UNVEILING ONLINE SELF-DISCLOSURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS IN THE DIGITAL AGE

The high use of social media encourages a shift in offline and online self-disclosure activities. Whereas online self-disclosure behavior has various risks that are prone to be experienced by users, most of whom are in the developmental stages of adolescence and early adulthood. This study aims to determine whether there is a difference in the level of online self-disclosure on social media between adolescent and early adult users. The quantitative survey research design was used with convenience sampling as the sampling technique. This research has 532 adolescent and early adult social media users, both from Java and outside Java, who were involved in this study. The results of the independent t-test analysis showed that there was no significant difference in online self-disclosure of adolescents and early adults. However, differences in online self-disclosure were found regarding the domicile area and duration of social media access. Users from Java and users accessing social media for 6-8 hours daily have higher online self-disclosure levels. These findings enrich the understanding of the behavior of social media users in Indonesia. Communities need to collaborate to manage social media behavior to avoid the risks of uncontrolled use of social media .

The stage of development itself is indeed one of the main factors for self-disclosure online. According to Walrave, Vanwesenbeeck & Heirman (2012), the frequency of using social media, stage of development, motivation for using social media, trust, privacy awareness, and peers are several factors that influence online self-disclosure. Of the several factors, the stage of development is the most crucial factor. Because according to Buhrmester and Prager (1995), differences in biological to cognitive aspects that shape developmental tasks at each stage will influence individual relational needs, including how individuals express themselves.
The difference in the pattern of self-disclosure is seen in the two developmental stages that dominate the social media demographic: adolescence and early adulthood (We Are Social, 2022;Walrave, Vanwesenbeeck, & Heirman, 2012). According to Erikson (1968), the adolescent stage, which begins at the age of 10-12 years and ends around the age of 18-21, has the task of developing identity versus role confusion. During this developmental task, adolescents focus on freedom to experiment with different roles, characters, and environments, including increased time with peers (Santrock, 2017). Meanwhile, in early adulthood, which lasts from around the 20s to 30s, identity development has generally reached a more stable stage. It focuses more on emotional changes and attachments. (Santrock, 2017).
Adolescents generally go through a moratorium stage, in which they try to understand themselves and achieve identity commitment through experimentation and exploring various roles and values (Marcia, 2002). However, based on the theory of the MAMA (Moratorium-Achievement) cycle, early adulthood individuals can also return to the moratorium stage (Stephen, Fraser, & Marcia, 1992) in the emerging adulthood phase where someone who is growing up is still pursuing identity exploration. However, their expressions are more stable and focused on intimate relationships and careers than in adolescence. This is because early adulthood individuals are going through the developmental task of intimacy versus isolation (Erikson, 1968;Van den Broeck, Poels, & Walrave, 2015). In addition, from a cognitive standpoint, early adults can think more realistically to focus more on developing educational independence, careers, and intimate relationships (Santrock, 2017).
Based on the explanation above, adolescence and early adulthood appear to have some similarities, but each has unique differences. There are differences in behavior patterns between adolescents and early adults in comparing online and offline behavior. According to Boyd (2008), the expression of adolescent identity in online communication tends to be aligned with offline identity as a representation of efforts to achieve developmental tasks. The intensity of this behavior can vary; equal, redundant, or otherwise. Therefore, adolescents have ample opportunities to explore developmental challenges in online contexts. Meanwhile, early adult individuals need to regulate privacy on social media related to their efforts to get a job. One way to do this is by separating one's online identity from their identity in front of the company owner, for example, by having more than one account (Steijn, 2014). So, early adult behavior in the online environment tends to be different from that in offline life.
According to the behavior patterns of these developmental stages, adolescents selfdisclose on social media to fulfill their developmental tasks: exploring identity, developing autonomy, and forming friendships (Borca et al., 2015). In addition, adolescents are experiencing an increase in risk-taking and thrill-seeking behavior and are more oriented toward short-term gains (Borca et al., 2015;Chen et al., 2017). The asynchronous anonymity offered by social media also makes it easier for adolescents to control self-disclosure and self-presentation on social media (Walther, 1996;Kim & Dindia, 2011). Thus, adolescents are potentially more comfortable, more likely to engage in online self-disclosure, and more at risk of excessive online communication (Ostendorf, Muller, & Brand, 2020).
