Development Strategy 0f Local Food Diversification

The purpose of this research is to develop strategies that can be applied in the development of local food diversification in West Kalimantan. The data used are primary data and secondary data. Variables examined included internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats) in the development of local food diversification in West Kalimantan. Data analysis were conducted in qualitative descriptive to describe the pattern of food consumption in West Kalimantan and continued with a SWOT analysis to carry out the development strategy of the local food diversification in West Kalimantan. The analysis result showed that the strategy for the development of local food diversification in West Kalimantan is SO strategy (Strengths - Opportunities) those are: 1) the increase in synergy between the government and the micro, small and medium enterprises for the development of local food products, 2) the utilization of communications and market information system in improving the marketing of local food products on micro, small and medium enterprises, and 3) the utilization of unutilized agricultural land to improve the quality and quantity of local food products.


INTRODUCTION
The effort to develop food diversification is still one problem that must be addressed in order to improve the food security.This is indicated by the level of rice consumption of Indonesian society that ranks number one in the world, reaching 139 kg per capita per year.This number is very far when compared with other Asian countries like Korea that is only 60 kg per capita per year, Japan 50 kg per capita per year, Thailand 70 kg per capita per year, and Malaysia 80 kg per capita per year.The high level of consumption is because Indonesia still makes rice as a staple food.Mauludyani, et al. (2008) suggested that rice is a staple food that is the largest expenditure share of Indonesian society that equals to 14.9%.Ariani (1993) suggested several reasons for the selection of rice as a staple food as follows: better taste, more quickly and easily processed, and synonymous with high social status.
The population of Indonesia continues to increase at an average growth rate of 1.43% per year so that it has implication for the increase in food demand.A strategic move to meet the food demand is increasing productivity and seeking food diversification.Food diversification is one of the main pillars in achieving food security.Food consumption diversification is not only as an effort to reduce the dependence on rice but also as an effort to improve the nutrition improvement to get qualified and capable competitive people in the globalization era (Himagizi, 2009).
The implementation of local diversification development must be sustainable between people's food preferences with local food resources in each area.Food Security Agency of the Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia stated that Indonesia has the potential of local food resources including 77 types of food sources of carbohydrates, 26 types of beans, 389 varieties of fruits, 228 kinds of vegetables, 40 types of fruit drinks, and 110 kinds of spices.
The pattern of food diversification in Indonesia is directed to vary the consumption of Indonesian society so that it does not depend on rice.Indonesia has various food sources of carbohydrates that can be used as staple foods such as cassava, corn, potato, taro, breadfruit and the others that are the main supporting factor of food diversification.Various kinds of these tubers have a sufficient prospect to be developed as a substitute for rice and to be processed into prestigious food.The problem faced is how to change the views of people who think that the tubers are only snacks and even as inferior goods only consumed by the lower middle class.Therefore, to seek the success of local food diversification, it requires support of process technology development and local food processing and also a good marketing strategy to change the image of inferior food into the normal or even superior food.Frequently the government only encourages the people to carry out the food consumption diversification and without supported by the material availability, the ease of processing technology, and the marketing reach.
Clear evidence that people prefers to consume food for reasons of practicality in processing and easily obtained is shown by the tendency of changing the patterns of food consumption that leads to the flour-based foods, including dried noodles, wet noodles, instant noodles.The research of Hardiansyah and Amalia (2007) stated that the increase in the consumption of wheat flour of the Indonesian population in 2002 to 2005 is from 21.7 g / cap / day to 27.3 g / cap / day.Many variants of the types of wheat floured processed food in the form of wheat floured processed fried food and instant noodles with various prices, flavors, and types have been able to influence the consumers to consume.These changes have to be watched out because wheat is an imported commodity and not produced in Indonesia, so that in the future it will have an impact on wheat import dependency.
Local food diversification allows people to organize the consumption patterns that are not dependent on one source of food and may increase the local food consumption to be substitute or complementary food of rice to be the main menu so as to improve the household food security that will lead to the improvement in national food security.Food consumption diversification will also encourage the farmers to utilize the land with farm crops and other tubers.Thus, if one day there is harvest failure or a problem of distribution to certain food types, it will not affect the people's consumption patterns.
Food diversification program should be directed to increase the availability of food commodities through the utilization of natural resources and development of various local processed food so that it can support the diversification of local food as a whole.The successful implementation of local food diversification requires a strong strategy and commitment from the government, farmers, employers, and society.The role of farmers, government agencies, private sector, academics, and stakeholders is required to support the agricultural development based on local food resources and community support as a determinant of successful implementation of local food diversification (Sumastuti, 2010).This paper aims to describe the situation of the availability and food consumption of the people in West Kalimantan and continues with a SWOT analysis to develop a development strategy of local food diversification in West Kalimantan.

