Identification of Potential Land Locations for Green Open Space in Cirebon City Center (Case study: Pekalipan, Kesambi, and Kejaksan Districts)

. Society cannot ignore the rapid growth of Cirebon city, as evidenced by the population growth rate, which has increased by 2.91% per year compared to the surrounding area. This growth is expected to lead to an increase in built-up land and a reduction in green open spaces in Cirebon City, amounting to approximately 10.5%. This decline green space can increase urban temperatures, especially in Cirebon City. This study focuses on identifying potential locations for green open space from the macro scale of Cirebon City to the microscale in the city center. The analysis reveals a rise in temperature in the city center, with temperatures generally decreasing from the center to the periphery. Surface temperatures have shown an increase from 2015 to 2021, rising from 30.64°C in 2015 to 32.65°C in 2021. The main objective of this study is to identify potential green open space locations in Cirebon City Center. This research employs a quantitative, descriptive, and spatial approach, involving data collection through field observations and literature studies. The research methodology includes the utilization of remote sensing technology to process Landsat 8 images, which aids in the identification of potential green open space locations. The study results indicate that there is an area of 8.02 hectares, or 1.16%, that aligns with the Regional Detail Spatial Plan (RDTR) but necessitates efforts to enhance the quality of green open spaces through methods such as design, management, and community participation. Additionally, there is an area covering 681.42 hectares, not covered by the RDTR, which is a priority for greening through the implementation of green infrastructure.


INTRODUCTION
According to the Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 26 of 2007, concerning Spatial Planning, Green Open Space refers to open areas used for plant growth, naturally and through planting.The presence of Green Open Space in urban areas has a vital role in creating a comfortable urban environment for the community.The government has mandated that a minimum of 30% of the total urban area be allocated as Green Open Space, divided into 20% for public and 10% for private use.This presents one of the challenges faced by Cirebon City, a rapidly growing city in West Java that requires significant efforts to meet the potential land allocation requirements for Green Open Space [1].
The Cirebon City Medium-Term Development Plan 2018 -2023 underscores the rapid growth of Cirebon City, which serves as the central region for Indramayu, Majalengka, and Kuningan.Consequently, built-up land in Cirebon City has reached 55%, and the Population Growth Rate has increased by 2.91% annually compared to the surrounding areas [2].This situation has led to a shortage of Green Open Space in Cirebon City, which currently stands at only 9.4% of the ideal target of 20%.This deficit results in a Green Open Space shortage of approximately 10.5%.The scarcity of Green Open Space is expected to contribute to the rise in urban temperatures or the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon, especially in Cirebon City [3].UHI occurs when air temperatures in the city center surpass those in the surrounding areas [4].To detect UHI, several approaches have been employed, including the utilization of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology [5].
By using the application of geographic information systems, this study aims to provide a more detailed By employing GIS technology, this study aims to provide a more comprehensive analysis of the identification of potential land locations for Green Open Space, which was initially approached at a macro level across Cirebon City but is now focused on a micro-scale examination of the city center, including Pekalipan, Kesambi, and Kejaksan Districts.Average temperature data reveals a significant temperature increase in the city center (Pekalipan, Kesambi, and Kejaksan districts), with temperatures gradually decreasing from the city center towards the suburbs (Lemahwungkuk and Harjamukti districts).Additionally, there is an observable pattern of rising surface temperatures from 2015 to 2021.In 2015, the highest recorded temperature reached 30.64°C, whereas in 2021, the highest temperature increased to 32.65°C [6].Consequently, more detailed micro-scale research is imperative to identify priority zones for expanding Green Open Space and mitigating the effects of UHI within the Regional Detail Spatial Plan (RDTR) of Cirebon City, particularly in Cirebon City Center, which encompasses the Pekalipan, Kesambi, and Kejaksan Districts.The determination of potential areas for Green Open Space land is conducted through the application of Landsat 8 remote sensing satellite image data using parameters such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Temperature Heat Index (THI), and population density [7].

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The methodology of this study uses Landsat 8 imagery processed through remote sensing to determine the potential location of Green Open Space in the center of Cirebon City (Pekalipan, Kesambi, and Kejaksan Districts).Parameters such as vegetation density level, comfort index level, and population density level are used in determining potential locations for Green Open Space potential land.The data sources encompass the RBI map of Cirebon City (Scale 1:25,000), Landsat 8 Satellite Imagery acquired on December 17, 2022, featuring a cloud cover of 10%, along with data on population, climate, land cover, and the Cirebon City Regional Detail Spatial Plan (RDTR) Map.
This research encompasses quantitative, descriptive, qualitative, and spatial methodologies.Data collection involves two approaches: primary data obtained from field observations and secondary data retrieved from existing literature.The analysis includes assessments of vegetation density, comfort index, population density, prioritization, potential Green Open Space location areas, and suitability analysis for highly prioritized zones, as well as the determination of potential Green Open Space sizes within the center of Cirebon City (Pekalipan, Kesambi, and Kejaksan Districts) based on the Cirebon City RDTR Map.Further details concerning the forthcoming analyses in this study are provided below.

