Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy

Antibacterial Activity Peel-off Mask Ethanol Extract of Pomegranate Peel (Punica granatum L.) Against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus

2024-01-15T11:09:57+07:00

Background: Pomegranate peel (Punica granatum L.) is a part of the pomegranate fruit which is used as a traditional medicine for acne. The ethanol extract of pomegranate peel contains alkaloid, phenolic, flavonoid, and saponin compounds which have potential as antibacterial agents.

Aim: This study aims to make peel-off masks of the ethanol extract of pomegranate peels and to determine the antibacterial activity of peel-off masks against acne-causing bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus.

Material and Methods: The maceration method was used to obtain pomegranate peel extract with 96% ethanol solvent. Phytochemical screening is used to determine the content of the extract. Preliminary test of antibacterial activity was carried out using the disk diffusion method to determine the MIC value. The extract was then made into a peel-off mask preparation based on HPMC gel and PVA as a gelling agent. The peel-off mask was then evaluated physically and tested for its antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion.

Results: Pomegranate peel (Punica granatum L.) extracted with 96% ethanol contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and phenolics which show antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC value of 1.9 mg/ml. The results of observations of the physical properties of peel-off masks showed that the formulas that met the requirements were F(1) and F(2) with extract concentrations of 1.56% and 3.12%, respectively. The results of the antibacterial activity test of the peel-off mask of the ethanol extract of pomegranate peel had an inhibition zone of 9-15 mm in the medium to strong category.

Conclusion: Based on the results of physical evaluation and antibacterial activity test, F(2) was the most optimum formula with inhibition against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus of 13 mm and 14.5 mm, respectively.

Analysis of Hydroquinone in Face Whitening Cream Circulating in Semarang City Using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry Method

2024-01-15T11:09:58+07:00

The Food and Drug Supervisory Agency of the Republic of Indonesia issued a regulation that hydroquinone with levels above two percent is a class of strong drugs that can only be given with a doctor's prescription. However, reality shows that many manufacturers misuse hydroquinone as an over-the-counter cream with a content of more than 2%. This study aims to determine the validity of the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method for hydroquinone analysis, to test the hydroquinone content and levels in whitening creams sold in Semarang, and to ascertain whether these levels comply with BPOM regulations. A total of 10 samples of facial whitening creams obtained from cosmetic shops located in North Semarang, East Semarang, West Semarang, Central Semarang and South Semarang were subjected to qualitative tests and quantitative tests. Method validation test was carried out to ensure the validity of the results obtained. The validation parameters used are linearity, LOD and LOQ, precision and accuracy. The results showed that the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method was valid for hydroquinone analysis in samples of facial whitening cream for all tested parameters. The linear regression equation obtained is y=0,0132x+0,0655 with r=0,9986 and R²=0,9973; the maximum wavelength is 294 nm, high precision with %RSD obtained by 0,84%, the LOD and LOQ values were 2,5 µg/ml and 8,3 µg/ml, and the accuracy value was 100,211%. Then a qualitative test was carried out on each sample of facial whitening cream by comparing the spectrum between each sample and the standard spectrum of hydroquinone to identify the presence or absence of hydroquinone. The results of samples A, G, H, and J were not identified as containing hydroquinone, while samples B, C, D, E, F, and I were identified to contain hydroquinone. The quantitative test was carried out by determining the levels of hydroquinone in a sample of facial whitening cream using a linear regression equation. The hydroquinone content in the sample A, G, H, and J could not be determined because they were not detected by the spectrophotometer used. Hydroquinone levels in creams B, C, D, E, F, and I each have a value of 0.84%; 4.77%; 0.74%; 2.27%; 4.75%; and 1.39%.

Formulation and Evaluation of Lozenges from Durian Peel Extract (Durio zibethinus Murr) as an Antioxidant

2024-01-15T11:10:00+07:00

The durian peel is known to possess antioxidant activity due to the presence of flavonoid

compounds in it. However, the potential of durian peel as an antioxidant is yet to be fully utilized,

necessitating innovative approaches. This research aimed to formulate durian peel extract into

antioxidant lozenge tablets. The durian peel was extracted using the reflux method with 96%

ethanol as the solvent. The lozenge tablets were prepared in three formulations with varying fillers,

Formula 1 with mannitol, Formula 2 with combination of mannitol-lactose, and Formula 3 with

lactose. Evaluation of granule quality and physical properties of the lozenge tablets showed that

Formula 2, with 50% mannitol and 50% lactose concentration, had exhibited better granule quality

and physical properties compared to the other formulations. It had a flow rate of 0,88 seconds, an

angle of repose of 19,85°, a compressibility index of 10%, tablet friability of 0,33%, tablet hardness

of 11,67 kg, and a disintegration time of 16 minutes. The antioxidant activity of the durian peel

extract lozenge tablets was identified using the DPPH method, with vitamin C tablets and imboost

lozenge tablets as positive controls. The sample of durian peel extract lozenge tablet demonstrated

higher antioxidant activity (IC50 value = 197,25 µg/mL) compared to the imboost lozenge tablet

(IC50 value = 268,09 µg/mL). However, the antioxidant activity was still inferior to that of the

vitamin C tablet, which had an IC50 value of 86.81 µg/mL.

Formulation of Effervescent Tablet From Extract of Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) Peels and Its Antioxidant Activity

2024-01-15T11:10:01+07:00

Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) is one of the seasonal fruits whose existence is abundant in Indonesia that leaves the waste of durian peels that are usually discarded after the durian fruit is consumed. While durian peel contains flavonoid, phenolic, alkaloid, steroid, saponin and a few terpenoid compounds based on durian fruit skin have a variety of pharmacological activities, one of which is as a natural source of antioxidants.The study aims to formulate durian fruit peels extract in an effervescent tablet preparation that is expected to be able to be one of the variations of natural antioxidants that can be easily consumed by society. The formula of effervescent tablets of durian fruit peels extract is made with variations in the concentration of Formula 1 dry extract of 0%, Formula 2 of 16%, Formula 3 of 20%, Formula 4 of 30%. The extraction method used in this study was the reflux method with 96% ethanol solvent. Effervescent tablets of durian skin extract were then tested for its antioxidant activity using the DPPH method and measured the value. In this study, durian peels extract was formulated into the form of an effervescent 1000 mg tablet preparation with variations in the concentration of dry extract 0%, 16%, 20% and 30%. All formulas showed the results of the evaluation of the physical properties of the granules and tablets were good and met the required standards. Formula 4 showed higher antioxidant activity compared to the other three formulas. This can be seen from the concentration of the added dry extract reaching 30%. Furthermore, formula 4 showed the smallest value of 117,7329 μg/mL, where the smaller the value of , the stronger its antioxidant activity. Based on these values, the formula 4 effervescent tablets are included in the moderate antioxidant activity.

Validation of Analytical Methods: A Comprehensive Review

2024-01-15T11:10:02+07:00

Validation of analytical method development is necessary to produce reliable results for regulatory submissions. These techniques are necessary for a variety of tasks, including as testing for quality control release, testing of stability samples, testing of reference materials, and providing information to back up specifications. An important step in the drug discovery process is the use of an analytical method followed by a technique for creating evidence that offers a high level of assurance. Despite the drug's good potency, the lack of a recognised analytical method prevents the drug from being sold. This preserves the drug's quality and safety. This review offers suggestions for several approaches to assure a drug's stability as well as different validation criteria that imitate to different regulatory agencies.