The Effect of Coaching Leadership Style Towards Motivational Factors among School Rugby Players
Keywords:
Coaching Leadership Style, Motivational Factor, Rugby
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of coaching leadership style towards motivational factor among school rugby players. The sample selection was based on two top schools in rugby performance which are from Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur and Selangor state respectively. The sample selection consisted of 62 school rugby players and purposive sampling was used. They were given an online questionnaire to complete as the primary instrument for gathering information about coaching leadership style and motivation factor. Leadership Scale for Sport - 15 Version (LSS-15) is the questionnaire used to identify coaching leadership style while Sport Motivation Scale-II (SMS-II) is the second questionnaire used to identify motivational factor. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 26.0 was used to analyzed all data in this study. The mean of the data obtained was determined using descriptive analysis to identify the preferred coaching leadership style among school rugby players, actual coaches’ coaching leadership style and motivational factor among school rugby players. Spearman Correlation was carried out to study the relationship of coaching leadership style and motivational factors among school rugby players. The researcher found that there is a significant relationship between coaching leadership style and motivational factor among school rugby players.
References
Abu Samah, I. H., Adekalu, S. O., Omar, Z., & Ismail, I. A. (2013). Influence of Coaches’ Behavior on Athletes’ Motivation: Malaysian Sport Archery Experience. International Journal of Research in Management, 5(3), 136–142.
Atta, H., Nazeer, M. T., Mahfooz, M., Ilyas, M., & Khan, S. ur R. (2021). Relationship Between Coaching Styles And Achievement Motivation In Basketball Players. Humanities and Social Sciences Reviews, 9(3), 1446–1451.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215.
Burdette, G. P. (2008). an Examination of Preferred Coaching Behaviors as Predicted by Athlete Gender, Race, and Playing Time. Unpublished Thesis.
Burrel, C. J. (2016). The Relationship of Perceived Autonomy-Supportive Coaching Behavior with Motivation among High School Athletes.
Chee, H. K., Rasyid, N. M., Tengah, R. Y., & Low, J. F. L. (2018). Relationship between leadership style and performance of Perak SUKMA athletes and coaches. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 9(6S), 1323. https://doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v9i6s.97
Chelladurai, P., & Saleh, S. D. (1980). Dimensions of Leader Behavior in Sports: Development of a Leadership Scale. Journal of Sport Psychology, 2(1), 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsp.2.1.34
Chelladurai, Packianathan. (1980). Leadership in Sports Organizations. Canadian Journal of Applied Sports Science, 5, 226–231.
Cherry, K. (2019). Motivation: Psychological Factors That Guide Behaviour. Very Well Mind.
Chiu, W., Rodriguez, F. M., & Won, D. (2016). Revisiting the leadership scale for sport: Examining factor structure through exploratory structural equation modeling. Psychological Reports, 119(2), 435–449. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294116662880
Cruz, A. B., & Kim, H. D. (2017). Leadership preferences of adolescent players in sport: Influence of coach gender. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 16(2), 172–179.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and self-determination in human behavior.
Enoksen, E., Fahlström, P., Johansen, B., Hageskog, C.-A., Christensen, J., & Høigaard, R. (2014). Perceptions of leadership behavior and the relationship to athletes among Scandinavian coaches. Scandinavian Sport Studies Forum, 5(December), 131–148.
Fiedler, F. E. (1967). A theory of leadership effectiveness.
Fransen, K., Alexander Haslam, S., Steffens, N. K., Vanbeselaere, N., De Cuyper, B., & Boen, F. (2015). Believing in “Us”: Exploring leaders’ capacity to enhance team confidence and performance by building a sense of shared social identity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 21(1), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000033
Fransen, K., McEwan, D., & Sarkar, M. (2020). The impact of identity leadership on team functioning and well-being in team sport: Is psychological safety the missing link? Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 51(February), 101763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101763
Garson, G. D. (2012). Testing Statistical Assumptions. Blue Book Series, 1–52.
