Unnes Political Science Journal a starting in 2024 migrates to better secure from various unwanted things, including journal hacking and so on. To submit, the author please visit the new website page of our journal at the link https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/upsj MIGRATION OFFICIAL STATEMENT HERE Unnes Political Science Journal with registered number ISSN 2549-0737 (print) | ISSN 2621-6272 (online) is a journal present the studies of research, either field research, literature research, or analysis reflection article of political issues in Indonesia. Unnes Political Science Journal will be published that related to politics and governance, election, and local election; Politics and Local Policy and also Political Thought and Ethics. Unnes Political Science Journal accredited SINTA 5 {2020-2023} by the Directorate of Higher Education Indonesia based on SK NO. 225/E/KPT/2022. SINTA 4 {2024-2028} by the Directorate of Higher Education Indonesia based on 10/C/C3/DT.05.00/2025. Abstracting & Indexing: Dimension, Sinta, Garuda
Central Java Election Supervisory Agency Strategies for Preventing Violations during Indonesia’s 2024 Regional Elections
The high incidence of electoral violations during Indonesia’s 2019 General Election and the 2024 Regional Head Elections has raised significant concerns for the Central Java Election Supervisory Agency (Bawaslu) in strengthening preventive electoral oversight. This study aims to analyze the strategies employed by the agency to prevent electoral violations during Indonesia’s 2024 Regional Elections using G. R. Terry’s strategic management theory as the analytical framework. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed, with data collected through in-depth interviews and document analysis. The findings indicate that the agency implemented four major preventive strategies: strengthening political education and public outreach, promoting participatory electoral supervision, enhancing coordination with relevant stakeholders, and leveraging information technology to improve monitoring effectiveness. Nevertheless, these strategies encountered several challenges, including limited political literacy, inadequate human resources, low public reporting awareness, and budget constraints. The study concludes that these preventive strategies have strengthened electoral governance and contributed to mitigating potential electoral violations, although greater institutional support and innovation in participatory supervision remain essential for improving electoral integrity in future regional elections.
Copyright (c) 2025 Unnes Political Science Journal
Football Supporter Activism as a Political Force in Modern Football Governance and Reform
Football is no longer merely a form of sport and entertainment but has developed into a social arena in which political, cultural, and collective identities interact. This study analyzes the development of football supporter activism as a new form of sociopolitical participation and examines its implications for digital mobilization, club policies, and modern football governance. A qualitative approach was employed through a literature review of scholarly articles, research reports, and other relevant sources. The findings show that supporters have shifted from passive consumers to collective actors with significant social and political influence. Their activism addresses not only club-related interests but also social justice, inclusivity, human rights, and resistance to the excessive commercialization of football. Social media strengthens connective action by enabling rapid coordination across geographical boundaries and integrating online and offline activism. Supporter pressure also encourages clubs to adopt more inclusive, transparent, welfare-oriented, and socially responsible policies. In governance, supporters are increasingly recognized as stakeholders who promote accountability, regulatory reform, and more democratic ownership models. However, excessive commercialization, financial inequality, intergroup conflict, and inadequate digital regulation remain significant challenges. The study advances understanding of supporter activism and calls for adaptive, inclusive, and sustainable football policies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Unnes Political Science Journal
Adaptive Electoral Strategies of Gerindra in the 2024 Presidential Election in Jepara, Indonesia
The 2024 Presidential Election in Indonesia revealed increasingly dynamic electoral competition shaped by interactions between national political narratives and local political contexts. In Jepara Regency, Prabowo–Gibran won the presidential election despite Gerindra not being the dominant legislative party and despite the strong electoral presence of PPP and PDI-P, creating a political anomaly that challenges conventional assumptions about party strength and presidential voting behavior. Previous studies have focused on candidate branding, digital campaigns, coalition politics, and organizational communication but have not explained electoral variation within the same party organization across different local contexts. This study analyzes Gerindra’s adaptive electoral strategy across three sub-districts with contrasting electoral outcomes in Jepara Regency. Using a qualitative comparative approach based on interviews, documentation, triangulation, and SWOT analysis, the study finds that campaign effectiveness depended on contextual adaptation integrating organizational mobilization, psychological framing, sociological networks, coalition cooperation, and local political communication. The findings contribute to the concept of adaptive electoral strategy by explaining how political organizations adjust campaign resources and communication to heterogeneous local political environments.
