Preservation of Intangible Cultural Heritage Using Advance Digital Technology: Issues and Challenges

The emerging concern on intangible heritage in the International arena reflects the fear of cultural homogeneity, diminishing cultural diversity and human creativity. Cultural heritage is a symbol spiritual and intellectual wealth of a civilization, while intangible cultural heritage is associated to tradition and living expressions. There is a need to preserve these fragile assets so they would someday be oblivious in the modern world. Ironically, the potential strategy in preserving the intangible cultural heritage lies in the current advanced digital technology. This paper highlights major issues and challenges in the intangible cultural heritage preservation through technology, with regards to the content and the purpose associated to it.


INTRODUCTION
Culture and heritage is a symbol of spiritual and intellectual wealth for all civilizations. The significance of culture in the society has greatly developed during the twentieth century. Therefore, in the second half of the twentieth century, culture itself can be seen as one of the important element to sustain human development (Matarasso, 2001). He added that culture is defined as the expression of human values where it helps to create and build up identities. Meanwhile, Tylor (1871) defines culture as the reflection of knowledge, law, belief, morals, custom, art or any other habits and capabilities needed by man as a member within the society.
Culture had been practiced by people act as a comprehensive system that consist of elements or universal subsystem which includes religion, language, race and social system, art, technology, knowledge, source of income or economy. All these elements are operationally driving the society towards a positive and a well-being life. It portrays the dignity, way of thinking and moral of related culture. Culture also can be seen as one of a unique symbol of generation's character and identity (Dewulf et al, 2013). According to Figure 1, Tjetjep Rohendi Rohidi (2015) states that culture can be seen between two interconnection sides where first, culture had to be preserved to ensure stability in life and second, culture as a preserver where culture itself is dynamic, progressive, adaptive and creative. Hence culture can be adjusted according to variety changes in demands of his era in order to maintain the culture.
Heritage is a belonging that is or may be inherited and has an inheritance value that is worthy to be preserved for the nation. Heritage is defined as a unique and irreplaceable legacy not only of each nation but also of humanity as whole. This valuable legacy is brought from the past, where people are living with today and what will be passed to the future generations (UNESCO, 2015;Zuraidah Abd Manaf & Aliza Ismail, 2010). According to Shuhaida et al. (2013) heritage in general is defined as the elements from past. These elements are later been carried from one generation to another. The elements can be tangible and intangible.
Elements from tangible heritage for example historical buildings and archaeological sites and intangible heritage for example songs, dances and languages are essential in identifying and building up identities (Czermak et al, 2003). Both of this classification on heritage reflects on preserving as well as restoring the valuable assets of ancient legacies. Preservation involves the process of preserving or keeping something (Matusky, 2015) and can be interconnected to the preservation management (Mazlina Pati Khan et al, 2015).
According to Figure 2, UNESCO at its seventeenth session on the World Heritage Convention had firstly classified and defined world heritage into two main categories consist of only cultural heritage and natural heritage. The two other categories of mixed cultural and natural heritage and cultural landscape were proposed and added later on the same level along the existing two categories before (Operational Guidelines, The World Heritage List, 2015, p.13;Sun, 2010;Wallach, 2005). The standard classification for world heritage is based on the heritage's own value the- Figure 1. Interconnection between Culture from Tjetjep Rohendi Rohidi, 2015 refore must have its own outstanding universal value or outstanding interest.
-Outstanding universal value means cultural and/or natural significance which is as exceptional as to transcend national boundaries and to be of common importance for present and future generations of all humanity. As such, the permanent protection of this heritage is of the highest importance to the international community as a wholell. (World Heritage Convention, 1972) In addition, the classification also includes the world heritage, national heritage and local heritage. World heritage is a category which uses heritage values as the most important guidelines in classifying and categorizing its own categories and portray as the main or highest level of human heritages along with the national heritage and local heritage (Zulkifli Mohamad, 2012;Hennesy 2012;Sun, 2010).
According to the two main categories that had been classified at the very first stage by the World Heritage Convention in year 1972, which consist of cultural heritage and natural heritage then had been divided into three main categories. Monuments, groups of buildings and sites are considered as cultural heritage meanwhile natural features, geological and physiographical formations and precisely delineated areas and natural sites or precisely delineated natural areas are considered as natural heritage (Operational Guidelines, 2015;Kammeier 2008;Yahaya Ahmad, 2006;Lakshman Guruswamy et al, 1999;World Heritage Convention, 1972). According to Figure 3, Minaret and Archeological Remains of Jam in Afghanistan is one of the examples of cultural heritage. The 65 meter tall Minaret of Jam is a valuable, graceful, soaring structure, reminiscing to the 12th century. Covered in brickwork with a blue tile inscription at the top, it is noteworthy for the quality of its unique architecture and decoration, which symbolize the greatness of an architectural and artistic tradition in this region. Its impact is added by its dramatic setting, a deep river valley between towering mountains in the heart of the Ghur province (Margottini, 2016). However in year 2002, this cultural heritage site had been inscribed on the list of World Heritage in Danger because of its lack of legal protection, lack of an effective monuments protection agency, lack of adequate protection and conservation personnel and lack of comprehensive management plan (UNESCO, 2016). ding Sumatran orang-utan (Patry, 2016). Similar to the Minaret of Jam, this natural heritage sites had been inscribed on the list of World Heritage in Danger by the year of 2004 because of its road construction, agricultural encroachment, illegal l o gging, poaching and institutional and governance weaknesses (UNESCO, 2016).