Vegetation Density Level
In processing the value of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) or the level of vegetation density, the method used uses data from two bands in the Landsat 8 image, namely band 4 (red) and band 5 (near infrared).Both bands were chosen because measurements are affected by light absorption by green vegetation.The results of the NDVI calculation were then classified by classification class of vegetation density level.Here is the formula for calculating the level of vegetation density and its classification class [8], [9].

Comfort Level of Index
In processing the Temperature Heat Index (THI) value or comfort index level, the method used is to calculate the estimated value of Land Surface Temperature (LST) and relative humidity.Land Surface Temperature estimates are based on processing Landsat 8 imagery using data from bands 10 and 11.Meanwhile, to obtain the distribution of relative humidity, data obtained from BMKG Station [10] were used.Below is a THI calculation formula that can be implemented in the Nieuwolt equation [11].
THI classification refers to the Emmanuel, 2005 study that has adjusted THI cut-off values for the tropics [12].The advantage of the THI method lies in its simple calculation because it only uses 2 parameters, namely land surface temperature and relative humidity.In addition, the data needed is easily obtained from the station of the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency [13].

Population Density
Population data is sourced from BPS Cirebon City to calculate population density at the most granular level, which is per kelurahan within Cirebon City Center.This information will be represented in polygon form and subsequently analyzed using ArcGIS software to assess population density.The following is a breakdown of population density classifications per square kilometer: [14].

Prioritization and Extent of Potential Green Open Space Locations
In assessing the need for an expanded Green Open Space, a study employing an overlay procedure combines multiple factors to evaluate the extent of Green Open Space requirements.This overlay procedure leverages ArcGIS software, incorporating tools for overlaying NDVI, THI, and population density maps.Furthermore, this overlay process assigns specific weights to discern the potential for green open spaces in Cirebon City.The subsequent step is the establishment of overlay weighting criteria to promote more effective fulfillment of green open space requirements.The following outlines the criteria for overlay weighting to prioritize potential Green Open Space locations: [7].The Suitability of The Zone is a priority and The Area of Potential Locations of Green Open Space with RDTR Cirebon City.
In knowing the suitability, identifying zones for green open space needs is carried out following the Detailed Spatial Plan (RDTR) of the Cirebon City area.

Vegetation Density Analysis
The level of vegetation density or NDVI value in Cirebon City Center is dominated by a very sparse vegetation density level, covering an area of 951.99 ha or 65.22% of the total area.Meanwhile, vegetation density is very dense, only covering an area of 0.50 ha or 0.03% of the total area.The area of non-vegetation, commonly called water bodies has an area of 1.89 ha or 0.13% of the entire area.Information regarding the results of NDVI level classification in Cirebon City Center can be found in the table and figure below.

Comfort Index Analysis
The comfort index level or THI value in Cirebon City Center is between 18.00 °C to THI 30.00 °C.The comfort index level of downtown Cirebon City is dominated by uncomfortable comfort level with THI value > 27 °C with an area of 828.05 Ha or 56.69% of the total area.The comfortable level in Cirebon City Center only has an area of 50.59 ha or 4.46% of the total area located in a small part of Kejaksan and Kesambi Districts.The results of THI classification in Cirebon City are explained in the table and figure below.

Analysis of Priority Determination and Extent of Potential Green Open Space Locations
In determining the potential of Green Open Space land, it was found that in Cirebon City Center, the high-priority class dominated with a percentage of 48%.Kesambi District has the most with a rate of 25.69%, followed by Kejaksan District with 12.44% as the second most, and Pekalipan District has the lowest percentage of 9.87%.Meanwhile, classes that are not very priority are only found in Kejaksan District with an area of 1.20 ha, located in Kebonbaru and Kesenden Villages.More complete information on the priority classification and measurement of potential Green Open Space locations can be found in the table below.The

Suitability of The Zone is Very Priority and The Area of Potential Locations of Green Open Space with RDTR Cirebon City
In assessing the potential suitability of Green Open Space, especially within the very priority zone outlined in the RDTR of Cirebon City, it was observed that Cirebon City Center was predominantly occupied by classes not in compliance with the RDTR design.Specifically, this non-compliant area covered 681.42 hectares, accounting for 98.84% of the total Green Open Space very priority zone area.In contrast, the portion adhering to the RDTR design constituted a mere 8.02 hectares or 1.16% of the Green Open Space priority zone area.For more comprehensive information concerning the identification of the suitability of Green Open Space priority zones within the Cirebon City Center area, please refer to the table below.

TABLE 2 .
Comfort Index Level Class.

TABLE 4 .
Prioritization of Green Space Weighting.

TABLE 5 .
Classification of Vegetation Density Level of Cirebon City Center Area.

TABLE 6 .
Classification of Comfort Index of Cirebon City Center Area.

TABLE 8 .
Classification of Comfort Index of Cirebon City Center Area.

TABLE 9 .
Identification of Green Space Priority Zone Suitability with RDTR of Cirebon City Center Area.Classification of Potential Land for Green Open Space in Cirebon City Center Area comfort following applicable regulations.Consequently, future research endeavors may include radiometric correction, reflectance correction for bands 4 and 5, and NDVI analysis.Moreover, green open space research could involve impact analysis by incorporating regression or spatial modeling techniques to determine vegetation types in accordance with site-specific conditions.