Meanwhile, in early adulthood, identity achievement indicates that early-adult individuals have a more stable self-identity and are more focused and balanced (Van den Broeck, Poels, & Walrave, 2015). In addition, early adulthood has the developmental task of intimacy versus isolation (Erikson, 1968), emphasizing more intimate interpersonal relationships (Santrock, 2017). These developmental patterns influence how early-adult individuals use selfdisclosure as a facility to establish social relationships with others.
Several previous studies have attempted to analyze differences in online self-disclosure behavior in adolescents and adults. Christofides (2012) states that adolescents are more likely to disclose personal information on social media than adult users. Similar to this statement, according to Walrave et al. (2012), adolescents have a higher online self-disclosure rate than adults. However, according to Christofides et al. (2012), adolescent and adult self-disclosure are similar because they have similar predictors.
The gap between theory and the results of previous research makes this research necessary. Adolescence and early adulthood have some similarities in aspects of development. However, these two stages of development still have their uniqueness. However, adolescents and early adults feel that the information disclosed on social media is confidential (Santrock, 2011). With the various risks of cybercrime that have the potential to occur from online self-disclosure (DeVito, 2011;Ostendorf, Muller, & Brand, 2020), it is necessary to review more about adolescent and early adult online self-disclosure.
On the other hand, research on online self-disclosure is still dominated by research from Western countries with cultural differences from Indonesia. According to Ardi and Maison (2014), online self-disclosure of Indonesians with a culture of collectivism differs from users from a culture of individualism. Indonesia, with its diverse cultures and characteristics between regions, is also interested in studying the differences in self-disclosure patterns on social media. Seeing the fact that internet users in Indonesia are vulnerable to internet addiction, especially on the island of Java, with the most significant contribution of internet users in Indonesia (Pahlevi, 2022;Siste, 2019), which has an impact on the imbalance between online and offline life, the authors feel the need to carry out this research in the context of Indonesian social media users. Therefore, this research was conducted to know the differences in online self-disclosure on social media between adolescent and early adult users in Indonesia. The hypothesis proposed from this study is that adolescent social media users have significantly higher levels of online selfdisclosure than early adult social media users.
Theoretically, this research is expected to contribute to scientific knowledge in psychology, especially Social Psychology, concerning online self-disclosure on social media. While practically, the results of this study are expected to be a source of information and knowledge for social media users related to online self-disclosure behavior. In addition, it is hoped that this research will increase users' self-awareness regarding self-disclosure behavior on social media and become input for their self-development.

METHOD
Online self-disclosure as the dependent variable in this study is the accumulated score on filling out Suryani's (2014) Online Self-Disclosure Scale, which measures conscious desire (intention), openness (honesty), and the perceived positive-negative tendency of the information disclosed by individuals (valence) when performing online self-disclosure (Mital, Israel, & Agarwal, 2010). The scale contains 24 Likert scale items with responses ranging from 1 (very unlikely) to 5 (very likely). The developmental stages of adolescents and early adults were obtained from the age data entered by the subjects in the survey form. The developmental stages of adolescents are individuals aged 13-21 years, and the stages of early adult development are individuals aged 22-34 years, based on the opinion of Santrock (2011) and data from We Are Social (2022).
The instrument used to measure the dependent variable in this study is Suryani's (2014) Online Self-Disclosure Scale, which formulates online self-disclosure into three aspects: intention, honesty, and valence. The survey was conducted by distributing the research questionnaire online using Google Forms through various social media platforms like Instagram and Twitter. Involvement in filling out the form is voluntary. Suppose the subject is unwilling to fill in the scale. In that case, the subject has the right not to continue filling out the online questionnaire. Before the subject filled out the research scale, the subject was asked to fill in personal data containing demographic questions and supporting data such as the type of social media owned, the type of account owned, and the duration of access to social media in a day.
Before data collection, a scale trial was conducted to re-analyze the scale's reliability. Based on the analysis of the item discrimination index carried out on the data from the scale trial results, it is obtained that the item discrimination index rix moves from -0.284 to 0.726. Therefore, ten items had to be dropped so that the remaining 14 items were used in the study (rix = 0.302 to 0.781). The Cronbach's Alpha reliability estimation results show this scale has good reliability (α = 0.882).
The subjects in this study were adolescents (13-21 years) and adults (22-34 years) with active social media accounts who were willing to be involved in the research. Sampling was done by convenience sampling method. In this study, samples were taken from adolescent and early adult social media users who, by chance, got access to posts regarding research implementation and were willing to be involved in the research. In the trial process, 100 subjects were found who filled out the scale entirely. The trial subjects consisted of 73 women subjects and 27 men subjects. Meanwhile, the main subjects of this study consisted of 532 adolescent and early adult users of social media.