Moving on to the tangible heritage and intangible heritage where both had been considered as related to each other (Gorman & Sydney, 2006). According to Cruikshank (1992) although tangible and intangible heritage have been treated as separate fields of study, but both are related in the aspects of representing as well as denoting a strong cultural symbol and identities in their own context through things and also words. Tangible heritage such as artifacts and natural environment and intangibles heritage such as myths, folklores, ancestral line and cultural manifestations including their language, food, traditional dances plus everyday ritual and norms (Boamah et al, 2012;Hennessy, 2012;Sun, 2010;Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention, 2003;Cultural Property Convention, 1954).
Next, according to Sun (2010), preliminary thoughts on further heritage classification on tangible and intangible forms within the cultural heritage, natural heritage, mixed cultural and natural heritage and cultural landscapes also had been taken into consideration. Within the four categories that had been stated by the Operational Guidelines 2015 in their World Heritage List, cultural heritage has the most distinctive differences among the categories hence the difference being most appreciated between movable and immovable forms where the former are often referred as intangible cultural heritage meanwhile the latter as tangible cultural heritage (Hennessy 2012;Sun 2010;Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention, 2003).
According to Figure 5, Sangiran Early Man Site in Indonesia is one of the examples of the tangible cultural heritage. Sangiran is an archaeological excavation site situated in Java Indonesia from the year of 1936 to 1941. This overall process had led to the early discovery of the first Peloponnesus, the site of Olympia had been inhabited since prehistoric times and became the center for the worship of Zeus. There is also remaining of all the sports structures erected for the Olympic Games, which had been held in the Olympia every four years (Bandarin, 2016). hominid fossil at this site. Sangiran is one of the main key sites for the founding and understanding in the process of human evoluation (Chapple, 2016).
According to Figure   The Los Glaciares National Park which is 160 km long is an area of unique natural beauty, with rugged, towering mountains and numerous glacial lakes, including Lake Argentino. Three glaciers meet at its farthest end, producing massive icebergs into the lake with thunderous splashes (Schinz, 2016).   According to Figure 10, Sun (2010) divided cultural heritage into tangible cultural heritage and intangible cultural heritage. As cultural heritage had been divided into three main categories consist of monuments, groups of buildings and sites (Operational Guidelines, 2015;Kammeier 2008;Yahaya Ahmad, 2006;Lakshman Gu-ruswamy et al, 1999;World Heritage Convention, 1972) only sites has both characteristics that allow it to be placed within the two further classification of tangible cultural heritage and also intangible cultural heritage. Because sites had been seen and justified through historical, aesthetic, ethnological and anthropological point of view, hence these are the only sites that undergo preliminary thoughts on further heritage classification on tangible and intangible forms within the cultural heritage.
Intangible cultural heritge is a human activity in the process of developing tangible culture, as well as connection, communication and aiming at satisfying the spiritual needs within a community (Lenzerini, 2011). Intangible cultural heritage is understood as a traditional culture, learning process and technique development that comprises legends, performances, social customs, ceremonies and festivals and traditional arts. On the other hand, tangible cultural heritage consists of the material remains from human activity, works, development and achievement comprises such as cities and towns, palaces, villages, temples, mausoleums and manufacturing plants (Sun, 2010). Meanwhile, Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention defines intangible cultural heritage as follow.
Intangible cultural heritage is the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills as well as the instruments, objects, artifacts and cultural spaces associated therewith that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. This intangible cultural heritage, transmitted from generation to generation, is constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their history, and provides them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity. (Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention, 2003) According to Figure 11, for the purposes of the Convention, consideration will be given only to such intangible cultural heritage as is compatible with existing international human rights instruments, as well as with the requirements of mutual honor and respect among communities, groups and individuals, and of maintaining development. The intangible cultural heritage is manifested according to the five domains including oral traditions and expressions, including language, performing arts, social practices, rituals and festive events, knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe and traditional craftsmanship. T h i s classification as considering the importance of the intangible cultural heritage that can act as a medium in sustaining existing cultural diversity.