What is the fate of Retirees? Payment of Contributory Pension Scheme and the Welfare of Public Service Retirees in Selected States of Southwest, Nigeria
The study examined the initial lump-sum payment under the Contributory Pension Scheme and its implications for the welfare of public service retirees in selected states of Southwest Nigeria. Primary data were collected from 1,850 pensioners in Osun, Ondo, and Ogun States using structured questionnaires and interview schedules, and were analysed descriptively and inferentially. The findings indicate that lump-sum payments are generally insufficient to meet retirees’ basic post-retirement needs, including healthcare, food, shelter, and other welfare requirements, particularly amid inflation and the rising cost of living. Administrative inefficiencies, corruption, and inequalities in benefit distribution further increase retirees’ vulnerability, with lower-cadre workers more adversely affected than politically or institutionally connected elites. The study concludes that, although the Contributory Pension Scheme was designed to promote sustainability and transparency, it has not adequately provided social security for many retirees. The study recommends timely payment of lump sums and death benefits, stronger accountability measures, effective enforcement of sanctions, technological innovations, inflation-adjusted benefits, and targeted empowerment programmes. The study contributes to pension reform literature by highlighting the need to balance fiscal sustainability with human security, equity, and fairness.
Comparing Political Campaign Strategies of PDIP and PKS in the 2024 Legislative Election in Banyumas, Indonesia
This study examines the campaign strategies carried out by PDIP and PKS in the legislative elections 2024 in Banyumas Regency. Campaign strategies have a significant influence on candidate victory in the election. Data were obtained through in dept interviews and direct observation of key informations, namely the management of the PDIP and PKS DPDs in Banyumas regency. The results of the study show that the campaign startegies carried out by PDIP and PKS are almost the same in the 2024 legislative elections in Banyumas regency, although there are difeferences. PDIP and PKS both use social media such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, TikTok. The campaign message conveyed to constituents is also the same, namely the welfare of the community. The difference is PDIP in determining communicators with in the election winning institution (BP Pemilu) and PKS uses a campaign team. PDIP's target is the millenial generation, gen Z, new voters while PKS is more on the general public.
The Relevance of Pancasila in the Digital Age Amid Shifting Political Orientations among Indonesian Youth
The rapid expansion of digital technology has transformed political communication, civic engagement, and value formation among young people, creating new challenges for maintaining the relevance of Pancasila in Indonesia’s democratic life. This study aims to examine the relevance of Pancasila amid shifting political orientations among Indonesian youth in the digital age and to explore its role as a normative framework for digital citizenship. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach through a systematic literature review, the study synthesizes findings from contemporary scholarly publications on digital politics, youth political participation, civic education, and political identity. The analysis reveals that digital media simultaneously expands opportunities for political participation while intensifying political polarization, misinformation, identity politics, and ideological fragmentation that may weaken the internalization of Pancasila values. The study further demonstrates that Pancasila remains a relevant civic ideology capable of fostering democratic ethics, social cohesion, and responsible political participation when integrated into digital literacy and civic education initiatives. The novelty of this study lies in positioning Pancasila not only as a constitutional ideology but also as an ethical framework for strengthening digital citizenship among Indonesian youth. These findings provide strategic insights for policymakers, educators, and civil society organizations in promoting democratic resilience and national identity within an increasingly digital political environment.
Social Capital in Cross-Sector Collaboration to Address Stunting: Rumah Pelita Case Study
Stunting cannot be addressed solely through technical approaches, but requires structured and socially-based cross-sectoral collaboration. This study aims to analyze the forms of institutional collaboration and the role of social capital in supporting the effectiveness of Rumah Pelita in Semarang City, an intersectoral daycare service that focuses on restoring the nutrition and development of stunted children. This research uses a qualitative method with a case study approach through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation. The results show that Rumah Pelita's success in reducing the prevalence of stunting by 50-60% is influenced by the strength of social networks between agencies, parents' trust in caregivers, and collective work norms. The program integrates nutritional interventions, child development stimulation, parenting classes, and intensive monitoring. These findings reinforce the relevance of Putnam's social capital theory in explaining how networks, trust and social norms can strengthen cross-sectoral cooperation. In conclusion, Rumah Pelita can be used as a replication model for collaboration-based stunting interventions in other urban areas, as well as making a theoretical contribution to strengthening the concept of social capital in public health policy.