The data analysis method used in this study is the Independent Sample t-Test analysis to determine whether there are differences in online self-disclosure on social media between adolescent and early adult subjects. Before testing the hypothesis, the researchers conducted a descriptive analysis to see the overall picture of the research data. In addition, an assumption test in the form of a normality test and homogeneity test is also applied to determine whether the data obtained is normally distributed and comes from a homogeneous population variation.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A descriptive analysis was first conducted based on research data involving 532 subjects. Table 1 presents the demographic data of research subjects. It was done to compare the hypothetical and empirical scores of the data. The results of the descriptive analysis are presented in Table 2. Statistical calculation shows that the score of online self-disclosure by the research subjects is slightly higher than the average online self-disclosure ( ̅ Empirical = 43.36 > ̅ Hypothetical = 42).
After knowing the average score of the research subjects, score categorization was carried out to determine the high and low scores. The score categorization in this study was divided into five categories: deficient, low, moderate, high, and very high. In addition to categorizing the subjects' scores in general, categorization was also carried out based on the subject's developmental stage, the adolescent and early adult stages. The results of the data categorization are presented in Table 3. According to the categorization results in Table 3, subjects generally tend to have moderate levels of online self-disclosure (33.8%). Meanwhile, based on the development stage, most adolescent subjects (33.8%) and early adults (34.7%) had moderate levels of online selfdisclosure. However, the percentage of adolescents with very high online self-disclosure (8.0%) was higher than that of early adult subjects (7.6%). Likewise, in the deficient score category, the percentage of adolescents (5.2%) was higher than that of early adult subjects (4.7%).
Before testing the hypothesis, an assumption test is first carried out, namely the normality test and data homogeneity test. The normality test was applied using the Skewness-Kurtosis method (table 4) and the histogram chart (figure 1).  This study hypothesizes that adolescent social media users have significantly higher levels of online self-disclosure than early adult social media users. To test this hypothesis, an Independent t-test was performed, preceded by a homogeneity test. The results of the data homogeneity test are homogeneous if p > .05. The comparison results are significant if the significance test of t p < .05. Based on Table 5, statistical calculations show that the data is homogeneous. The results are insignificant between adolescent and early adult subjects (Levene's test F = .057, p = .811; t = -.139, p = .889). Therefore, Ha is rejected, and Ho is accepted.
The Independent t-test was also applied to the accumulated score of each aspect of online self-disclosure based on the stage of development. Based on the results in Table 5, there was no significant difference between adolescent and early adult subjects in the scores of the three aspects, valence, honesty, and intention (p = .577; p = .658; p = .373). Furthermore, the researchers conducted an additional analysis to see other differences in online self-disclosure scores regarding demographic variables (table 6). Statistical calculations on the gender variable show that the data is homogeneous. There is no significant difference in the level of online self-disclosure of men and women subjects (Levene's test F = .849, p = .357; t = .724, p = .469).
According to the t-test results conducted based on the subject's domicile aspect, statistical calculations show that the data is homogeneous. There are significant differences in scores for subjects from Java Island and outside Java Island (Levene's test F = .598, p = .440; t = 2.169, p = .031). Subjects from Java Island had higher online self-disclosure scores than subjects from outside Java Island. Besides the Independent t-test, the researchers conducted a One-Way ANOVA test to examine differences in online self-disclosure scores based on the subject's social media use variable (table 7). Based on the results of the variance test for the social media account type variable, it can be concluded that there is no difference in the level of online self-disclosure based on the account type variable (F = .436, p = .647).
Meanwhile, statistical calculations show significant results on the variable duration of social media access (F = 8.642, p = .000). There are differences in online self-disclosure based on the access duration variable. It is known that subjects who access social media for 6-8 hours a day have the highest average online self-disclosure score ( ̅ = 45.83). Based on the posthoc test results on the access duration variable, there are significant differences in the average online selfdisclosure score in two pairs of groups, namely 2-4 hours with 6-8 hours and 4-6 hours with 6-8 hours (p = .000; p = .002).
