Teaching Social Sciences Through Ethnophotography

Curriculum 2013 requires teachers to be more creative in compiling teaching materials which are innovative, varied, exciting, contextual, and in accordance with learners' needs to achieve learning objectives. This research aims at developing IPS materials for VII graders of Junior High School (SMP) based on ethnophotography. This study used Research and Development design (R & D). The results were analyzed by qualitative analysis technique. The results show that most social studies (IPS) teachers have not yet developed the IPS materials for VII graders of SMP which is relevant to the environmental conditions. The ethnophotography was used to determine the development of IPS materials by photographing/taking pictures of each regional potential to be used as supporting material in IPS materials. Through ethnophotography, the students would be more interested and easier to learn the material, and at the same time, they learn a variety of region's potential. In conclusion, the IPS material based on ethnophotography can be used as one of the ways to develop teaching materials to get more effective and efficient learning because students can easily understand the material through the photographs displayed in the teaching materials because the photographs show a variety of things around it.


INTRODUCTION
In accordance with the Article 2 of Act No. 20 of 2003 on National Education System, our national education is based on Pancasila and the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia 1945. Article 3 confirms that national education serves to develop the ability and character development as well as dignified civilization in framework of educating the nation. It aims to develop students' potentials to become a man of faith and fear of God Almighty, noble, healthy, knowledgeable, capable, creative, independent, and become responsible citizens of a democratic country.
To realize the goal of national education, it requires qualifications of graduates, including the ability, attitudes, knowledge, and skills of learners which they must achieve from educational unit on elementary and secondary education.
The graduates of SMP/MTs/SMPLB/ Paket B have the attitude (behavior that reflects the attitude of the faithfulness, noble, knowledgeable, confident, and responsible to interact effectively with the social and natural environment within reach of the association and its existence), knowledge (having factual knowledge, conceptual and procedural in science, technology, arts, and culture with insight into humanity, nationality, state, and civilization-related phenomena and events that looked the eye), and skills (the ability of thinking and followeffective and creative in the realm abstract and concrete in accordance with the learned in school and other similar sources).
In 2013 curriculum of standard competencies are described in textbooks, in which the textbook has been provided by the government. The teachers and students are expected to use the book as a learning UNNES JOURNALS guide for both of them. Student books have explained the minimal effort for learners to achieve the expected competencies. In the process of learning, learners are encouraged to seek from other learning resources available and sprawling surroundings (Johnson and Johnson 2009). Therefore, the teacher's role is very important in improving and adjusting the absorption of learners with the available activities stated in the book. Teachers are expected to enrich it with the creation of other forms and activities that are relevant for social and natural environment of each region (Kemdikbud 2013). This means that every teacher is expected to develop and adjust instructional materials according to their potentials Dede 2009;Moran and Tegano 2005;Latham and Mccormack 2007;Davis and Krajcik 2005;Meo 2008). The teacher as the main controller in the learning process of classroom needs to look first to the student books and teacher manuals that have been provided by the government. It is necessary to be thorough on the book provided by the government aimed for the purposes of a national scale. Therefore, local-based learning resource is important to be considered.
Former studies suggest that in a time of increasing plurality in today's world, it is essential that students become critically competent citizens. This can be achieved for example by providing creative learning and teaching of social sciences (Johnson and Johnson 2009;Moran Tegano 2005;Meo 2008;Davis and Krajcik 2005). This article attempts to explore such efforts by discussing creative teaching through ethnophotography. Etnophotography is a method for deeply exploring the potential of society and culture in a certain place (Green and Bloome 2004;Atkinson and Pugsley 2005;. Through Etnophotography, teachers can develop teaching materials within students' and teachers' books from social and natural environment of each region so that it can be relevant to the situation and will help students understanding the material better. It is necessary for further development in order to produce teaching materials of social sciences (IPS) for VII graders of junior high school (SMP) based on appropriate Etnophotography.

