Bryophytes in Cibodas Botanical Garden: Diversity and Potential Uses

Research on the diversity of bryophytes in Indonesia has been generally accomplished. However, the publication of potential uses of this tiny plant is very limited. Cibodas Botanical Garden (CBG) as a center for ex-situ plant conservation has potential climate conditions as a location of bryophytes growth. The study aims to collect bryophytes in CBG and to identify their potential uses. Purposive sampling method was used on various substrates (soil, rocks, trees). Some environmental parameters were also recorded, for instance, substrate type, temperature, and humidity. All of bryophytes collections were taken to the laboratory for the identification and saved in Cianjur Herbarium Hortus Botanicus Tjibodasensis (CHTJ). A literature study was conducted to determine the potential uses of identified bryophytes species. From 153 collection numbers recorded in CBG, there were 42 species which have potential use. In addition, there were 42 species that potentially to be used as a medicinal plant, ornamental plants, uses in agriculture and environmental services. This study provides the initial information about the potential uses of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts particularly in Indonesia. Furthermore, these prospective utilization encourage the innovative research in Indonesia, particularly on alternative natural resources.

Cibodas Botanical Garden (CBG) has the main role as an ex-situ conservation institution especially for tropical highland plants originating from West Java and Sumatra.This area is located at the foot of Mount Gede and Mount Pangrango with an altitude of 1,275 m above sea level and has an average temperature of 20.06°C, humidity of 80.82% and an average rainfall of 2,950 mm per year.These climatic conditions tend to be potential for bryophytes' growth.In order to conserve the Indonesian bryophytes, CBG built moss garden in 2006.CBG also has some herbarium collection of bryophytes from Mt Gede Pangrango, Mt Salak, Mt Geulis, Mt Slamet, Mt Jambi, Borneo, and Enggano Island (Damayanti, 2006;Nadhifah & Surya, 2016) .However, the diversity of bryophytes in CBG has not been well documented.
Although research on the diversity of bryophytes in Indonesia has been widely performed, the publication of potential uses of these plants is very limited.In this case, bryophytes are the prospective object to increase the economic growth because this plant group not only provides social demands but also has economic value due to their exotic appearance.It is important to identify the potential uses of bryophytes to advance the studies of alternative natural resources.The purpose of this study was to record the bryophytes diversity in CBG and to determine their potential uses.The advantage of this research is to provide initial information about the prospective utilization of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts particularly in Indonesia.

Study sites
Study was conducted from August 2015 to February 2016 at Cibodas Botanical Garden (CBG), West Java, Indonesia.

Bryophytes sampling
Purposive sampling method was used on various substrates (soil, rocks, trees).Some environmental parameters were also recorded, including: substrate type, temperature, humidity.GPS coordinates were generally recorded in one region.All numbers of bryophyte collection were taken to the laboratory to be identified.

Identification
Bryophytes were identified by using respective literatures, such as Mosses of The Philippines (Bartram, 1939), A Handbook of Malesian Mosses Volume 1: Sphagnales to Dicranales (Eddy, 1988), A

