Inventaritation and Potential Utilization of Macroscopic Mushroom in TPKh Tenjo KPH Bogor

. The TPKh Tenjo KPH Bogor is a production forest wood collection area and becomes a production forest for the Acacia mangium wood species. Timber harvesting activities leave a lot of tree stumps, twigs, or piles of wood that do not pass production. Environmental conditions with a lot of harvested wood residue and supported by relatively cool air temperatures and high humidity, it is suspected this area has a diversity of macroscopic fungi with various unknown potentials. This study aims to obtain data on the types of macroscopic fungi and their potential uses. The research method includes the stages of exploration, identification and literature study to obtain the potential of the macroscopic fungi found. The research succeeded in finding 8 types of macroscopic fungi classified into the phylum Basidiomycota, 3 orders, 5 families, and 7 genera. The macroscopic fungi include Coprinellus sp., Lentinus sp., Panus sp., Schizophyllum commune , Pycnoporus sp., Fomitopsis sp. 1, Fomitopsis sp. 2, and Lycoperdon sp. Based on the results of the literature study, the potential uses of macroscopic fungi were found are as food, medicine, natural pigment producer, and enzyme producer. This data report can be used as basic information on the use of macroscopic mushrooms by communities around the area to be used as food or medicinal ingredients. Further utilization of this data is the development of the potential of macroscopic fungi that produce enzymes, pigments or drugs to be produced on a large scale. Research on the development of potential mushroom conservation strategies can also be carried out for sustainable use.


INTRODUCTION
Fungi are saprophytic organisms known as decomposer biotic agents.In the decomposition process, the decomposition of lignocellulose, cellulose, or other complex compounds occurs.Fungi with a strong decomposition effect are generally fungi with fruit bodies or are classified as macroscopic fungi (Dossa et al., 2021).In forest ecosystems, fungi will play a role in ensuring forest health by carrying out the function of material degradation, so that the material cycle can take place and provide material in the soil as nutrients for plant germination and growth (Nur et al., 2021).Many macroscopic fungi are found growing in habitats such as weathered wood, litter, and soil surfaces (Susan & Retnowati, 2016).The use of macroscopic fungi for humans has been known for a long time.For centuries, the Japanese and Chinese dynasties used mushrooms as a food ingredient that is rich in nutrients and provides medicinal therapeutic effects.According to history, King Pharaoh of the Kingdom of Egypt consumed mushrooms as food for nobles and royal troops to increase the body's immunity and prolong life (Arini et al., 2019).
Kawasan Tempat Penimbunan Kayu Hutan (TPKh) is one of the production forest timber collection areas from the Kesatuan Pemangku Hutan (KPH) Bogor (Perhutani, 2015).In addition to being a forest wood collection area, this area has land that is used as a production forest with Acacia mangium wood species.During harvesting, primary wood products are produced by logging the trees.This activity will leave parts in the form of tree stumps, twigs, or piles of wood that do not pass the product selection.The Tenjo TPKh area has a temperature range of 18 o C -26 o C and an Zalfa Alfatinnisa,et al. / Biosaintifika xx (x) (20xx): 158-166 average annual rainfall of 3,000 mm/year (Perhutani, 2015).The number of rain days will be directly proportional to the humidity level of an area (Denson et al., 2020).The environmental conditions of the Tenjo TPKh area with a lot of harvested wood residue, and relatively cool air temperatures accompanied by high rainfall and humidity will greatly support the growth of macroscopic fungi in the area.Until now, information on the existence of fungi in the TPKh Tenjo area is minimal even though the area has conditions that support the growth of macroscopic fungi.Therefore, it is necessary to study macroscopic mushroom cover in the TPKh Tenjo area which is suspected of having various unknown potential uses.The purpose of this study was to obtain data on the types and potential uses of macroscopic fungi found in the TPKh Tenjo KPH Bogor area.