The developmental stage is one of the main factors of online self-disclosure. According to Buhrmester and Prager (1995), differences in biological to cognitive aspects that shape developmental tasks at each stage will influence individual relational needs, including how individuals express themselves. Adolescents with the development task of identity versus role confusion focus on developing peer relationships and exploring roles (Erikson, 1968;Santrock, 2017). While the exploration of identity in early adulthood generally begins to decline, individuals begin to focus more on developing independence and developing more intimate relationships (Van den Broeck, Poels, & Walrave, 2015;Santrock, 2017). In line with this theory, according to Walrave, Vanwesenbeeck, and Heirman (2012), adolescents have a higher level of online selfdisclosure than adults.
However, this study found no significant difference between online self-disclosure by adolescents and early adults. Similar results were also seen in the analysis per aspect of online self-disclosure. There is no significant difference between adolescents and early adults in all aspects, intention, honesty, and valence. These results indicate that adolescents and early adults use social media as a medium for self-disclosure at a similar level. This condition supports the results of the research by Christofides, Muise, and Desmarais (2012) that adolescents and adults have similar characteristics of online self-disclosure.
These results can be explained by the MAMA (Moratorium-Achievement) cycle theory (Stephen, Fraser, & Marcia, 1992). According to this theory, after experiencing identity achievement from a crisis in adolescence, individuals may regress to the moratorium stage several times in their adult years, including in their efforts to fulfill developmental tasks (Stephen, Fraser, & Marcia, 1992;Marcia, 2002). This regression can be triggered by significant events experienced by individuals. In the moratorium phase, a person tries to understand himself and achieve identity commitment through experimentation and exploration (Marcia, 2002). In today's technological era, social media is one of the main mediums for exploring identity because it makes it easier for a person to express himself and get feedback from others. At the same time, it is known that self-disclosure and feedback help individuals in their efforts to identify themselves (Helmi, 1995). Previous research has also found that in showing or presenting oneself on social media, there is no difference between adolescents and early adults (Setyani, 2020).
On the other hand, the majority of the research subjects were students (48.1%), both in the adolescent and early adult groups. According to Christofides, Muise & Desmarais (2009), college students have an understanding of privacy similar to teenagers. Higher educational levels are also known to influence the regression of the adult identity back to the moratorium stage as many challenges are faced (Jordan-Conde, Mennecke, & Townsend, 2014). This pattern is one reason for the apparent lack of significant differences between adolescent and early adult online self-disclosure.
Previous studies have concluded that people are likelier to disclose personal information on social media than face-to-face communication (Christofides, Muise, & Desmarais, 2009). The statement explains the results of this study which show that the subjects' online self-disclosure empirical score is higher than the hypothetical score. Social media generally gathers large groups of people who do not know each other so that disclosing personal information becomes a norm that must be lived to meet social needs (Bazsarova & Choi, 2014;Ma, Hancock, & Naaman, 2016), one of which is the need for popularity. According to Christofides and colleagues (2012), the need for popularity is one of the most important predictors of online self-disclosure for adolescents and adults. It means the social benefits that can be obtained from interactions on social media encourage users to feel more necessary to share personal information on social media than through face-to-face communication (Christofides, Muise, & Desmarais, 2009;Bazsarova & Choi, 2014;Bauer & Schiffinger, 2016).
Furthermore, the relationship between the need for popularity and online self-disclosure is moderated by culture (Bauer & Schiffinger, 2016). Based on Hofstede's cultural concept (Hoofstede Insights, n.d.), Indonesia has a high power distance, so a hierarchical system becomes essential in Indonesian culture. Meanwhile, according to Bauer and Schiffinger (2016), power distance strengthens the effect of social advantage on self-disclosure. In line with this concept, research by Ardi and Maison (2014) found that, in general, Indonesians have a high need to be popular. This explains why in the context of social media users in Indonesia, there is no significant difference in the level of online self-disclosure between stages of development because both adolescents and early adults, in general, have a high need for popularity.
Indonesia is one of the eastern countries that holds a culture of collectivism. Collectivism culture in Indonesia tends to emphasize broad friendships and the development of social networks that are not too intimate rather than building dyadic relationships (French, 2015), so communication focuses more on gaining more relationships than deep ones. This statement is supported by the research results of Ardi and Maison (2014) that Indonesians have an extensive network of friends on social media. This condition can explain why the online self-disclosure carried out by the research subjects is centered on the medium category.
However, according to Ardi and Maison (2014), online self-disclosure of Indonesians with a culture of collectivism is higher than users from a culture of individualism. This difference may occur due to differences in measuring tools used. Ardi and Maison's research (2014) uses a measurement tool that focuses on quantity, while this research measurement tool focuses on the intensity of self-disclosure. Therefore, the moderate level means the subject can manage selfdisclosure on social media without exaggeration.
