Efek Olahraga Ringan Pada Fungsi Imunitas Terhadap Mikroba Patogen : Infeksi Virus Dengue

Dyah Mahendrasari Sukendra(1),


(1) Jurusan Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, FIK, UNNES

Abstract

Imunitas atau kekebalan pada tubuh manusia merupakan kemampuan tubuh untuk melawan berbagai mikroba patogen, misalnya virus dengue penyebab penyakit DBD. Kecenderungan anak-anak terhadap gadget  yang terkoneksi internet, membuat anak-anak lebih suka bermain dengan gadget. Sehingga muncul kecenderungan anak hanya diam dan kurang beraktivitas. Tubuh yang cenderung diam dan kurang beraktivitas dapat berpengaruh pada fungsi kekebalan tubuh. Aktivitas latihan fisik ringan lebih bermanfaat pada fungsi imunitas bila dibanding hanya melakukan aktivitas berupa duduk/tidak melakukan kegiatan apapun. Kekebalan tubuh dapat mudah ditingkatkan dengan melakukan latihan fisik/olahraga juga istirahat serta tidur cukup. Peningkatan jumlah leukosit dalam sirkulasi darah (utamanya limposit dan neutrofil) serta trombosit, dengan melakukan latihan fisik/olahraga ringan dipengaruh oleh intensitas dan durasi latihan. Terjadi pula peningkatan konsentrasi plasma dari berbagai substansi yang dikenal dengan efek fungsi leukosit, termasuk sitokin pada peradangan, seperti TNF-α, makrofag inflamatori protein-1, IL-1β; anti-inflamator sitokin IL-6, IL-10, dan IL-1-reseptor antagonist (IL-1ra); serta peningkatan kadar protein, termasuk C-reaktif protein (CRP). Mekanisme kenaikan atau penurunan imun saat latihan fisik/olahraga dapat memberikan manfaat positif bagi kesehatan dalam jangka panjang, hal ini berkaitan dengan pertahanan tubuh terhadap infeksi penyakit. Sehingga jika terjadi  infeksi mikroba patogen yaitu virus dengue, maka tubuh mampu melakukan pencegahan  infeksi virus dengue ke dalam tubuh.

Keywords

Imunitas, latihan fisik, olahraga, mikroba patogen, virus dengue

Full Text:

PDF

References

Bäck, Anne Tuiskunen, and Åke Lundkvist. 2013.Dengue viruses–an overview.Infection ecology & epidemiology.3.

Baratawidjaya, KG. 1991. Imunologi Dasar. Edisi Kedua. Jakarta. FK UI.

Cineman, D. 2000. Special Feature for the Olympics: Effects of Excercise on the Immune System. Immunology and Cell Biology (2000) 78, 496–501; doi:10.1111/j.1440-1711.2000.t01-5-.x

Ekblom B, Ekblom O, Malm C. 2006. Infectious episodes before and after a marathon race. Scand J Med Sci Sports 16: 287–293.

Fahlman MM, Engels HJ. Mucosal IgA and URTI in American college football players: a year longitudinal study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37: 374–380, 2005

Faqih M. 2014. Survei : Jutaan Anak Usia SD Kecanduan ”Gadget”. Republika.co.id 17 Januari 2014.

Guyton AC dan Hall JE, 1996. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 18 ed. New Jersey. Prentice Hall

Lancaster GI, Halson SL, Khan Q, Drysdale P, Jeukendrup AE, Drayson MT, Gleeson M. 2004. The effects of acute exhaustive exercise and intensified training on type 1/type 2 T cell distribution and cytokine production. Exerc Immunol Rev 10: 91–106.

Lancaster GI, Khan Q, Drysdale PT, Wallace F, Jeukendrup AE, Drayson MT, Gleeson M. 2005. Effect of prolonged strenuous exercise and carbohydrate ingestion on type 1 and type 2 T lymphocyte distribution and intracellular cytokine production in humans. J Appl Physiol 98: 565–571.