METHODS
The research was conducted in October 2021 in the TPKh Tenjo KPH Bogor area, Tenjo District, Bogor Regency, West Java.The tools used during the research included camera, GPS (Global Positioning System), knives, soil shovels, brushes, field notebooks, rulers, stationery, masks, gloves, and macroscopic mushroom identification books.The materials used in this study were samples of macroscopic fungi found and specimen bags.
The method used in this research is the exploring method.The search was carried out in three different areas in the TPKh area, namely areas composed of tree stumps left over from logging, areas with young vegetation components, and areas with mature vegetation as shown in Figure 2. The sampling method of mushrooms was carried out by purposive sampling or only samples that met the criteria to be taken as data (Bella et al., 2022;Mahardhika et al., 2021).At the time of sampling it is necessary to record the characteristics of the mushrooms found.Characteristics recorded include the shape of the fruiting body, the color of the fruiting body, the size of the fruiting body, the surface of the cap, the type of hymenophore, and the type of substrate (Putra, 2021).The recording of morphological characters during exploration was carried out in order to avoid changes in mushroom characters that had not yet been observed in the field.In addition, the fruit bodies of mushrooms that live in nature and are found during sampling are documented especially in the identification key character section to facilitate the identification process.Furthermore, the mushroom fruit bodies were collected by taking samples of the mushroom fruit bodies from the substrate, cleaned of various impurities, and then stored in a specimen bag for further observation.Mushroom specimen bags should be made of paper or aluminum foil to avoid spoilage due to fungal respiration (Putra, 2021).The macroscopic fungi that were found were then identified based on character descriptions and then compared with reference to the book of The Books of Fungi (Roberts and Evans, 2014), Mushrooms: How to Identify and Gather Wild Mushroom and Other Fungi (Laessøe, 2013), and research articles (Han et al., 2016).The potential utilization of macroscopic fungi that have been identified was obtained from secondary data collected from various reference sources, both national and international journals.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Based on the research that has been done, macroscopic fungi have been found in several locations (Figure 1a).The number of fungi found in the study area is supported by environmental conditions such as the amount of wood left over from cuttings and part of the tree stump left over from logging which can be a substrate for the growth of macroscopic fungi (Figure 1b).In addition, other supporting factors such as the temperature and humidity which reached 28.5 o C and 76.5%, respectively were very suitable for the growth of macroscopic fungi.
Based on the research that has been done, macroscopic fungi have been found in several locations (Figure 1a).The number of fungi found in the study area is supported by environmental conditions such as the amount of wood left over from cuttings and part of the tree stump left over from logging which can be a substrate for the growth of macroscopic fungi (Figure 1b).In addition, other supporting factors such as the temperature and humidity which reached 28.5 o C and 76.5%, respectively were very suitable for the growth of macroscopic fungi.The total macroscopic fungal species found were 8 species from 7 genera, 5 families, 3 orders, and 1 phylum, namely Basidiomycota (Table 1).Based on where it was found, the macroscopic fungi in the TPKh area dominated found on rotten wood.This is related to the condition of the TPKh Tenjo KPH Bogor area which is dominated by the rest of Perhutani's wood cuttings.This is also supported by the percentage of the order Polyporales as the most commonly found order in this region.Desjardin et al., (2015), order Polyporales is a saprophytic fungus that is classified as a wood rot fungus.Members of the order Polyporales play a major role in breaking down dead trees and play an important role in the carbon cycle in forest ecosystems.

Coprinellus sp.
Coprinellus sp. was found growing solitary on rotting wood (Figure 2a).The pileus of this mushroom is convex-shaped, the edges are flat, white with a brownish center, and 1 cm in diameter.The pileus surface is smooth (Fig. 2b).Gills-type hymenophores.The stipe is white with a length of 1.2 cm (Figure 2c).The fruiting body of this mushroom is very fragile.Lentinus sp. 1 grew solitary on wood cuttings (Figure 3a).The pileus is depressed, the edges are flat, yellowish white, and 1-2 cm in diameter.The surface of the pileus is downy (Fig. 3b).Hymenophore gills type with a fairly tight spacing between gills.Hymenophore attachment with decurrent type stipe.The stipe is white with a length of 1 cm (Figure 3c).