Gillet, N., Berjot, S., Vallerand, R. J., Amoura, S., & Rosnet, E. (2012). Examining the motivation-performance relationship in competitive sport: A cluster-analytic approach. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 43(2), 79–102.
Hassan, A. (2018). No consistency in Malaysia’s rugby; results show a decline. New Straits Times. https://www.nst.com.my/sports/others/2018/10/420737/no-consistency-malaysias-rugby-results-show-decline
Hersey, P., & Blanchard, K. H. (1977). Managaement of Organizational Behavior: Utilizing Human Resources (N. J. P.-H. Englewood Cliffs (Ed.); 3rd ed.).
House, R. J. (1971). A Path Goal Theory of Leader Effectiveness Author(s): Robert J. House Source. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16(3), 321–339.
Karim, Z. A., & Ismail, F. H. (2019). Common Coaching Leadership Style and Leadership Practice Differences between Team Athletes in Kuala Lumpur School Sports Council (MSSWPKL). International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(7), 700–713. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v9-i7/6162
Kedia, H., & Nimkar, N. (2020). Effective leadership style in a sport organization. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 23(17). https://doi.org/10.36295/ASRO.2020.231722
Lopez, Y. P., Dohrn, S., & Posig, M. (2020). The effect of abusive leadership by coaches on Division I student-athletes’ performance: The moderating role of core self-evaluations. Sport Management Review, 23(1), 130–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.07.001
Lunn, P., & Kelly, E. (2017). Rugby in Ireland: A Statistical Analysis of Participation (Issue 9). ESRI.
Marcone, M. S. (2017). The impact of coaching styles on the motivation and performances of athletes. Kinesiology, Sports Studies, and Physical Education, 21, 34. https://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/pes_synthesis/21
Massive Decline In Australians’ Participation In Rugby, Squash And Tenpin Bowling. (2017). Ausleisure. https://www.ausleisure.com.au/news/massive-decline-in-australians-participation-in-rugby-squash-and-tenpin-bow/
Mertens, N., Boen, F., Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., & Fransen, K. (2021). Will the real leaders please stand up? The emergence of shared leadership in semi-professional soccer teams. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 24(3), 281–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.09.007
Mitchell, S. E. (2013). Self-Determination Theory And Oklahoma Equestrians: A Motivation Study.
Morgan, J. (2020). What is leadership, who is leader? Chieff Learning Officer. https://www.chieflearningofficer.com/2020/01/06/what-is-leadership-and-who-is-a-leader/
Noor, N. M., Faithal, M., Hassan, H., Geok, S. K., & Seruti, J. F. (2019). The relationship of coaching behavior towards the motivation of football athletes in Malaysia sports’ school. Malaysian Journal of Sport Science and Recreation, 15(1), 57–67.
Osborn, Richard N.; Hunt, J. G. (1975). An adaptive-reactive theory of leadership: The role of macro variables in leadership research. (J. G. H. & L. L. Larson (Ed.); Vol. 6).
Pelletier, L. G., Rocchi, M. A., Vallerand, R. J., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). Validation of the revised sport motivation scale (SMS-II). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(3), 329–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.12.002
Pelletier, L. G., Tuson, K. M., Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., Briére, N. M., & Blais, M. R. (1995). Toward a New Measure of Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation, and Amotivation in Sports: The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17, 35–53.
Pido, G. B., & Ph, D. (2018). Investigating the Coaches Leadership Style as a Predictor of Student-Athlete Satisfaction. Durreesamin Journal, 4(3), 1–9.
Rasyid, N. M., Aziz, S. A., & Tengah, R. Y. (2020). Goal orientation and preferred coaching styles of Malaysian sport school’s athletes. European Journal of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, 7(2), 3938–3951.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
Sabri, M. M. S. F., Yen, M., & Hian, T. C. (2016). Athletes’ Satisfaction With the Coaches Leadership Styles in Schools’ High Performance Sports Programme Athletes ’ Satisfaction With the Coaches Leadership Styles in Schools ’ High Performance Sports. Proceedings of the 2nd. International Conference on Arts, Social Sciences & Technology Penang, Malaysia, 3rd. – 5th.March 2012 Paper, April, I2442-1 upto I2442-12.