INTRODUCTION
Recent awareness towards biodiversity does not only focus on large exotic plants but also plants which resembles unimportant, should also have a specific concern to be investigated, studied, and protected.Bryophytes are microscopic plants that have the same morphological appearance if not observed carefully.These plants belong to cyptogams and they are separated from vascular plants because of lacking vascular tissues (Vanderpoorten & Goffinet, 2009).Primitive bryophytes have thallose body, whereas these thallose in the higher bryophytes resembles a high-level plant with erect stems and surrounded by leaves (Glime, 2013).Morphologically, bryophytes have a root-like structure or rhizoid to absorb the water as well as to attach the plants to the substrate.These plants which live mostly in wet and humid habitat in the lowlands and highlands are often considered as pioneer plants.This is because bryophytes can grow in various substrates where the higher plants cannot grow.According to So (1995), bryophytes cover through the rocks, tree trunks, walls, bricks, sometimes forming the mats like a green carpet.
Bryophytes as pioneering plants create primary and secondary habitats after environmental damage, they assist the soil stabilization through open-field colonization, play an important role in the nutrient recycling process, biomass production, carbon fixation and serve as an indicator of air pollution (Saxena & Harinder, 2004).Due to the globalization and the growth of human population, the supply of alternative natural resources has raised.Bryophytes, the second largest group in plant kingdom, have been studied in order to find the innovative properties for human being.Recent study reveals the secondary metabolites of bryophytes that commonly used in ethno pharmacology and as medical plants for treatment of some diseases.For instance, Spaghnum spp.are known as an eye medicine, leather and cotton substitute as well as plant media, while Marchantia group have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-helminthic, anti-arthritic, pesticide, antitumor, cancer preventive, anti-histaminic, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic and antiinflammation activities (Krishnan & Murugan, 2014).In addition, bryophytes also have economic importance as a source of fuel, horticulture, and oil absorption.Furthermore, plants which do not have vascular system also serve as a habitat for invertebrates and commonly used as ground cover and planting media for orchid and Nepenthes (Hallingbäck & Hodgetts, 2000).(Eddy, 1990), A Handbook of Malesian Mosses Volume 3: Splachnobryaceae to Leptostomataceae (Eddy, 1996), Guide to The Liverworts and Hornworts of Java (Gradstein, 2011), Mosses and Liverworts of Hongkong (So, 1995), A Taxonomic Revision of The Thuidiaceae (Musci) of Tropical Asia, The Western Pacific, and Hawaii (Touw, 2001) Liverworts and Hornworts of Rwanda (Fischer, 2013).

Literature study
The literature study was conducted to gain more information about the potential use of identified bryophytes.The main sources used were Glime (2013), Glime and Schenk (1997) as well as other related sources (Table 1).