Members of the genus
Lentinus is a fungus with a dead wood habitat.Lentinus sp.contains good nutrients such as fat, carbohydrates, protein, minerals, fiber, and vitamins.Its good content causes several types of Lentinus except those with hard fruiting bodies to be widely consumed by the public, such as L. subnudus, L. squarrosulus, L. lepideus, L. tuberregium, and L. polychrous Lev.(Sulistiany et al., 2015).Panus sp. was found in the remains of the wood chips (Figure 4a).The pileus is depressed, the edges are flat, brownish, and 1.5 cm in diameter.The surface of the pileus is downy (Fig. 4b).Gillstype hymenophores.Hymenophore attachment with decurrent type.The stipe is attached to the pileus laterally.The stipe is brownish and 0.8 cm long (Fig. 4c).
Panus sp. is included in the wild mushrooms that can be consumed.This is because based on the results of the toxicity test conducted by Debnath et al., (2018), the fungus Panus sp. has proven to be free from the toxins amanitin and phalloidin which are the main toxins in macroscopic fungi.In addition, Panus sp. has a positive result of screening for laccase enzyme testing so it can be a potential source of laccase enzyme for industrialscale production.In addition, the fungus Panus sp. is known to produce bioactive compounds such as naematolin, naematolone, panepoxydone, and panutorulone.Member of the genus Panus sp.such as P. conchatus and P. rudis can produce panepoxydone which can inhibit signal transduction mediated by NF-kB in animal cells so that it has the potential to cure pathological diseases such as cancer (Luangharn et al., 2019).

Schizophyllum commune
Schizophyllum commune was found in the remaining wood chips (Figure 5a).Pileus fanshaped, lobed periphery, whitish brown, and measures 0.5x1 cm.The pileus surface is dry with a rough texture (Fig. 5b).Hymenophore gills type grooved to narrow stipe as attachment points with dead wood as habitat.Gills are whitish brown (Fig. 5c).
S. commune mushrooms are widely used as food ingredients, especially in Asian countries (Kurnia et al., 2020).S. commune can be found in several regions in Indonesia under different local names.S. commune in Java is known as "jamur gigit" while in West Papua it is as "jamur gerigit".S. commune mushrooms as food mushrooms contain high levels of -carotene and vitamin E, namely tocopherols.In addition, this mushroom also contains minerals such as magnesium, zinc, and potassium (Nurlita et al., 2021).Pycnoporus sp.Pycnoporus sp. was found growing on wood stumps (Figure 6a).This mushroom has a hard and dry fruiting body.The pileus is fan-shaped to rounded, the margins are lobed, orange to reddish, and 3-4 cm in diameter.The pileus surface was dry and smooth (Fig. 6b).The hymenophores are porous and orange in color (Fig. 6c).This mushroom has no stipe.
The genus Pycnoporus sp. has great potential to be developed in the biotechnology industry because it has the ability to produce laccase enzymes (Christita et al., 2017).Production of laccase enzymes by Pycnoporus sp. has been widely used for the delignification step of polysaccharides into biopolymers in the agroindustry, bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and applied to the pulp and paper industry (Susan et al., 2021).Another potential of Pycnoporus sp. is found in the fruiting body that produces a reddish-orange color.Zhang et al., (2019) reported that the color produced by Pycnoporus sanguineus was caused by the metabolism of the pigment cinnabarine synthesis.This pigment has good stability in various conditions so it has the potential to be developed as a natural pigment production.The habitat of Lycoperdon sp. is in the soil and close to plant roots (Figure 7a).The fruiting body is fleshy, round in shape, and measures 0.5x0.5x0.5 cm.This mushroom has a smooth fruiting body surface.The fruiting body of this mushroom is white with brown dots (Figure 7b).There is a mycelium for attaching the fungus to the soil (Fig. 7c).The fruiting bodies of Lycoperdon sp.found at the study site have not yet reached the adult phase.This can be seen from the fruit body which has solid white flesh.