Strategic Culture of the United States in the 2022 Indo-Pacific Strategy
A country's foreign policy can be based on its strategic culture, and the US is no different with its Indo-Pacific Strategy 2022. The US strategic culture includes American exceptionalism and moral crusade, technology and firepower-intensive warfare, and free security combined with projection of power. The author intends to bring a novelty by analyzing the strategic culture in the Indo-Pacific Strategy 2022. Furthermore, the study uses a constructivist approach to emphasize the role of identity, values, and norms in shaping the US Indo-Pacific Strategy. This study finds that the U.S. and China share similar strategic cultures but use different narratives to win their rivalry, with U.S. strategic culture mostly staying consistent while evolving across administrations, and being shaped by American values in law supremacy and order, human rights and equality, liberalism, and American exceptionalism. The findings of this research contribute to the development of American studies by demonstrating that U.S. foreign policy has consistently served as a space where American values and culture are represented, distributed to other countries, and influence the formation of future American cultural expressions, revealing the US’ interpretation of the Indo-Pacific in pursuit of its national interests.
Political Participation of Disability Organizations in Inclusive Elections: Evidence from Perkumpulan Sehati in Sukoharjo Regency, Indonesia
Inclusive elections represent a fundamental principle of democratic governance by ensuring equal political rights for all citizens, including persons with disabilities. However, disability political participation remains constrained by institutional, social, and accessibility barriers, while the role of disability organizations in facilitating electoral inclusion has received limited scholarly attention. This study aims to analyze the political participation of Perkumpulan Sehati as a disability organization in supporting inclusive elections in Sukoharjo Regency during the 2024 General Election. A qualitative case study approach was employed using in-depth interviews, observations, documentation, and triangulation techniques to explore organizational participation and structural challenges. The findings indicate that Perkumpulan Sehati contributed to electoral mobilization, community-based political education, and institutional collaboration with election management bodies, thereby strengthening democratic inclusion for persons with disabilities. Nevertheless, political participation continues to be influenced by limited political education, inadequate polling station accessibility, insufficient family support, social stigma, and low institutional trust. This study contributes to the literature by emphasizing the mediating role of disability organizations as civil society actors in transforming formal political rights into substantive democratic participation. The findings also suggest that collaborative governance involving election organizers, local governments, and disability organizations should be institutionalized to strengthen inclusive electoral governance in Indonesia.
Integrated Electoral Cartelization: Indonesia’s New Cartelization Model Through Competitive Intervention in 2024 Regional Head Elections
The study examines Integrated Electoral Cartelization as a new model of political cartelization in Indonesia through intervention conducted by the Advanced Indonesia Coalition (Koalisi Indonesia Maju) during the 2 24 regional head elections across five strategic provinces: Jakarta, Banten, West Java, Central Java, and East Java. The research aims to explain institutional patterns of cartel coordination shaping candidate nomination processes prior to electoral competition. A qualitative case study approach was applied through a systematic review of peer-reviewed journal publications and verified online media documentation addressing coalition coordination during the 2 24 regional head elections. Data analysis followed the interactive analytical framework developed by Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña through sequential procedures consisting of data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing. Findings identify three institutional coordination patterns: centralized candidate nomination determined by national political elites within coalition command structures; co-optation of former opposition parties to strengthen electoral alignment and cartel consolidation; and exclusion of political parties outside cartel arrangements from meaningful participation in candidate nomination processes and competitive electoral arenas. The Integrated Electoral Cartelization framework demonstrates transformation of cartel politics toward centralized oligarchic coordination structures regulating candidate selection and coalition alignment prior to electoral competition, contributing conceptual advancement to cartel party theory and providing analytical insight into coalition governance dynamics within subnational democratic institutions in Indonesia.
The Relevance of Muslim Identity Voters in Elections in Banjarnegara Regency
General elections (elections) in Indonesia are often influenced by identity factors, especially religious identity. This article explains the relevance of Muslim identity voters in the context of elections. This study shows that religious identity plays a significant role in influencing the behavior of Muslim voters. Muslim voters tend to choose candidates who represent Islamic values and symbols, such as religious appearances and support for religious issues. This study uses experimental survey data that compares voters' responses to candidates with religious and secular appearances, this is closely related to genetic theory in human anthropology as a central actor in the electoral cosmos. The results showed that Muslim voters were more likely to support religious-looking candidates, such as religious-looking women and secular-looking men who supported religious issues. In addition, this article also discusses identity polarization that plays a role in encouraging voter participation. Identity polarization makes elections emotional and religious identity is one of the main factors in choosing candidates.