Sharma, R. (2015). Preferred Leadership Behaviours of Male and Female Badminton Players. International Journal of Science Culture and Sport, 3(10), 73–73. https://doi.org/10.14486/ijscs278
Sherman, C., Fuller, R., & Speed, H. (2000). Gender Comparisons of Preferred Coaching Behaviors in Australian Sports. Journal of Sport Behavior, 23(4), 389.
Singh, D., & Pathak, M. K. (2017). Role of motivation and its impact on the performance of a sports person. 4(4), 340–342.
Sorenson, T. A. (2018). Athlete motivation and leadership preferences in a collegiate football team. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 79(10-A(E)). http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2018-34218-129&%0Alang=de&site=ehost-live
Soyer, F., Sarı, İ., & Talaghir, L.-G. (2014). The Relationship between Perceived Coaching Behaviour and Achievement Motivation: A Research in Football Players. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 152(2012), 421–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.224
Syed Ahmad, S. H., & Parnabas, V. (2020). The Relationship Between Motivation and Leadership Style Among PKNS Football Academy Players. In Lecture Notes in Bioengineering (Issue June). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3270-2_48
Teques, P., Silva, C., Rosado, A., Calmeiro, L., & Serpa, S. (2020). Refining the Short Version of the Leadership Scale for Sports: Factorial Validation and Measurement Invariance. Psychological Reports. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120953560
Tso, M. (2020). Rugby losing ground at high schools as students turn to other sports. Stuff. https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/119251701/rugby-losing-ground-at-high-schools-as-students-turn-to-other-sports.
Atta, H., Nazeer, M. T., Mahfooz, M., Ilyas, M., & Khan, S. ur R. (2021). Relationship Between Coaching Styles And Achievement Motivation In Basketball Players. Humanities and Social Sciences Reviews, 9(3), 1446–1451.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215.
Burdette, G. P. (2008). an Examination of Preferred Coaching Behaviors as Predicted by Athlete Gender, Race, and Playing Time. Unpublished Thesis.
Burrel, C. J. (2016). The Relationship of Perceived Autonomy-Supportive Coaching Behavior with Motivation among High School Athletes.
Chee, H. K., Rasyid, N. M., Tengah, R. Y., & Low, J. F. L. (2018). Relationship between leadership style and performance of Perak SUKMA athletes and coaches. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 9(6S), 1323. https://doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v9i6s.97
Chelladurai, P., & Saleh, S. D. (1980). Dimensions of Leader Behavior in Sports: Development of a Leadership Scale. Journal of Sport Psychology, 2(1), 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsp.2.1.34
Chelladurai, Packianathan. (1980). Leadership in Sports Organizations. Canadian Journal of Applied Sports Science, 5, 226–231.
Cherry, K. (2019). Motivation: Psychological Factors That Guide Behaviour. Very Well Mind.
Chiu, W., Rodriguez, F. M., & Won, D. (2016). Revisiting the leadership scale for sport: Examining factor structure through exploratory structural equation modeling. Psychological Reports, 119(2), 435–449. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294116662880
Cruz, A. B., & Kim, H. D. (2017). Leadership preferences of adolescent players in sport: Influence of coach gender. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 16(2), 172–179.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and self-determination in human behavior.
Enoksen, E., Fahlström, P., Johansen, B., Hageskog, C.-A., Christensen, J., & Høigaard, R. (2014). Perceptions of leadership behavior and the relationship to athletes among Scandinavian coaches. Scandinavian Sport Studies Forum, 5(December), 131–148.
Fiedler, F. E. (1967). A theory of leadership effectiveness.
