Intestinal Protective Efficacy of Gamma Co-60 Irradiated Chitosan and Vitamin E Combination on Lead acetate-induced Rats
(1) Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia
(2) Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia
(3) Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia
(4) Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia
Abstract
As an organ that absorbs food, the intestine can be damaged when interacting directly with lead (Pb). Gamma Co-60 irradiated chitosan, and vitamin E combination potentially can help reduce free radical damage to intestinal organs. This study examines the efficacy of gamma Co-60 irradiated chitosan and vitamin E combination in protecting the intestinal tissue of rats exposed to Pb acetate. The 24 rats were grouped into 6 groups, each 4 rats; were induced with Pb acetate, except the control group. The negative control group was only induced Pb acetate. The positive control group had additional treatment of irradiated chitosan. The treatment group (1-3) was treated using the combination of gamma Co-60 irradiated chitosan at a dose of 64 mg/kg BW and vitamin E 1000 IU at a dose of 1.44; 2.16, 3.00 mg/kg BW, respectively, for forty days. The research parameters observed are edema, degeneration, necrosis, erosion of the intestinal villi, and lysis of the intestinal villi. Intestinal histology appearance data in all groups were analyzed descriptively. The result shows that a combination of Gamma Co-60 irradiated chitosan at a dose of 64 mg/kg BW and vitamin E at a dose of 1.44 mg/kg BW effectively reduced lead cytotoxicity in the intestinal tissue of Pb acetate-induced rats. The larger the dose of vitamin E has the potential to produce pro-oxidants, which will increase the toxic effect on intestinal tissue. Gamma Co-60 irradiated chitosan, and vitamin E combination at the right dose has the potential to be developed as a supplement to reduce the toxic effects of chronic lead exposure. Especially for people who, for some reason, cannot avoid chronic lead exposure.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Adams, K.C. (2013). Chapter Fifteen. Preparation of Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Tissue for Immunohistochemistry. Methods in Enzymology. 533:225-233. DOI: 10.1016/B9 78-0-12-420067-8.00015-5
Aprilia, D. (2015). Potensi Kitosan sebagai Agen Antioksidatif pada Hepar yang Diinduksi Plumbum. Medical Journal Of Lampung University. Vol. 4 No. 8, 85–88. https://juke. kedokteran.unila.ac.id/index.php/majority/article/download/1479/1318
Fan, H., Wang, L., Zhao, K., Li, N., Shi, Z., Ge, Z., & Jin, Z. (2010). Fabrication, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of graphene-reinforced chitosan composites. Biomacromo lecules, 11(9), 2345–2351. https://doi.org/10. 1021/bm100470q
Frank, J. J., Poulakos, A. G., Tornero-Velez, R., & Xue, J. (2019). Systematic review and meta-analyses of lead (Pb) concentrations in environmental media (soil, dust, water, food, and air) were reported in the United States from 1996 to 2016. Science of the Total Environment, 694, 133489. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.295
Ghassana, D. A., Marhendra, A. P. W., & Haskito, A. E. P. (2020). The preventive effect of Rome beauty (Malus sylvestris Mill) apple peel's extract on the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of rat (Rattus norvegicus) stomach exposed to plumbum acetate. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1430(1), 8–11. https://doi.1111111111111org/10.1088/17426596/1430/1/012016
Harahap, L. (2017). Efek Protektif Vitamin E pada Epitel Jejunum Tikus Putih ( Rattus norvegicus ) yang Diinduksi Timbal Asetat. Jurnal Kedokteran Unram, 6(3), 18–23. http://jku.unram.ac.id/article/view/141
Ismaya, R., Rosmaidar, & Nazaruddin. (2017). Pengaruh Paparan Timbal (Pb) Terhadap Histopatologis Usus Ikan Nila (Oreochromis nilloticus). JIMVET E-ISSN ; 2540-9492, 2(November), 12–16.