Copyright (c) 2024 Unnes Political Science Journal
Collaborative Governance for Inclusive Education: LKIS and The Struggle for The Right to Education for Believers of Indigenous Faiths in Yogyakarta
Education is a fundamental right possessed by every citizen. As a rule-of-law state, Indonesia has established various regulations regarding education to ensure it runs smoothly and inclusively. However, the reality on the ground often contradicts what most people envision today. Many citizens still do not have access to their educational rights, particularly in the case of religious and belief education experienced by students from belief communities in Yogyakarta. LKIS, as one of the NGOs in Yogyakarta, plays a central role in advocating for this issue. This research will further explore a collaborative movement carried out by LKIS, the government, and other community and state institutions. The study employs a qualitative research method with a case study approach. The findings of the research show that, in its struggle, LKIS adopts both top-down and bottom-up approaches, which later form the foundation for cross-sector collaboration. This collaboration marks the beginning of a movement, driven by LKIS and other NGOs, to address and support issues and actions for the belief community.
Hamdan Zoelva's Political Thoughts in the Book Constitutional Struggle
Political thought has a crucial role in determining policies and shaping the ideal social order. In Indonesia, various ideologies are present, including Pancasila as the foundation of the state as well as the concepts of pluralism, nationalism, and democracy. Hamdan Zoelva's thought emphasizes the importance of the constitution as the basic norm of the state of law and the protector of human rights. Hamdan criticized liberalism and capitalism which he considered could erode the values of Pancasila in Indonesia's political and economic system. In his book Constitutional Struggle, he warns that the dominance of capitalism must be controlled according to the principles of Pancasila. This research aims to 1) understand Hamdan Zoelva's political journey, and 2) find out the causes of his political thinking about the constitution. The research data includes primary and secondary sources, processed through interviews and documentation. The validity of the data was checked by examining Hamdan's background, such as his curriculum vitae, education, influence, and political and cultural conditions at the time. The results of the study show that Hamdan Zoelva sees the constitution as the will of the people that must be respected. He emphasized the role of the Constitutional Court (MK) in maintaining the balance of power and protecting human rights. However, Hamdan criticized the amendment to the 2024 Constitutional Court Law which he considered threatening the independence of judges.
Accessibility of Political Participation for Different Abbility in The 2024 General Election in DKI Jakarta
This research is motivated by the uneven socialization, the inaccessibility of polling stations, the absence of ballots with Braille templates, the lack of assistance for the visually impaired, and the increasing number of disabled voters in DKI Jakarta in the 2024 elections. The research results show that the accessibility for different abbility in DKI Jakarta during the 2024 elections has been adequately pursued by the General Elections Commision DKI Jakarta. The presence of assistance for disabled voters, socialization, the availability of Braille template ballots. Polling stations that are friendly to disabled voters. Driving and inhibiting factors in the accessibility of different abbility in the 2024 elections are as follows: the driving factor is the affirmative action taken by the General Election Commission regarding access for disabled voters. Meanwhile, the inhibiting factors are: uneven dissemination of information, lack of Braille template ballots at polling stations, and inadequate selection of polling station locations. The suggestion that can be given is the improvement of infrastructure at polling stations, The General Elections Commission DKI Jakarta can collaborate more with the disability community, and socialization is expanded in schools specifically for different ability, namely Special Schools (SLB).
Critical Review of Millennial Generation Involvement In Government: Opportunities And Challenges In Building Democracy In Indonesia
The millennial generation or the young generation plays a crucial role in building democracy in Indonesia because they have great potential to influence social and political changes in the future. According to a survey conducted by the Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), only 14.6% of young people are interested in the Legislative branch, and only 14.1% of young people aspire to run for regional leadership positions. Some issues faced by the young generation in government include a lack of interest in politics, limited access to political education, and the dominance of political elites in decision-making. As of now, a survey conducted by the Democracy Association has recorded the election of 20 young regional leaders and 17 young deputy regional leaders who are under 34 years old. This means that 13.7% of millennials are in positions of power, presenting both challenges and opportunities for Indonesian democracy. The research methodology employed in this article is a qualitative descriptive approach using literature study techniques, wherein the author collects relevant articles related to the research topic. This study will discuss the opportunities for the young generation to play a role in government and the challenges they face in their involvement, as they are seen as the nation's future successors capable of contributing to the development of the democratic Republic of Indonesia
Effectiveness of Corridor VI UNNES-UNDIP Route As A Means of Student Mobility
Semarang, a growing metropolitan city, is experiencing significant mobility challenges. This article focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of public transportation Corridor VI Route UNNES-UNDIP in meeting the mobility needs of students. The research method used is descriptive qualitative to be able to measure the effectiveness of services from the user's perspective. The results showed that public transportation services on Corridor VI UNNES-UNDIP Route have a good level of effectiveness in terms of mobilization, safety, comfort, timeliness, information, and payment access. However, there are still areas that need to be improved, such as the use of technology to improve service quality, infrastructure improvements, and more effective promotion to the public. With these improvements in effectiveness, public transportation can help improve student mobility, encourage the use of sustainable transportation, and reduce congestion and pollution in Semarang City.