Lister, ,I N E. 2008. Pengaruh Latihan Aerobik Intensitas Ringan dan Sedang Terhadap Jumlah Trombosit Pada Remaja Putri di Univerrsitas Prima Indonesia. Tesis. Sekolah Pascasarjana, Universitas Sumatera Utara

Matthews CE, Ockene IS, Freedson PS, Rosal MC, Merriam PA, Hebert JR. 2002. Moderate to vigorous physical activity and the risk of upper-respiratory tract infection. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34: 1242–1248.

Gleeson M (Editor). 2005. Immune Function in Sport and Exercise. Edinburgh: Elsevier.

Gleeson M, McFarlin BK, Flynn MG. 2006. Exercise and Toll-like receptors. Exerc Immunol Rev 12: 34–53.

Gleeson, M , 2007. Immune function in sport and exercise, Journal of Applied Physiology Published 1 August 2007 Vol. 103 no. 2, 693-699 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00008.

Nieman DC, Johansen LM, Lee JW, Arabatzis K. 1990. Infectious episodes in runners before and after the Los Angeles Marathon. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 30: 316–328

Nieman DC., 1994, Exercise : Infection and Immunity. Int J Sports Med 15: S131–S141.

Nieman . 2012. Clinical implications of exercise immunology. Journal of Sport and Health Science: doi-10.1016/j.jshs.2012.04.004

Northoff H, Berg A, Weinstock C. Similarities and differences of the immune response to exercise and trauma: the IFN-γ concept. 1998. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 76: 497–504.

Peters EM, Goetzsche JM, Grobbelaar B, Noakes TD. 1993. Vitamin C supplementation reduces the incidence of post-race symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection in ultramarathon runners. Am J Clin Nutr 57: 170–174,

Peters EM, Goetzsche JM, Joseph LE, Noakes TD. 1996. Vitamin C as effective as combinations of anti-oxidant nutrients in reducing symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections in ultramarathon runners. S A J Sports Med 11: 23–27.

Ronsen O, Pedersen BK, Oritsland TR, Bahr R, Kjeldsen-Kragh J. 2001. Leukocyte counts and lymphocyte responsiveness associated with repeated bouts of strenuous endurance exercise. J Appl Physiol 91: 425–434.

Rothman, A L. 2011.Immunity to dengue virus: a tale of original antigenic sin and tropical cytokine storms.Nature Reviews Immunology 1.8: 532-543.

Shephard RJ, Shek PN. 1999. Effects of exercise and training on natural killer cell counts and cytolytic activity: a meta-analysis. Sports Med 28: 177–195.

Starkie RL, Ostrowski SR, Jauffred S, Febbraio M, Pedersen BK. 2003. Exercise and IL-6 infusion inhibit endotoxin-induced TNF-alpha production in humans. FASEB J 17: 884–886

Steensberg A, Fischer CP, Keller C, Moller K, Pedersen BK.2003. IL-6 enhances plasma IL-1ra, IL-10, and cortisol in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 285: E433–E437.

WHO, 1999 demam berdarah dengue:diagnosis, pengobatan, pencegahan, dan pengendalian. Diterjemahkan oleh monica ester, penerbit ECG. Jakarta

Woods J, Lu Q, Ceddia MA, Lowder T. 2000. Special feature for the Olympics: effects of exercise on the immune system: exercise-induced modulation of macrophage function. Immunol Cell Biol 78: 545–553.

Zompi, Simona, Harris, dan Eva. 2012, Animal Models of Dengue Virus Infection. Viruses 2012, 4(1), 62-82; doi:10.3390/v4010062, MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Published by:
Department of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang
Gd. F1 Lt. 1 FIK-UNNES, Jalan Raya Sekaran Gunungpati Semarang Indonesia 50229, Telp/Fax: (024) 8508007

 

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.