Heritage Cycle
The understanding on heritage area is not only confined to the tangible forms such as buildings, landscapes and artifacts but also through the intangible form which includes in the form of traditions, values, history of oral and voices. The connection between tangible and intangible heritage is where objects of heritage (tangible forms) are usually studied alongside the practices of heritage (intangible forms). This practice will initiate and create the ideas about our past, present and future (Thurley, 2005). The Heritage Cycle Diagram guide and gives us an idea on how to make the past to be part of our future. According to Figure 12, the Heritage Cycle describes what English Heritage's mission is. Indeed this heritage cycle is a strategy plan to take people into the future and create awareness on the importance of preserving and maintaining our heritage belongings. The aim of this cycle is to make the most effective use of the assets in our care. This heritage cycle used the words of understanding, valuing, caring and enjoying as keywords in explaining the whole idea of the strategy plan and create consistency in understanding the real and tough challenges. This heritage cycle helps in raising knowledge about the historic environment apart from being able to lead people to value about our heritage, belongings and origin.

Education
Management in education is an art of getting things done through people, effectively and efficiently. One of the keys to successful management is the ability to understand and apply modern management principles and techniques effectively. Either educators or researcher, it is crucial to have an in-depth knowledge of the past and present models, theories and processes (Balakrishnan Muniapan, 2011).
The Ministry of Higher Education was established in 2004, with a vision ofmaking Malaysia a center of excellence education. In Malaysia, there are twenty public universities, eleven private universities, four foreign university campuses, fifteen university colleges and more than 500 private colleges and institutions currently been registered (http://www.mohe.gov. my). These are Institute of Higher Learning approved by the Ministry of Higher Education.
Malaysia has made biggest improvement in higher education area especially in term of the graduate's number that had been produced by the higher learning institutions for both public and also private. Report in Sun, dated 20 March, 2007 the percentage of those aged between 25 and 64 in Malaysia with tertiary qualifications increased from just 6.2% in 1995 to 11.1% in 2002. This number is expected to double in the next seven years. Graduates are from various fields comprises of science and technology, arts and humanities, medicine and law, information communication technology and field of business and management.
One of the challenges to preserve our culture and heritage, either it is in the form of tangible or intangible heritage is to consider the usability as well the accessibility in archiving the information preserved. Hence to be used either in the formal or informal education. Moreover, today's students represent the first generations to be brought up with infinite advanced technology. They have spent their entire lives surrounded by and using computers, video games, digital music players, video cams, cell phones, and all the other tools of the digital age. They have spent less than 5,000 hours of their lives reading, but over 10,000 interacting with digital technology (Prensky, 2001).

Economy
Cultural heritage of the world is threatened by the rapid pace of life, development of urban culture, technological and economic growth (Alivizatou, 2011;Loh, 2001).
The world population is rising. By the end of the century, it is expected that the growing population continue to increase by 3.7 billion people, rising from 7.2 billion in middle 2013 to 10.9 billion by 2100 (United Nations, 2013). World population in 2016 is rising at a rate of around 1.13% per year. The current average population change is estimated around 80 million per year (United Nation, 2015). Three countries listed for nearly 50% of the annual increase, namely India (21%), China (12%) and Pakistan (5%). In general, younger median age is estimated to rise signifi-cantly over the decades. Meanwhile, Asia Research Institute in 2013 reported total population of Southeast Asia in 2010 was 593 million with a growth rate of 1.2% per year, which translates to annual addition of 77 million people.

Technology
Digital is one of the latest technologies to preserve our culture and heritage. It is not only a way of preserving our culture and heritage but it also provide an easy  naf, 2008). The value of the computer and the Internet as an educational aid in transmitting information is now becoming one of the crucial and fastest way in learning. However digital technology is not static. It is constantly evolving, changing and expanding. As soon as a solution protocol is found, the technology improves and the issue of filtering is worsening (Callister, 2004). On the other hand, digital technologies need the considering in the design of information and information structures. It usually relates to the general issues of the content, the information chain, and in some instances is about the system usability.

Challenges
The continual destruction of heritage site is a common recurrence around the world. Some are inevitable while others are man-made. Natural disasters like hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, landslides, volcanoes, wind effects, fires, environmental fatigues and long term climate effects are common natural contributor to the destruction (Drdacky, 2007). War, riots, looting, vandalism, and illegal trading of heritage site and artifact are human exploitation.
The battles to preserve these valuable assets against natural disasters are on the losing end although much effort has been made in planning and rehabilitation schemes by organizations and governments. According to the World Bank's Independent Evaluation Group, the cost of disaster damage is rising, and in the 1990s it reached US$ 652 billion, which is 15 times higher than in the 1950s. The number of events grew by 400% between 1975 and 2005, with 2,6 billion people affected by natural disasters over the past ten years (Lostal, 2015).
Human conflict, greed and lack of respect and awareness for the cultural he-ritage are human blunders to the depletion of the valuable legacy. Warring nations should be accountable to the obliteration of heritage site through indiscrete bombings, construction of military bases in historical sites, as well as the after effects of the conflicts, which are looting and damaging of these sites and artifacts. Efforts should also be made to educate and create public awareness to the preservation of the heritage. Looting and robbing of artifacts will not be rampant if there is no demand for these precious items. According to (Lostal, 2015) the most effective method of protection for cultural heritage is to eliminate the demand for black market for these precious objects, thereby reducing the market, a method known as the -market reduction approach. There is a well-documented link between the demand for items without provenance and museums. To eliminate black market demand, legislation is necessary to prosecute and regulate buyers, such as museums. As buyers, museums should be subject to greater scrutiny when acquiring objects. Museums have the ability and responsibility to appropriately research their acquisitions, as their objective is to house and preserve artwork.