Although the average online self-disclosure score between adolescent and early adult users did not have a significant difference, there was a slight difference in the categorization of scores based on developmental stages. Adolescent subjects have a higher percentage of very high and very low category scores than the percentage of early adult subjects. Therefore, adolescent subjects are more vulnerable to difficulties in social interaction. According to Walker (2016), extreme self-disclosure, both very high and very low, can trigger difficulties in social life, such as displaying impulsive disclosure behavior and difficulties forming empathy.
Those conditions differ from individuals with moderate self-disclosure tendencies who can control things that need and do not need to be disclosed (Walker, 2016). This statement can explain the categorization of early adult subjects in this study, which showed a higher percentage than adolescent subjects in the moderate score category. It can be said that early adult subjects can better set boundaries in self-disclosure on social media (Christofides, Muise, & Desmarais, 2009).
Because the research results did not support the hypothesis, the researchers conducted additional analysis on demographic variables. Based on gender, this study did not show differences in online self-disclosure rates. Both men and women expressed themselves at a moderate level. These results support the conclusions of a meta-analysis conducted by Kim and Dindia (2011) on online and offline self-disclosure. In offline conditions, women's self-disclosure level is higher than that of men. However, in the online context, there is no difference in selfdisclosure based on gender. This is because, in online self-disclosure, which is generally carried out between strangers, the influence of gender tends not to appear (Kim & Dindia, 2011).
Meanwhile, in the analysis based on the domicile area, it was found that there were significant differences between subjects living on the island of Java and outside Java. Until now, no research has discussed the differences between residents of Java Island and outside Java Island in the context of online communication. However, in Boentoro and Murwani's research (2018) regarding offline self-disclosure, it was found that there were differences in the level of selfdisclosure between the Javanese and the Batak people. The Batak people are known to make more self-disclosure than the Javanese people. This is related to the Javanese culture, known for its habit of conformity and the assumption that silence is better than talking a lot (Suseno & Reksosusilo, 1983). In addition, self-disclosure is associated with a haughty attitude which is inversely proportional to Javanese culture (Boentoro & Murwani, 2018).
Based on the disinhibition effect theory, how a person presents himself in online communication reflects his internal expectations, hopes, and needs (Suler, 2004). This theory could explain the higher online self-disclosure among users from Java Island. Social norms in the Javanese environment that are strong can encourage someone to use anonymous social media as a medium to fulfill the needs of social interaction and self-expression (Suseno & Reksosusilo, 1983;Suler, 2004). So that people who live in the area of Java Island tend to be more comfortable expressing themselves on social media. Future research can further analyze differences in selfdisclosure on social media based on ethnic differences in Indonesia.
Differences in online self-disclosure scores between users from Java Island and outside Java Island can also be caused by different sociodemographic characteristics, such as the penetration rate of internet users. According to the 2022 annual survey, the Association of Indonesian Internet Service Providers (APJII) summarizes that Java Island has the second highest percentage of internet user penetration in Indonesia (78.39%) (Bayu, 2022). However, it is necessary to examine further how much influence sociodemographic factors have on people's behavior in using social media.
In addition to demographic variables, the researchers also conducted additional analysis based on social media use variables. Based on the type of account anonymity, this study did not find any significant differences in online self-disclosure. This finding shows different results from previous research by Ma and colleagues (2016) in the United States, which concluded that in anonymous conditions, self-disclosure is higher than in conditions with real names.
Cultural differences can cause this difference. According to Mitgen (2014), collectivist cultures like Indonesia tend to show a higher sense of trust in others than individualistic cultures so that personal information, such as names, is more disclosed to the public. This opinion can explain the characteristics of early adult subjects in this study, with a higher percentage of nonanonymous account users than adolescents. However, the two do not differ in online selfdisclosure on social media.
The Hyperpersonal theory can also explain the absence of differences in online selfdisclosure between types of social media accounts. The visually anonymous characteristics of social media encourage everyone to have equal opportunities to feel more accessible to make selfdisclosure online more quickly than offline, despite using real names (Walther, 1996;Suler, 2004;Kim & Dindia, 2011Kisilevich, Chee, & Last, 2012. Therefore, although the online selfdisclosure score of non-anonymous accounts was the lowest in this study, it did not differ significantly from other types of accounts. On social media itself, each user also has the opportunity to have more than one account. Most of the research subjects (63%) have more than one anonymous and non-anonymous account. A person, especially an early adult, has several social media accounts, mainly to improve impression management (Jojo, 2018). So that someone can manage their professional impression on one account and still express themselves freely on another. Previous research also found that social media users in Indonesia have a stronger tendency to form impressions (Ardi & Maison, 2014).
