Identification and Cluster Analysis of Pitcher Plant (Nepenthes spp.) from South Sumatera Indonesia

Nepenthes spp. is a typical plant of Southeast Asia especially Indonesia which has a special leaf modification called a pitcher. The largest number of Nepenthes spp. species in Indonesia is on the island of Sumatra. The purpose of this reseach was to identify and analyze cluster Nepenthes spp. from South Sumatra based on morphological characteristics. The specimens were collected from the forest of Tekorejo Village, Air Itam Village and cultivation location in Palembang city of South Sumatra. Identification of morphological characters performed on the characteristics of root, stem, leaves, and pitcher. The morphological data is used for cluster analysis using NTSYS software version 2.02. The identification results showed 9 variants of Nepenthes spp. which belong to the species N. mirabilis, N. gracilis, and N. sumatrana. Dendogram analysis results form two main clusters with a similarity value of 22%. The first cluster consists of N. mirabilis and N. sumatrana. The second cluster consists of N. gracilis. Based on the results of this study can be concluded that the species Nepenthes spp. South Sumatra is N. mirabilis, N. gracilis, and N. sumatrana. The results of this study will be dedicated to updating information about the existence of Nepenthes spp. from South Sumatra and his cluster.

from South Sumatra.A review of the existence of the species Nepenthes spp. in South Sumatra until now has not been done, so the information on the existence of species Nepenthes spp.certainly in the area is not known yet.
A review needs to be done because of the presence of Nepenthes spp. in South Sumatra is increasingly endangered every year.Extinction can occur due to lack of attention from the community, the existence of forest fires, the conversion of natural habitats into rubber and oil palm plantations (Hernawati, 2004).Due to the extinction of conservation status of Nepenthes spp.according to IUCN 2013 data, type N. tentaculata Hook.f included in the eroded status.In addition, two other species included in CITES Appendix I are N. rajah and N. khasiana, and other Nepenthes species included in CITES Appendix II.Population extinction or genetic erosion cause this plant to become scarce and its potential can not be utilized for the benefit and welfare of human beings.
Along with the threat of extinction of Nepenthes spp. in South Sumatra, the diversity and grouping of Nepenthes spp.which can survive to be known before the ongoing species extinction.This diversity and grouping can be determined by morphological characteristics.
Morphological identification is done by a phenetic approach through observation of outer plant structure characteristics.This approach is also used to identify Nepenthes spp.clustering.This approach emphasizes the similarity or different character of each taxon, where the same character will group the taxa into one and separate and separate the different characters (Ubaidillah & Sutrisno, 2009).
Based on the above description, related to the status of Nepenthes spp.endangered species, the ability to hybridize naturally, specific location/area of discovery and Nepenthes spp.kinship relationships. in South Sumatera that is not known yet, it is necessary to do research on identification and analysis cluster Nepenthes spp.from South Sumatra.Thus, this study is useful to provide information on the species of Nepenthes spp.and its grouping in South Sumatra follows the morphological character.

METHODS
This study used 27 accessions of Nepenthes spp.which consists of 9 variants with 3 repetitions.Sampling was done in Tekorejo Village forest, Air Itam Village and Nepenthes spp.cultivation location in Palembang city of South Sumatra.Observations were made on the mor-

INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is a country that has richness and distinctiveness of biodiversity.The biodiversity consists of food crops, ornamental plants, vegetables, medicinal plants, and others.The variety of character possessed by a plant shows variations that can be explored and studied more deeply (IBSAP, 2015).Some of these plant species are stored in forest areas in South Sumatra province.
South Sumatra has lowland tropical rain forest area (Hernawati, 2004).Tropical rain forests support very high biodiversity.The types of vegetation found in these forests are more diverse than other forest types (Scheon, 2004).One of the plant found in this forest is pitcher plant (Nepenthes spp.) (Hernawati, 2004).
Nepenthes spp. is a typical plant in Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia.This plant is distributed in Madagascar, Southeast Asia, South China, Queensland, New Caledonia, New Guinea, and Seychelles (Clarke, 2001).A number of species of Nepenthes spp. the world is 139 species and 68 species of which grow on various islands of Indonesia, such as the island of Sumatra (34 species), Kalimantan (22 species), Java (3 species), Sulawesi (11 species), Maluku (3 species) and Papua (11 species) (Mansur, 2013).
Nepenthes spp.known as carnivorous plants (Anniwat et al., 2009) originating from the Nepenthaceae family (Bunawan et al., 2017).This plant has a special leaf modification called a pitcher with varying shapes, sizes, and shades of color (Buch, et al., 2015).This pitcher serves as an insect trap and contains aspartic protease enzymes (Rottloff et al., 2011).Aspartic protease enzymes play a role in digesting insects (Buch, et al., 2015).Nepenthes spp.using its prey as an additional source of nutrients to supplement nitrogen uptake (Rembold et al., 2013).Based on these abilities, Nepenthes spp.able to grow in nutrient-poor habitat as producer and balancing ecosystem (Benz, 2012).Nepenthes spp.has many variations of phenotype or morphological characters.This phenotype variation can occur because of Nepenthes spp. is a plant that can hybridize naturally (Mansur & Yulita, 2012).Mansur (2013) states that the island of Sumatra is part of the spread of Nepenthes spp.most in Indonesia with 34 types.According to Hernawati (2004) species found in South Sumatra are N. gracilis and N. mirabilis.Both studies identified the presence of Nepenthes spp. on the island of Sumatra, but has not conveyed yet the specific location of the discovery of each species phological character of all accessions of Nepenthes spp.Observations include habitus, root, stem, leaf, and pitcher.A total of thirty-one morphological characters were selected.The thirty-one morphological characters observed include 1 character stature, 1 root character, 7 stem characters, 12 leaf characters and 10 pitcher characters.Morphological analysis was done by a descriptive method based on identification characters of Nepenthes spp.(Cheek & Jeep, 2001).
In this study, 19 characters were selected (Table 1) for the phenetic study using cluster analysis.The selected characters have variations that can distinguish each sample being observed (Riandini, 2015).The characters were coded as multivariate data and analyzed using the SM coefficient (Simple Matching).Grouping and programming were done by UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) method in Numerical Taxonomy System for personal computer (NTSYSpc) version 2.02 (Rohlf, 1998).