Corridor VI UNNES-UNDIP Route, Effectiveness, Students, mobility, Semarang City.
Nusantara's Northern Neighbors: Brunei, Sabah, Sarawak, and the Prospects of a Pan-Borneo Railway in ASEAN
Borneo, the world's third-largest island, presents a unique intersection of diverse ecosystems and indigenous cultures set within the complexities of Southeast Asia's socio-economic and geopolitical fabric. This research delves into the developmental trajectories of Sabah, Sarawak, and Brunei, emphasizing their historical resource endowments and contemporary challenges. Positioned against the backdrop of Indonesia's Nusantara initiative, which seeks to galvanize Kalimantan's growth, this study articulates strategic pathways for the northern territories. Drawing from comprehensive evaluations, it bridges the existing literature gap by integrating analyses of critical resources, exploring the viability of the Pan-Borneo Railway, and examining its potential impacts. Moreover, it provides comparative insights with other regional transport projects and underscores Borneo's potential transformation into a pivotal trade nexus. The study culminates by highlighting how fortifying Northern Borneo's capabilities could reciprocally amplify Kalimantan's regional prominence. The research underscores the need for collaborative imperatives and strategic integration.
Recess Analysis as An Aggregation of Interests
In a democratic society, one of the functions of the government is the aggregation of interests. One way to implement interest aggregation in political parties is through the conduct of recess, which is a period during which members of parliament or Regional Legislative Council (DPRD) and National Legislative Council (DPR) engage in activities outside of sessions, commonly referred to as working visits. Research results indicate how the process and flow unfold during recess activities conducted by members of the GERINDRA party faction in the Central Java province. Members of the council involved in recess activities are equipped with recess materials, which are also provided to the constituents present in the respective electoral districts ( DaPil ). During the implementation of recess activities, there is a process of absorbing aspirations, collecting aspirations, and evaluating implemented aspirations or proposals. Furthermore, obstacles arise during the recess activities, and specific strategies are employed by members of the DPRD GERINDRA party faction in the Central Java province in implementing interest aggregation.
Aggregation of Interests, recess activities, GERINDRA Party Fractions, Central Java Province
Transforming Citizenship Education in the Digital Era: Challenges and Opportunities for the Indonesian Millennial Generation
Citizenship education is an important pillar in the formation of national identity and active participation in democratic life. However, rapid changes in technology and the emergence of the digital era including Artificial Intelligence (AI) have significantly changed the landscape of education, including civic education. This article explores the impact of the transformation of civic education in the digital era on Indonesia's millennial generation. It analyzes the challenges and opportunities faced in integrating digital technologies including AI into civic learning. The main challenge faced is the adjustment of curriculum and teaching methods. Millennials grow up in an environment flooded by digital information, which requires educators to find ways to link civic values with complex digital realities. Digital transformation also brings new opportunities in civic education. Artificial Intelligence technologies allow educators to create more engaging and interactive learning experiences, enable discussions across geographical boundaries, and facilitate active participation in social and political issues. In the context of Indonesia's millennial generation, this article outlines strategies that can be used to overcome the challenges and capitalize on the opportunities of AI transformation in Civic Education in the digital era. This research uses a mixed methods research design to explore the impact of the transformation of civic education in the digital era on Indonesian millennials and analyze the challenges and opportunities that arise. Data were obtained through literature studies, interviews, and surveys.