Istarani, F., & Pandebesie, E. S. (2014). Studi Dampak Arsen (As) Dan Kadmium (Cd) Terhadap Penurunan Kualitas Lingkungan. Jurnal Teknik ITS.Vol 3(1), 53-58
Koçyiğit, A. & Selek, S. (2016). Exogenous Antioxidants are Double-edged Swords. Bezmialem Science. 2: 70-75 DOI:10.14235 /bs.2016.704
Mahdy S, M., El-Kalyoubi, M. H., Khalaf, M. M., & Abd El-Razik, M. M. (2013). Chitosan extracted from shrimp wastes by microwave technique has the physicochemical, functional, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of chitosan. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 58(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.101 6/j.aoas.2013.01.006
Marianti, A., Anatiasara, D., & Ashar, F. F. (2017). Chitosan as Chelating and Protective Agents from Lead Intoxication in Rat. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 9(1), 126. https://doi.org/10.1529 4/biosaintifika.v9i1.8943
Marianti, A., & Mahatmanti, F. W. (2018). Synergetic effect of chitosan and vitamin C on the oxidative enzyme status in rats exposed to lead acetate. Acta Scientiarum - Biological Sciences, 40(1). https://doi.org/10.4025/actas cibiolsci.v40i1.41869
Omaye, S.T. (2019). Vaping-Linked Lung Disease: Implication for Pro-oxidant Effect of Vitamin E. 2019. Biomedical Journal of Scientific and Technical Research. Volume 23 Issue 5: 17755-17756. DOI: 10.26717/BJS TR.2019.23.003962
Omidi F., Jafaryan H., Patimar R., Harsij M., Paknejad H. Biochemical biomarkers of skin mucus in Neogobius melanostomus for assessing lead pollution in the Gulf of Gorgan (Iran) Toxicol. Rep. 2020;7:109–117
Raederstorff, D., Wyss, A., Calder, P. C., Weber, P., & Eggersdorfer, M. (2015). Vitamin E function and requirements concerning PUFA. British Journal of Nutrition, 114(8), 1113–1122. https://doi.org/10.1017/S00071145150 0272X
Rahal, A., Kumar, A., Singh, V., Yadav, B., Tiwari, R., Chakraborty, S., & Dhama, K. (2014). Oxidative stress, pro-oxidants, and antioxidants: The interplay. BioMed Research International, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/ 2014/761264
Rajalakshmi, A., Krithiga, N., & Jayachitra, A. (2013). Antioxidant activity of the chitosan extracted from shrimp exoskeleton. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, 16(10), 1446–1451. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.mej sr.2013.16.10.12033
Rakhim, A., & Syamsianah, A. (2018). Hubungan Konsumsi Sumber Makanan Prooksidan Eksogen dengan Status Anemia Pada Ibu Hamil di wilayah Puskesmas Kaligangsa Kabupaten Brebes. Repository Unimus.
Ray, R. R. (2016). Haemotoxic Effect of Lead: A Review. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 69(2), 161–172. https://doi.org/10.10 07/s12595-015-0160-9
Roziana, R., Subagio, H. W., Suhartono, S., & Widyastiti, N. S. (2016). Pengaruh suplementasi vitamin e (α-tokoferol) terhadap kadar gamma glutamil transferase (ggt) dan kadar nitric oxide (no) pada tikus (Studi pada tikus rattus novergicus strain wistar jantan terpapar inhalasi uap benzene). Jurnal Gizi Indonesia (The Indonesian Journal of
Nutrition), 3(2), 73–79. https://doi.org/10.147 10/jgi.3.2.73-79
Sadeghipour, A., and Babaheidarian, P. (2019). Making formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded blocks. Methods Mol. Biol. 1897, 253–268. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8935-5_22
Son, B. H. D., Mai, V. Q., Du, D. X., Phong, N. H., Cuong, N. D., & Khieu, D. Q. (2017). Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of phenol solution over Fe–Mn binary oxides diatomite composite. Journal of Porous Materials, 24(3), 601–611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s109 34-016-0296-7
Szymanski, D. M., & Lewis, J. A. (2015). Race-Related Stress and Racial Identity as Predictors of African American Activism. Journal of Black Psychology, 41(2), 170–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798414520707
Wani AL, Ara A, Usmani JA. (2015). Lead toxicity: a review. Interdiscip Toxicol. Vol 8(2):55- 64. doi: 10.1515/intox-2015-0009.
World Health Organization. Exposure to Lead: A major public health concern. World Heal Organ. 2021;6.
Zachariah, S. K. (2011). Adult necrotizing enterocolitis and non occlusive mesenteric ischemia. Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock, 4(3), 430. https://doi.org/10.4103 /0974-2700.83881
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.