RESEARCH METHODS
The research focuses on the study of the development of local food diversification in the region of West Kalimantan.The data collected in this research is in the form of secondary data and primary data.Primary data is the direct interview result data with the key informants in performing the weighting and rating of variables of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats as the effort to develop the local food diversification in West Kalimantan.The sampling technique uses purposive sampling based on the consideration of the respondent expertise or judgmental sampling (Sekaran and Roger, 2010) Source: Rangkuti, 2006 The rating at column 3 for each factor uses a scale ranging from 4 (very high) to 1 (very low) based on the influence of these factors on the development of local food diversification.The rating for the factors of strengths and opportunities are positive (great strength and opportunity have rating 4, whereas small strength and opportunity have rating 1).The rating for weaknesses and threats are just the opposite, that is, great weakness and threat have rating 1 and small weakness and threat have rating 4. The column of weighting score multiplied rating equals weighting score at column 4 which value varies from 4.0 to 1, 0. Add the weighting score (at column 4) to obtain the total weighting score.This value is to map the position in the diagram of SWOT analysis.Source: Rangkuti, 2006David (2007) stated that there are four kinds of strategies that can be generated through the SWOT matrix, which is a combination of the internal and external factors.There are four possible strategies chosen to carry out the development of local food diversification in West Kalimantan, including: 1) S-O Strategy aims to take advantage of all the internal strengths to seize and take advantage of external opportunities, 2) W-O Strategy aims to improve the internal weaknesses to utilize the external opportunities, 3) S-T Strategy aims to use the internal strengths to avoid or reduce the impact of external threats, and 4) W-T Strategy aims to reduce the internal weaknesses by avoiding the external threats.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Developments in food availability in West Kalimantan through the local production approach can be seen in Table 6.It can be seen that most of the vegetable food commodities show the positive average growth of production per year at the commodities of rice, soybean, cassava, sweet potatoes and green beans, while for the corn and groundnut the average growth of production per year is negative.
The development of commodity production of animal food in West Kalimantan in 2011-2015 showed a less stable condition, which is seen from the quite high increase and decrease of production in some commodities, but the majority of animal food commodities have a positive average growth of production per year except for the free-range chicken eggs, beef, dairy milk, and mutton.4 shows that rice is the main staple food for the people in West Kalimantan and the local food consumption such as corn and other tubers (corn, cassava and sweet potatoes) continues to decline over the last six years.This is in line with the research of Hardono (2014), who stated that nationally there has been a shift in the pattern of staple food from corn and tubers to the national staple food (rice).Other food types such as animal food (except poultry), oil and fat (except palm oil), oily fruits and seeds, nuts, sugar, vegetables and fruits and others also experienced a decline in consumption.It is only the poultry meat and palm oil that have increased in the period 2009-2014.
If examined based on the urban and rural areas (Table 5), food consumption in West Kalimantan in 2014 in rural areas was higher than urban areas for the types of food of rice, cassava, oil and fat, oily fruits and seeds, sugar, and vegetables.The high level of consumption of vegetables in rural areas is because this type of food is easily available in rural locations either from the farm or purchase (Damora, et al., 2008).
The level of food consumption is strongly associated with household income (Yimer, 2011) and (Kostakis, 2012).Berg (1996) stated that families with higher income levels can afford to buy food with more variety and more number when compared to low-income families.Soekirman (2002) also stated that if the average income of households increased it leads to improved food quality.
Food consumption for flour, sweet potato, potato, animal food (ruminant meat, poultry, eggs, dairy and fish), soybeans, green beans, fruit and drinks in urban areas is higher than in rural areas.The high consumption of animal food in urban areas is supported by the opinion of Erwidodo, et al. (1998), which stated that the purchasing power of the animal food is limited because of limited income.Urban people with relative higher income levels in general can buy this type of food animal with more quantity.Nur et al. (2012) also stated that the beef commodity is more elastic to the price changes, which means that during this time the beef is still considered a luxury food items and only consumed by the upper middle-income people.Junaidi (2005) also stated that the participation rate of consuming various types of eggs is higher in urban areas than in rural areas and will continue to increase in line with the increased revenue.
Measurements of food consumption pattern from the food quality aspects also need to be considered through the approach of Expectancy Dietary Pattern score (PPH).The expectancy dietary pattern is a guideline for various food compositions that is able to provide the energy and nutrients needed by the average population with sufficient quantities and balance and provide good quality food.
PPH score is useful as a simple instrument to assess the situation and the availability of food consumption in the form of the amount and composition of food by aggregate type of food (Baliwati, 2002).The quality of food consumption is considered perfect if the PPH score reached 100, which indicates that the food situation is more various and has better composition and nutritional quality.The level of diversity of food consumption showed a positive correlation with the level of nutritional adequacy of food consumption (Hardinsyah, 2007), (Prasetyo et al., 2013) and (Steyn, et al., 2007).Table 6 shows that the total score of PPH of people in West Kalimantan in the urban and rural areas is still under the ideal PPH score.The PPH score in the urban areas is 79.1 in the rural areas is 80.7.The PPH score under the maximum score indicates that the food consumption in West Kalimantan tends to be not various and has still low quality of food consumed.This is because people in West Kalimantan only consume food from one group of food that is grains.Other food groups such as the tubers are consumed by the people only as a food supplement or a mixture of side dishes and vegetables.
A research of Zhang et al. (2008) in rural and urban areas of Guangxi, China also showed that the PPH score in 1992 to 1999 are above 70.The high and low value score of PPH depends on the achievement of the contribution of each food group.
Based on the PPH score of food groups in Table 6, it is noted that the highest total score of PPH should be in the grains (score 25) and has already reached the maximum score.This is consistent with a research on food consumption patterns in Indonesia, South Sulawesi and West Lampung, which has been done by Anwar and Hardinsyah (2014), Kandiana et al. (2009) and Nurindrawati et al. (2008).
Groups of animal food, vegetables and fruits also make a major contribution to the score of PPH.Although the total proportion of grains, animal food, also vegetables and fruits has contributed to the PPH score actually over 50%, but of the whole, no group has reached the ideal score of PPH so it needs improvement in quantity and quality of food consumption at the households by taking into account at the maximum limit which in turn can help increase the actual PPH score.