digital era, millennial generation, national identity, political participation, citizenship education
Village Government Policies to Unravel the Failure in handling Stunting(Case study of Candiyasan Village, Wonosobo Regency)
The prevalence of stunting in 2021 according to the Indonesian Infant Nutrition Survey (SSGBI) was 24.4%. This figure still exceeds the WHO limit of 20%. The prevalence of stunting cases in Wonosobo Regency touched 10.49 percent and Candiyasan Village is the locus of stunting in Kertek District. This study aims to identify the factors causing the high stunting rate in Candiyasan Village and its relation to the extreme poverty rate, which is also high in Kertek Sub-district. The method used is descriptive qualitative method according to the results of interviews as primary data and literacy data as secondary data. The results show that stunting cases are caused by several factors, including: high rates of early marriage, pregnant women's awareness of the importance of checking nutritional fulfillment during pregnancy, nutritional fulfillment patterns, family food security, and poverty. The majority of stunting toddlers come from poor families.
stunting, poverty, nutrition fulfillment, policy
Southeast Asian Peace Revisited: A Call for More Comprehensive Explanation
Many authors have tried to explain why Southeast Asia has been able to successfully maintain regional peace and stability. However, far from being able to provide convincing and commonly accepted answer, the current theories suffer from competing explanations and leave the puzzle unresolved. This paper explains the cause of this stalemate and finds that there are characteristics specific to Southeast Asia that collectively determine the nature of its transformation, namely diversity, colonial experience, culture of indeterminacy, and underdeveloped and non-complementary economy. As result of these characteristics, there are diverse factors that shape its peace evolution, there is no dominant driver of peace, and the region evolves incrementally. The paper argues that, in turn these lead to a serious methodological challenge for research on Southeast Asian peace. The paper concludes by offering some suggestions to overcome the challenge.
The BRICS+ Expansion, Global Trade Dynamics, and the Dedollarization Phenomenon
This paper delves into the transformative role of the expanded BRICS bloc, referred to as BRICS+, in the evolving global economic landscape and its implications for dedollarization. The inclusion of nations such as Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Egypt, and the UAE diversifies the bloc's economic and geopolitical reach, extending its influence into new regions like Africa and the Middle East. The study underscores the potential of BRICS+ as a catalyst in the dedollarization narrative, driven by the desire for economic autonomy, geopolitical strategies, and hedging against U.S. dollar volatility. The analysis further explores the intricate relationship between the BRICS+ expansion, global trade dynamics, and dedollarization. The paper concludes by emphasizing the potential of the BRICS+ bloc to reshape global trade dynamics, influence trade policies, establish new trade routes, and foster regional connectivity, all while advancing the agenda of a more diversified and multipolar economic world order.
Vietnam, Thailand, and Indonesian Government Policies regarding Rice Cultivation in the Face of Climate Change
The discussion about climate change adaptation usually focuses on technology or policies. It also predominantly addresses the transportation and industrial sectors. When discussing the agricultural sector, the emphasis is often on livestock farming, which indeed generates significant greenhouse gas emissions. Apart from livestock, another significant emitter in agricultural activities is rice cultivation. In the case of Vietnam, rice cultivation produces a greater amount of greenhouse gases compared to the transportation sector. However, rice cultivation is highly vulnerable to climate change. While rice cultivation is prevalent in developing countries such as Vietnam, Thailand, and Indonesia, these countries may not necessarily have sufficient resources to cope with climate change. Therefore, this study will compare how these three countries respond to the issue of climate change based on case studies of policies related to rice cultivation. The research employs the theory of ecological modernization, which seeks solutions to climate change issues through environmentally friendly technological innovations and government policies. Policies that encourage public and private sector participation in climate change prevention are also considered. The study finds that each country has a different orientation, leading to the implementation of diverse policies and technologies according to the context and history of each nation. The mentioned history refers to the history of rice cultivation in a specific country. Meanwhile, the context of each country includes factors such as the challenges faced by a country, the orientation of farmers in rice cultivation, and the role of a country in the international market.
Inequality in the Development of the Virtual YouTube Industry in Indonesia Year 2020-2023 As Impact Investment Done by Hololive Production
The aim of this research is to find out the impact of foreign corporation investment in the field of Virtual YouTubing in Indonesia and to look at the Virtual YouTubing sector development on the global creative economy and its development in Indonesia. The collection techniques used to gather the data were literature study, documentation study, and conducting interviews. The The results of this research show that Hololive Production is superior in several ways compared to local companies in Indonesia, amongst them are resources such US technology and facilities, and a stark contrast in the mindset of the people of Indonesia and Japan about the reception towards the Virtual YouTube industry. This research found that from the period 2020 to 2023, the VTubing industry in Indonesia only experienced growth but did not experience deeper and more comprehensive development.
foreign direct investment; multinational corporation; creative economy; virtual youtube