This pattern is why there were no significant differences in online self-disclosure between social media accounts. This is also why the early adult subjects in this study expressed themselves at the same level as the adolescent subjects. In the future, it is necessary to review further the selfdisclosure pattern in people with multiple accounts.
Meanwhile, based on the access duration variable, a significant difference in online selfdisclosure was found, with the 6-8 hour access group having the highest average online selfdisclosure score (45.83). These results support the research by Valkenburg and Peter (2009), who found that the frequency of online communication is positively correlated with self-disclosure behavior. Several previous studies also stated that the duration of social media use is one of the main predictors of self-disclosure (Christofides, Muise, & Desmarais, 2012;Walrave, Vanwesenbeeck, & Heirman, 2012). The longer a person spends on social media, the higher the likelihood of the user self-disclosing.
Based on the research subjects' characteristic descriptions, adolescent subjects have more social media access duration than 4 hours. This means that adolescents are more likely to carry out social interactions online, including self-disclosure. Previous studies have shown that adolescents are more likely to engage in excessive internet communication (Borca et al., 2015;Chen et al., 2017). Therefore, further research and management are needed regarding the use of social media in adolescents related to the risk of internet addiction which affects the balance of online and offline life (Lin, Su, & Potenza, 2018;Siste, 2019, Ostendorf, Muller, & Brand, 2020.
This study is not without limitations. One is the number of samples from each subject group that is not balanced. This imbalance occurs because the convenience sampling method researchers use causes researchers to be unable to control the number of subjects from each group. In addition, research data collection was carried out online. The absence of supervision in filling out the questionnaire can encourage high social desirability on the results of filling out the scale. In the scale trial process, many items failed on honesty and intention. This can result in the items on the main scale of the research being less representative of online self-disclosure aspects. Besides that, the lack of research data from Indonesia on a similar topic limits the discussion of the analysis results. Most research on online self-disclosure is conducted on populations of Western states. The research finding has contributed to an understanding of online self-disclosure based on the duration of access to social media and the local culture in Indonesia.

CONCLUSION
According to the analysis results, the research hypothesis was rejected because there was no significant difference in online self-disclosure between adolescent and early adult subjects. Most research subjects at both stages of development showed online self-disclosure behavior in the moderate category. This condition shows that the subjects can manage self-disclosure on social media without exaggeration. Based on the additional analysis conducted, significant differences in scores were found based on the subject's domicile area and the duration of social media access. Online self-disclosure of subjects living in the Java Island region is higher than those outside Java Island. The openness tendency of subjects from Java to self-disclose on social media can originate from reflecting the subject's internal need for self-expression related to the stronger social norms in the Javanese environment. There was also a significant difference in the level of online self-disclosure in the access duration variable. Subjects who accessed social media for 6-8 hours had higher levels of online self-disclosure. This can mean that the longer someone spends on social media, the higher the possibility of users to self-disclose.
Given the limited research on differences in online self-disclosure on social media between adolescents and early adults, this research can be considered for future researchers who wish to research a similar theme. Future researchers can further analyze other factors that influence differences in self-disclosure on social media, such as based on the number of social media accounts owned, social media motivation, and the need to be popular. In addition, it can be investigated further regarding the comparison of online self-disclosure between internet users from various regions in Indonesia based on geographic and sociodemographic factors, such as educational level and socioeconomic status. The number of sample individuals in each category should be more evenly distributed in future studies using quota sampling techniques for the results to be more representative.
The results of this study can also be used as a consideration for self-development for social media users. Social media detox can be done by users who are used to accessing social media for more than four hours daily. This activity is recommended so that users can be more connected with the environment around them and not depend on interactions in cyberspace. In addition, to balance online and offline social life, users can also do some practices to improve soft skills, such as increasing self-expression and social interaction skills to balance online and offline social life. Meanwhile, parents, education providers, and internet service providers must socialize about managing social media behavior and personal data security. This strategy is essential to avoid the risk of uncontrolled internet use, both for adolescent and adult users.