Development Strategy of Local Food Diversification
Analysis to determine the development strategy of diversification is done with SWOT Analysis (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat).SWOT analysis process involves determining the specific objectives in the development of local food diversification and identifying the internal and external factors that support and do not support the achievement of these objectives.The next stage is to apply the internal and external factors in SWOT matrix, which can provide a guidance on how the strengths are able to take advantage of the opportunities that exist, how to overcome the weaknesses that obstruct the opportunities, how the strengths are able to face the threats and how to overcome the weaknesses that can make the threats become real.Further is the effort of developing science and technology to support the development of local foo, followed by the efforts to improve communication and market information systems.And last is the effort of government assistance for SMEs food sector.The external threat in developing the local food diversification in West Kalimantan includes the following.First, the policy of wheat import with product development and promotion of wheat products aggressively.Indonesia is the second largest wheat importer in the world after Egypt, with the import value in 2016 was estimated at 8.10 million tons, up about 8% from the previous year.The increase in the import value is associated with the increased consumption of wheat in Indonesia.In 2012-2013, the Indonesian wheat consumption amounted to 6.95 million tons, in 2013 to 2014 increased to 7.16 million tons and in 2014 to 2015 increased to 7.36 tons (Listiyarini, 2016).
Second, the limitation of agricultural sector infrastructure, such as the limitation of water infrastructure (dams and irrigation channels), the limitation of animal feed raw material so that the animal feed in West Kalimantan are still imported from Makassar and Surabaya.
Third, the diversification research of food consumption is still not optimal.The government policies are still centralized and uniformity, often ignoring the people's food preferences and the potential for local food.The requirements of the development of diversification are when people's food preferences are supported by the ability of local food production in a region.
Fourth, the limitations of infrastructure conditions in some areas in West Kalimantan.This variable is a variable with the main external threats with the weighted value of 0.234.Data of condition of infrastructure (road length) in West Kalimantan in 2015 amounted to 15,111.32 km consisting of roads in good condition at 12,080.14 km and damaged roads at 6,258.03 km (CBS, 2015).Most roads in damaged condition is a connecting road between cities / regencies in West Kalimantan.The score value of each internal and external factor on the development of local food diversification may specify the position in the SWOT matrix.This is conducted by reducing the total of weighted value between the internal factors (variables of strengths and weaknesses) and the external factors (variables of opportunities and threats), as shown in Table 9.
Table 8 shows the value of X> 0 (strength is greater than weakness of 0.856) and the value of Y> 0 (opportunity is greater than threat of 0.679).The position of coordinates of the development of local food diversification in West Kalimantan can be seen in Cartesian coordinates as figure 1 below.