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A total of 9 variants Nepenthes spp.found in Tekorejo Village (TR), Air Itam Village (AI), and cultivation location in Palembang city (BP) of South Sumatera.Identification and cluster analysis is based on morphological characteristics.Traditionally, morphological characters have been used to characterize species and patterns of diversity (Bhau et al., 2009).Morphological characterization is the easiest activity to identify species because it is simple, cheap and useful for determining interconnected species (Priadi et al., 2016).
Nepenthes spp.has high variation in morphological characters.The results of identification by matching the characteristics of the sample with the reference image and the identification book "Flora Malesiana Nepenthaceae" indicate that the type of Nepenthes spp.which grew in the study sites were N. mirabilis (TR1, TR2, TR3, BP1), N. gracilis (BP2, AI1, AI2, AI3), and N. sumatrana (BP3).Based on the results of morphological Table 1.Morphological Character for Cluster Analysis of the Nepenthes spp.

Characters
Character set (code) identification there are key characters (Table 2) that distinguish the three species of Nepenthes spp.found.According to Purwantoro et al (2009) key characters are the characters of some parts of the plant that have differences and can help in the introduction of the species.Table 2 demonstrates that the key characters that differentiate the species of Nepenthes spp.which are found in the research site are on the character of stems, leaves, and pitcher.
The key to artificial identification based on morphological characters is as follows: Nepenthes gracilis Korth.
Based on the description of the morphological character of Nepenthes spp.has a diversity of shapes and colors of pitchers (Figure 1).Alejandro et al (2008) say that Nepenthes spp.including plants that have unique morphology because of the amazing pitchers at the leaf tips.These bags have different shapes, colors, ornaments, and sizes.
Based on the morphological character, a cluster analysis of the nine variants of Nepenthes was found to find out the kinship relationship.The resulting dendogram using a simple matching coefficient and UPGMA method based on 19 morphological characters show the phenetic relationship of Nepenthes spp.The dendogram generated from the analysis is as follows: The dendogram analysis results similarities between the variant Nepenthes spp. is 22-89% and consists of 2 main clusters (Figure 2).Cluster I consists of two sub clusters Ia and Ib with a similarity coefficient 49%.Cluster I has similarities in cylindrical bar characters, petiolate leaf, ellipticlanceolatus, leaf base decurrent, and peristome structure thick.Sub-cluster Ia consists of N. mirabilis (TR1, TR2, TR3, BP1).The four variants of N. mirabilis have a variety color of the stem, leaf, leaf bone, pitcher, and peristome characters.Variants of the Ib subklaster (TR2 and TR3) have the highest similarity coefficients, ie 89%.This can happen because the difference of the two variants is found only in the color character of the pitcher.Sub-cluster Ib consists of N. sumatrana..
Cluster II with similarity coefficient of 74% consists of N. gracilis (BP2, AI1, AI2, AI3).Cluster II has triangular shapes, leaf only, smooth edges, thick flesh, lanceolate, sessile leaf base, ovoid below and cylindrical above pitcher, and thin peristome structure.The four variants of N. gracilis have a variety of stem, leaf, leaf bone, pitcher, and peristome characters.Variants AI1 and AI3 have the highest similarity coefficients, ie 89%.This can happen because the difference of the two variants is found only in the color character of the pitcher.
The proximity of Nepenthes spp.can be seen from the coefficient value similarity.According to Wijayanto et al (2013), the greater the similarity coefficient value (close to one), the closer the kinship relationship and the smaller the similarity coefficient value (close to zero) the kinship relationship further.Based on the results of the analysis it is known that based on the morphological characteristics of N. mirabilis has closer kinship relationship to N. sumatrana compared with N. gracilis.
Morphological characters that distinguish variations on N. mirabilis and N. gracilis are color characters.The color difference in each species is found in stems, leaves, and pouches.This genetic difference can occur because it is influenced by environmental factors.According to Pigliucci (1996) the color character of taxonomically inconsistent, because it is very influenced by environmental factors where an ordinary plant grows.
The results of this research indicate the presence of morphological variation in species N. mirabilis and N. gracilis found from South Sumatra to grouping the species based on the equation of morphological characteristics possessed.The results of this study indicate the separation between groups of species N. mirabilis, N. gra-cilis, and N. sumatrana.According to Kim et al. (2014) this intergroup separation results in a kinship relationship between the various groups.The existence of variations of an organism and the composition of kinship relations, arising from the changes that occurred during evolution.

CONCLUSION
Based on research that has been done can be concluded that species of Nepenthes spp. of South Sumatra are N. mirabilis, N. gracilis, and N. sumatrana.Phenogram result of cluster analysis shows the formation of 2 main clusters with similarity value 22%.The first cluster consists of two sub-clusters namely N. mirabilis and N. sumatrana.In the second cluster consists of N.gracilis.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Dendogram Nepenthes spp.from South Sumatra based on morphological characters