset; Jaminan; Urgensi Pengaturan
Legal Analysis of Marine Pollution Due to Oil Spill by MV Ever Judger Ship in Balikpapan Bay: Review of the Implementation of the Strict Liability Principle in Law No. 32 of 2009
The oil spill by the MV Ever Judger in Balikpapan Bay in 2018 is one of the marine pollution cases that has received widespread attention in Indonesia. This incident caused significant environmental damage and caused social, economic and ecological losses. This article aims to analyze the application of the strict liability principle in Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management (UU PPLH) in the context of the case. The principle of strict liability allows the liability of the perpetrator of pollution without having to prove the element of fault. Through a normative juridical approach, this article dissects the legal basis of marine pollution liability and assesses the effectiveness of its application to polluters from the shipping sector. The results of the discussion show that although the principle of strict liability is accommodated in Indonesian environmental law, its application still faces challenges in practice, especially in terms of law enforcement and proof of ecological losses.
IDEOLOGI PATRIARKI ATAS DAMPAK KETIMPANGAN GENDER BAGI MUTU PENDIDIKAN PADA KELUARGA PETANI DI KABUPATEN GROBOGAN
Patriarchal ideology on the impact of gender inequality occurs due to several factors, including: Customs, Lack of public understanding, high rates of early marriage in girls and economic limitations of the family. The purpose of this study is first to identify and analyze the causes of patriarchal ideology on the impact of gender inequality on mutual education in farming families. Second, to analyze the efforts that will be made to overcome patriarchal ideology on the impact of gender inequality on mutual education in farming families. The research method used in this study is a qualitative approach with a sociological juridical research type. The data sources used in this study are primary, secondary and tertiary data sources. The results of this study indicate that patriarchal ideology on the impact of gender inequality that occurs in society is still strong and has an impact on education, especially for girls. Therefore, efforts need to be made by the government and families to overcome gender discrimination in order to realize gender equality in women's education in society. The theory in this study is (1) The theory of liberal feminism according to Mary Wallstonecraft is used to analyze gender discrimination that affects education and women's rights. The reason for using this theory is because it focuses on women's empowerment and the barriers that prevent women from gaining equal access to education with men. (2) Feminist legal theory according to Catharine Mackinon is used to analyze how legal efforts and government policies address gender inequality in education. The reason for using this theory is because this theory seeks to empower women by providing space for them to participate in the formation, implementation, and interpretation of law.