Fomitopsis sp. 1
Fomitopsis sp. 1 is found in decaying wood.The fruiting bodies are sessile attached and hard woody (Fig. 8a).The pileus shape is like a semicircle or fan.The surface of the pileus is light brown when young and turns dark brown with age (Fig. 8a;b).The surface of the pileus also appears with concentric lines.The pileus measures 6.5 x 4 cm (Figure 8c).The hymenophore is pore type.The pore surface is pink (Fig. 8d).There is no stipe.Fomitopsis sp. 2 is found in decaying wood.The fruiting bodies attach sessile.The fruiting body when young is hard, woody, and creamy to light brown colors at the edges of the hood.When ripe, the fruiting body changes color to black with red edges 9a;b).The pileus is shaped like a semicircle or fan.The pileus measures 3.7x1.5 cm (Figure 9c).The hymenophore is pore type.The pore surface is pink (Fig. 9d;e).There is no stipe.
Fungi belonging to the genus Fomitopsis sp.such as Fomitopsis pinicola was reported to have potential as an antidiabetic therapeutic agent.The ethanol extract of Fomitopsis pinicola can show antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced rats by increasing insulin secretion (Zahid et al., 2020).Macroscopic mushrooms found in addition to having ecological benefits have also been reported to have many other potential benefits.Some are useful as food ingredients which are characterized by the texture of the mushroom fruiting body which is soft, it has a pleasant aroma and taste.Not only that, the high nutritional content such as carbohydrates, protein, fat, fiber, vitamins, Zalfa Alfatinnisa, et al. / Biosaintifika xx (x) (20xx): 158-166 minerals, and water make these macroscopic mushrooms a source of nutrition (Wati et al., 2019;Noverita & Ilmi, 2020).Examples of macroscopic fungi found and have the potential to become food ingredients are Lentinus sp., Panus sp., Coprinellus sp., and S. commune.The utilization of these four types of mushrooms as food is still quite low compared to other types of mushrooms that are known to the public and commercially such as Pleurotus ostreatus, Volvariella volvacea, Agaricus bisporus, and Auricularia auricular (Kumar et al., 2021).While macroscopic mushrooms with potential as medicinal ingredients generally have fruit bodies with a hard texture and contain bioactive compounds that can treat disease (Noverita & Ilmi, 2020).An example of this fungus is Ganoderma sp. and Cordyceps sp.(Liu et al., 2016;Fitriani et al., 2018).The types of fungi that were found to have potential as medicinal ingredients were Fomitopsis sp.
Another potential benefit of the mushrooms found is that they have a great opportunity to be developed in the industrial world as environmentally friendly materials because they come from nature.This study found Panus sp., Pycnoporus sp., Lycoperdon sp. which can be a source of enzymes, and other potential uses, namely Pycnoporus sp. as a pigment producer.An example of a fungus that has been empirically proven to be useful in the pulp industry and batik industry for deodorizing batik liquid waste is P. ostreatus.This is due to its ability to produce extracellular enzymes, namely lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (Mn-P) and Laccase (Lac) which can increase the catalytic activity of the degradation of various types of substrates.In addition, the fungus P. ostreatus is also commonly found in nature, especially on wood substrates to help the weathering process by degrading lignin into simpler compounds (Al Wahid & Rahayu, 2017).

CONCLUSION
Based on research that has been conducted in the TPKh Tenjo KPH area, Bogor, it is known that the area has a variety of macroscopic fungi.The macroscopic fungi found were Coprinellus sp., Lentinus sp. 1, Lentinus sp. 2, Scyzophyllum commune, Fomitopsis sp. 1, Fomitopsis sp. 2, Pycnoporus sp. and Calvatia sp.The diversity of fungi in this area has great potential for ecological and socio-economic benefits such as medicinal, food, enzyme-producing, and pigments.
This study has some limitations on the duration of field exploration and laboratory observations.In future studies, it is hoped that macroscopic mushroom sampling activities can be carried out in a long duration, even across seasons.It is possible to grow the macroscopis fungi for further identification microscopically and molecularly in order to get a full inventory of the fungi.
(a) Environmental conditions in the TPKh Tenjo KPH Bogor area

Table 1 .
Species of macroscopic fungi found in the TPKh Tenjo KPH Bogor area