Quadrant II Diversification Strategy
Based on the SWOT position matrix, the development of local food diversification in West Kalimantan is in quadrant I (progressive strategy), which means to be in a favorable situation and has the opportunity to be developed because the opportunity is greater than the threat that must be faced.In addition, the strength is also so great that there are opportunities that can be utilized to the maximum.
Progressive strategy focuses on S-O strategy (Strengths -Opportunities), which is to take advantage of strengths and opportunities for developing the local food diversification in West Kalimantan.This is in line with the research of Hardono (2014) who stated that the map of the potential success of the development of diversification in Indonesia is in quadrant I (S-O strategies).
S-O Strategy (Strengths-Opportunities) in the development of local food diversification in West Kalimantan includes the following.First, the increased synergy between the government and sector players MSMEs (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) for the development of local food products.This is in line with the opinion of Martianto, et al. (2009) who stated that the increase in the commitment and the role of inter-governmental and stakeholders are the key priority in achieving the local food diversification in an area.Rachman and Ariani (2008) also stated that the role of government is needed to facilitate the diversification and the food consumption through the development of technology and the local food industry.
Second, the utilization of communication and market information systems in improving the marketing of local food products of MSMEs (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) sector.The conditions of MSMEs West Kalimantan still have limitations in terms of implementation of management, limited access to information, limited application of technology, and narrowness of the market circle.Jauhari (2010) stated that one of the obstacles in the development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is the limited market access.One way to overcome that is by improving the market information systems, for example, utilizing the e-commerce service.
Third, the utilization of unutilized potential agricultural land to improve the quality and quantity of local food products.This can be done by utilizing the wastelands that have been released, the land reserves and the potential suboptimal land such as wetlands and tidal swamp (Mulyani, et al., 2011).Besides, it is also necessary to perform the coaching and intensive assistance in the land treatment, planting, maintenance, harvesting and post-harvest by applying the location specific technology innovation.
S-T Strategy (Strengths-Threats) in the development of local food diversification in West Kalimantan includes the following.First, the increased diversification of local food products at affordable prices and quality is to reduce the domestic consumption of wheat products.For example, by developing the flour processed products sourced from a variety of tubers, sago, bananas, breadfruit, pumpkin as the substitute alternative for rice and wheat.
Second, the development of technology and processing institutional and food marketing to maintain the quality of food products and to encourage an increase in value-added.This is necessary due to the fact happening that the development of the local food industry is still limited to the domestic industry and the resulting product is still oriented to the snacks with relative expensive price (Ariani et al., 2013).The development of local food industry is highly dependent on the presence of the consumer, the availability of raw materials and the supporting infrastructure such as transport, electricity, water and others.
Third, the development of infrastructure to build the integration between the food supply source and its distribution by developing the local food production centers.
W-O Strategies (Weaknesses-Opportunities) in the development of local food diversification in West Kalimantan includes the following.First, the utilization of science and technology to enhance the promotion of local food products and optimize the utilization of local food for daily food consumption.The introduction and promotion can be done by through counseling, training and assistance so that it can increase public awareness of the potential local food available to meet the nutritional needs.
Second, the continuity of local food supply on the market at an affordable price and it is easy to obtain.These aspects are important and urgent considering that this instrument will contribute to establish the market price.
Third, the accelerating of implementation of government policy to reduce the conversion of agricultural land.Mahbubi (2013) stated that in the food period, the national food security would be affected if the government does not stop the conversion of agricultural land.One way to avoid the conversion of agricultural lands is through the sub-optimal land utilization for non-food commodities (Las and Mulyani, 2009).
W-T Strategy (Weaknesses-Threats) in the development of local food diversification in West Kalimantan includes the following.First, the increase in the availability of facilities and infrastructure of the agricultural sector to ensure the food security and the local food production.
Second, the increased transport facilities and infrastructure for the smooth distribution of the means of production and the production of local food.The availability of staple food is strongly influenced by the smooth distribution of food to the whole area in West Kalimantan, for example for the meat, eggs and cooking oil that are only produced by certain areas and also the sugar that is imported from outside the region of West Kalimantan.The condition of infrastructure, especially roads in several regencies in West Kalimantan mostly need treatment as soon as possible.
Third, the development of research related to the local food diversification in accordance with people's food preferences and the potential for local food.This is in line with the opinion of Martianto, et al. (2009) who stated that the role of researcher could be done in the form of research and writing publications related to the potential and nutritional value of local foods.
Fourth, increasing the effectiveness of coordination of government agencies at the central and regions related to the local food diversification so as to ensure the integration of policies, programs, and activities among the central and local sectors.This can be done through the development of networks of cooperation between the municipality/ regency or sub-district/ village which regions have a surplus or a deficit that could encourage the smooth distribution of food from the surplus to the deficit areas.
Fifth, facilitating and guaranting the smooth supply of production of facilities and infrastructure, especially seeds/ seedlings and fertilizers.