Data analysis
The data were analyzed descriptively.The selected species were explained in detail.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
There were 153 collection numbers recorded.From 90 species of bryophytes that were found in CBG, there were 42 species that have potential uses (Table 1).There are some prospective utilization which have been classified, such as medicinal plant, ornamental plant, utilization in agriculture and environmental services.
In Indonesia, utilization of bryophytes is still uncommon.This is because of lack publication about bryophytes which have potential uses.Some publications have been showed the diversity of bryophytes in Indonesia.However, the ethnobotanical study of bryophytes in Indonesia is still rare.The bryophytes widely used as an ornamental plant, for instance, as an accessories of bonsai, aquaria (mosses in aquarium), terrarium, and other decoration.Some bryophytes families that can be utilized as ornamental plants include Pottiaceae, Bryaceae, Hypnaceae, Leucobryaceae, Dicranaceae, Hypnodendraceae, and Hookeriaceae.
Barbula javanica is a member of the Pottiaceae (Figure 1a), morphologically has a small size with 1 cm tall and green tufts (Nath et al., 2011) which is usually found in rock substrates.This moss resemble a pad that can be used as a ground cover of plants in pots.Bryum is the largest genera of the Bryaceae and the most difficult genera of mosses to be identified (Zolotov, 2000).There were 71 species of Bryum found in East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia (Ochi, 1985).The species which commonly found in CBG that can be utilized as an ornamental plant is Bryum billardieri (Figure 1b).This species has variable in vigour, forming olive green to brownish tufts or mats.
Hypnaceae has members which commonly resemble the carpet or mats and has been widely used as a decoration, either in bonsai plants, terrarium, or as accessories in the pots (Figure 1c).The other unique life forms which have the appearance of a tree (dendroid), can be found on Hypnodendron or palm moss (Figure 1d) and Hypopterygium (Figure 1e) or peacock moss.Those are the exotic moss genus (Hallingbäck & Hodgetts, 2000).
Leucobryaceae has a uniquely white or pale gametophyte (Figure 1f).This is because of the leukocyte cells located in the middle of the leaf.For instance, Leucobryum aduncum and Leucobryum javense, which morphologically characterized by the "dicranoid" sporophyte and the thick tapered leaf shape, commonly found in tropical and subtropical forest areas, mostly on the substrates with low (acidic) pH (Vanderpoorten et al., 2003).
The other beautiful moss genera are Dicranoloma and Campylopus, which included in Dicranaceae, grow in tufts or loose mats with erect, lanceolate, and falcate secund leaves.These mosses usually grow in moist acidic habitats (Figure 1g,1h).
Several studies have shown the potential use of bryophytes as a medicinal plant.Bryophytes have various types of secondary metabolites such as terpenoids, flavonoids, saccharides, lipids, and phenylpropanoids (Asakawa, 2007;Sabovljević et al., 2016).The liverworts have a greater potential to be used as a medicinal plant, because these group have oil body which contain secondary metabolites.
Aerobryopsis longissima, a member of Meteoriaceae, has a pale green or yellowish leaves and usually shiny.A. longissima can absorb chromium, one of the air pollutant.According to Lee et al. (1977), this moss was able to absorb up to 5000 μg/g of chromium through the rhizoid, although it is not mentioned the mechanism on how this species fight against metals which are highly toxic to other plants.Furthermore, A. longissima has the potential to be used as phytoremediation.
Sphagnum is included in order Sphagnales.This genus is widely known as an ancient groups by the single, monogeneric family Sphagnaceae.It often appears in wide range altitudes from 1000 m to 3500 m, forming dense tufts or chusions in bogs, on wet grounds, along streams, and beside waterfall (Bartram, 1939;Eddy, 1988).Besides from their unique characters, these bryophytes which locally known as peat moss have many advantages on farming.Sphagnum was usually used to substitute medium in growing plants.Currently, these mosses sold as dry peat moss used in growing Nepenthes, orchid propagation, particularly for Phalaenopsis species (Yen & Chang, 2011;The Carnivorous Plant Society, 2018).In addition, Sphagnum moss has contribution to reduce the plastic because it can be used as the materials for manufacturing compostable plant pots.They also have important role to protect the seedling plants and the cellar root vegetables from spoiling, insects, and other potential negative impact of tran-Marchantia polymorpha is the most popular liverwort because it can be found easily everywhere.This thalloid liverwort has porous thallus with purplish line on the dorsal (Gradstein, 2011).This species produces Marchantin A, the compound which can fight against the parasites.Jensen et al. ( 2012) reported that Marchantin A form Marchantia polymorpha inhibits the proliferation of the Plasmodium falciparum.Furthermore, according to Rao & Chatterjee, (2014), the thallus of M. polymorpha can be used as a medicine in a liver disease, curing yellow (jaundice), and reducing inflammation.Additionally, a young archegoniophore can be used to treat boils and tuberculosis (TB).The other Marchantiaceae, Marchantia paleacea, in contrast to Marchantia polymorpha, the thallus of this species have no midrib.Faramayuda et al. (2013) reported that M. paleacea contains the flavonoid which potentially used as an anticancer.
Mastigophora diclados is the leafy liverworts that morphologically has a pinnate leaf and plane margin.M. diclados contains sesquiterpenoidherbertenediol and (-) -mastigophorene D -which has a higher antioxidant activity compared with vitamin C. Komala et al. (2010) reported that the herbertan in this species could fight against Bacillus subtilis (the cause of food poisoning) and Klebsiella pneumonia (the cause of pneumonia).
Octoblepharum albidum is the type of mosses belonging to the Leucobryaceae.The size of this moss is large enough (3 cm high) and it grows epiphytically with a pale white cushion.O. albidum have been used as a diuretic in India (Krishnan et al., 2014).
Rhodobryum giganteum, the mosses with dendroid life forms, has chemical compounds in encourage the advance research to develop the innovation from the alternative natural resources, specifically in Indonesia.

CONCLUSION
Cibodas Botanical Garden (CBG) as the center of ex-situ conservation for highland flora sporting materials (Pouliot et. al., 2015).
Marchantia and Sphagnum are the most genus which have been used by society in Indonesia.Biological compounds of Marchantia are widely studied, on the other hand, some farmer use Sphagnum or peat moss to increase their production.Although the application is still limited, the enormous of bryophytes' prospective uses in Indonesia are also concerning in bryophyte conservation.The diversity of bryophytes in CBG are potentially used for ornamental plants, medicinal plants, agriculture and environmental services.These prospective utilization encourage the development of innovative study in Indonesia, particularly on alternative natural resources.

Table 1 .
Potential use of bryophytes in Cibodas Botanical Garden