RESEARCH METHODS
This study employed a research and development. According to Sukmadinata (2007, p.164), research and development is a powerful strategy or method on research to improve practice. According to Borg and Gall (1983), research and development activities include a series of stages of product development (year 1), testing of products (year 2), and product revision (year 2). The subjects of the study were IPS teachers and VII graders in SMP 2 Semarang, IPS teacher and VII graders in SMP 5 Semarang, and IPS teacher and VII graders in SMP Is. Roudlotus Saidiyah Gunung Pati. The data was collected through interviews, observation, and documentation. Technique validity of the data used triangulation, while the phase analysis techniques used data analysis, data reduction, data compilation to unit, categorization, data validity checking. The data analysis and interpretation was based the theory and concepts used.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In accordance with the concept of Curriculum 2013, IPS subject for VII graders in SMP is compiled based on integrated social sciences learning. Learning for each subject should be continued to make students skilled in presenting knowledge both for concrete and abstract aspects. Learning is aimed at providing a complete insight for junior high school students about the concepts of space and time connectivity along with social activities.
Here is the identity of IPS Inside the book, Geography is used as the basis (platform) of discussion of other disciplines. Through a general idea of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI), the students are introduced to the diversity of the potential of each region. The potential diversity creates supply-demand dynamics dimensions of space and time which triggers the importance of multi-dimensional connectivity bond formation, so it will generate solid unity in existing diversity.
The discussion is divided based on diverse development capitals owned by the state and nation, namely human capital, location capital, natural resources capital, and cultural resources capital (including indigenous people). Understanding of the capitals of this development will strengthen confidence, love and pride of the students for the excellence of their Homeland, thus growing awareness to manage, utilize and conserve the capitals that are responsible for the prosperity and progress (Book IPS Class VII SMP).
In order to achieve learning objectives, an IPS teacher is required to be able to develop teaching materials in accordance with the social and natural environment of each region so that it can be relevant to the situation. Therefore, textbooks provided by the government are made on a national scale; a wide variety of material presented is national-based. Therefore, teachers should develop teaching materials IPS in accordance with the local environmental conditions around the students.
Development of teaching materials becomes one of the things that are important in the achievement of learning objectives. Teaching materials is a set of knowledge, attitudes, and skills that must be learned by the students in order to achieve standard competence which have been determined. In detail, the types of learning materials consist of knowledge (including facts, concepts, principles, and procedures), skills, and attitudes or values (Djelita 2013;Haji 2011;Mulyana Elih, et al. 2013;Harijanto 2007).
The forms of teaching material are divided into three forms, namely: first, teaching materials according to their form: printed teaching materials, for example handouts, books, modules, worksheets, brochures, leaflets, wall chart, photos/ images, and models/mockups, teaching materials for listening/audio programs, for example, cassette, radio, LPs and audio CDs, instructional materials for audiovisual, for example, VCD and films and interactive teaching materials, for example, audio, text, graphics, images, animation, and video). Second, teaching materials according to how it works: teaching materials that are not projected, for example, photographs, charts display, teaching materials that are projected, for example, slides, filmstrips, overhead transparencies, projection computer, Audio teaching materials, for example Compo tape, CD player, multimedia player, flash disk, Video teaching materials video, for example, VCD player, DVD player, Computer teaching materials, for example, computer assisted instruction and computer-UNNES JOURNALS based multimedia/hypermedia. And third, teaching materials according to its nature, print-based teaching materials, for example books, tutorial materials, technology-based materials, such as radio broadcasts, and films, practice-based materials, for example, science kits, observation sheets, teaching materials required for the purposes of human interaction, especially for distance education purposes such as telephone, mobile phone. Instructional materials have the following benefits (Putrayasa 2011): 1. The use for teachers: teachers will have teaching materials that can assist in the implementation of learning activities. Teaching material can be submitted as a work to increase the number of educators' credit for the purpose of promotion and increase revenue for educators if their works are published. 2. The use for students: learning activities becomes more attractive, more students will have the opportunity to learn independently with the guidance of educators, and students find it easy to learn each competency that should be mastered. In the implementation, the majority of IPS teachers for VII graders of SMP have not yet developed teaching materials in accordance with the potential of each area. IPS teachers still use textbooks from the government as the main textbook in IPS class, including in SMP 2 Semarang, SMP 5 Semarang, and SMP Is. Roudlotus Saidiyyah Gunungpati, Semarang. Three IPS teachers in those schools have not yet developed teaching materials based on local potentials; they tend to develop materials orally using a variety of learning approaches that are contextual.
The condition is in accordance with the statement of some IPS teachers in those schools, "....... in teaching social studies, we use a book that has been provided by the government, with contextual learning model, namely the attempt to relate the material to the issues raised in the community, ...... because the curriculum in 2013 are new so we have not had time to develop teaching materials ". This is also expressed by students, that IPS is a difficult subject because there are many things to be learned, ranging from Sociology, Anthropology, Geography, so it tends to require memorization, as expressed by some students, "......... social studies is difficult, a lot of memorization, a lot to learn, because 3 materials are combined into one ...... ". Therefore, teacher's role is very important in making learning social studies in order to be more fun so that students are interested and able to understand the material easily. Junior high school students in psychology enter the domain of early adolescence, in which one of the characteristics of its development is to like things that are visual, such as drawings, comics, photographs, and so forth. This is consistent with the statement of Astuti, et al. (2014) which states that students are more interested in exciting and familiar image visualization.
Development of IPS teaching materials for VII graders which is in accordance with the potential of each region can be done with etnophotography. Etnophotography is a study in anthropology and photography that emphasizes on the incredibility of the things that are conventional. Etnophotography, is a blend of ethnography and photography. As a method, etnophotography uses the work of ethnography by the medium of photography to support the good work in data collection, analysis, and results. Hence, the use of visual materials (photographic) becomes the main material for doing the ethnography (Collier, John, and Collier, Malcolm 1986;Rikhmawan 2012).
Development of IPS teaching materials for VII graders of SMP based on etnophotography has the following objectives: 1. Meeting the demands of curriculum in 2013 about the necessity of teachers to develop teaching materials in accordance with the potential of each region. 2. Introducing the students about the different kinds of potential in the region.

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3. Facilitating the students in learning the material. 4. Making it easier for teachers to provide materials that are relevant to the potential of the surrounding area. 5. Enriching IPS teaching materials for VII graders. The most important thing to do in developing teaching materials based on etnophotography is selecting and sorting the photos of Central Java's potential in accordance with the material. This is done by photographing/taking pictures in thirteen (13) cities / regencies in Central Java, Semarang City, Semarang regency, Kendal re-gency, Demak regency, Kudus regency, Pati regency, Jepara regency, Wonosobo regency, Magelang regency, Banjarnegara regency , Wonogiri regency, Surakarta City, Cilacap regency. After taking some photos that are tailored to the material, then we must select photos that depict the most appropriate potentials in terms of material representation, the sharpness of the colors in an image, the proportion of photos, and so forth.
Based on the above development of IPS teaching materials for VII graders of SMP, the supporting IPS book based on local potential is created: IPS Textbook for VII graders SMP based on Etnophotography  ce with the potential of each area. Teachers tend to choose developing material orally by using a variety of learning approaches that are contextual. The development of IPS teaching materials for VII SMP based on Etnophotography has many advantages. Therefore, it can facilitate teachers and students in the process of achievement of learning objectives.