CONCLUSION
The availability of food in West Kalimantan in 2011-2015 showed the positive average growth of production per year those are on the commodities of paddy, soybean, cassava, sweet potato, green beans, free-range chicken meat, chicken, eggs, pork, duck meat, duck eggs, fisheries and aquaculture.
West Kalimantan food consumption in rural areas is higher than in urban areas for the types of food of rice, cassava, oil and fat, oily fruits and seeds, sugar, and vegetables.Food consumption for wheat, sweet potato, potato, animal food (ruminant meat, poultry, eggs, milk, and fish), soybeans, green beans, fruit and drinks in urban areas is higher than in rural areas.Total score of PPH of communities in West Kalimantan in urban and rural areas is still under the ideal PPH score, which means that the food consumption of people in West Kalimantan tends to be non-differentiated and the quality of food consumed is still low.
Based on the position of the SWOT matrix, developing the local food diversification in West Kalimantan is in region I (Progressive strategy), which means to be in a favorable situation and have a chance to develop.Progressive Strategy focuses on S-O strategy (Strengths-Opportunities) that include: 1) the increased synergy between the government and sector players of MSMEs (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) for the development of local food products, 2) the utilization of communication and market information systems in improving the marketing of local food products of the MSMEs (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) sector, and 3) the utilization of unutilized agricultural land to improve the quality and quantity of the local food products.

Table 2 .
Analysis of External Factor

Table 3 .
Development of Local Food Production in West Kalimantan in 2011-2015 Source: Food Security and Extension Agency of West Kalimantan Province, 2015.

Table 4 .
Food Consumption of People in West Kalimantan in 2009-2014 (kg/capita/year)

Table 5 .
Food Consumption of People in West Kalimantan in 2014 (kg/capita/year) Source: Food Security Agency of West Kalimantan Province, 2015.

Table 6 .
Score of Expectancy Dietary Pattern of People in West Kalimantan Based on Areas in 2014

Table 7 .
Internal Strategic Factor of Development of Local Food Diversification in West Kalimantan

Table 8 .
External Strategic Factor of Development of Local Food Diversification

Table 9 .
Score Value of Internal and External Factors of Development