Fransen, K., Alexander Haslam, S., Steffens, N. K., Vanbeselaere, N., De Cuyper, B., & Boen, F. (2015). Believing in “Us”: Exploring leaders’ capacity to enhance team confidence and performance by building a sense of shared social identity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 21(1), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000033
Fransen, K., McEwan, D., & Sarkar, M. (2020). The impact of identity leadership on team functioning and well-being in team sport: Is psychological safety the missing link? Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 51(February), 101763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101763
Garson, G. D. (2012). Testing Statistical Assumptions. Blue Book Series, 1–52.
Gillet, N., Berjot, S., Vallerand, R. J., Amoura, S., & Rosnet, E. (2012). Examining the motivation-performance relationship in competitive sport: A cluster-analytic approach. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 43(2), 79–102.
Hassan, A. (2018). No consistency in Malaysia’s rugby; results show a decline. New Straits Times. https://www.nst.com.my/sports/others/2018/10/420737/no-consistency-malaysias-rugby-results-show-decline
Hersey, P., & Blanchard, K. H. (1977). Managaement of Organizational Behavior: Utilizing Human Resources (N. J. P.-H. Englewood Cliffs (Ed.); 3rd ed.).
House, R. J. (1971). A Path Goal Theory of Leader Effectiveness Author(s): Robert J. House Source. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16(3), 321–339.
Karim, Z. A., & Ismail, F. H. (2019). Common Coaching Leadership Style and Leadership Practice Differences between Team Athletes in Kuala Lumpur School Sports Council (MSSWPKL). International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(7), 700–713. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v9-i7/6162
Kedia, H., & Nimkar, N. (2020). Effective leadership style in a sport organization. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 23(17). https://doi.org/10.36295/ASRO.2020.231722
Lopez, Y. P., Dohrn, S., & Posig, M. (2020). The effect of abusive leadership by coaches on Division I student-athletes’ performance: The moderating role of core self-evaluations. Sport Management Review, 23(1), 130–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.07.001
Lunn, P., & Kelly, E. (2017). Rugby in Ireland: A Statistical Analysis of Participation (Issue 9). ESRI.
Marcone, M. S. (2017). The impact of coaching styles on the motivation and performances of athletes. Kinesiology, Sports Studies, and Physical Education, 21, 34. https://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/pes_synthesis/21
Massive Decline In Australians’ Participation In Rugby, Squash And Tenpin Bowling. (2017). Ausleisure. https://www.ausleisure.com.au/news/massive-decline-in-australians-participation-in-rugby-squash-and-tenpin-bow/
Mertens, N., Boen, F., Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., & Fransen, K. (2021). Will the real leaders please stand up? The emergence of shared leadership in semi-professional soccer teams. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 24(3), 281–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.09.007
Mitchell, S. E. (2013). Self-Determination Theory And Oklahoma Equestrians: A Motivation Study.
Morgan, J. (2020). What is leadership, who is leader? Chieff Learning Officer. https://www.chieflearningofficer.com/2020/01/06/what-is-leadership-and-who-is-a-leader/
Noor, N. M., Faithal, M., Hassan, H., Geok, S. K., & Seruti, J. F. (2019). The relationship of coaching behavior towards the motivation of football athletes in Malaysia sports’ school. Malaysian Journal of Sport Science and Recreation, 15(1), 57–67.
Osborn, Richard N.; Hunt, J. G. (1975). An adaptive-reactive theory of leadership: The role of macro variables in leadership research. (J. G. H. & L. L. Larson (Ed.); Vol. 6).
Pelletier, L. G., Rocchi, M. A., Vallerand, R. J., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). Validation of the revised sport motivation scale (SMS-II). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(3), 329–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.12.002
Pelletier, L. G., Tuson, K. M., Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., Briére, N. M., & Blais, M. R. (1995). Toward a New Measure of Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation, and Amotivation in Sports: The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17, 35–53.
Pido, G. B., & Ph, D. (2018). Investigating the Coaches Leadership Style as a Predictor of Student-Athlete Satisfaction. Durreesamin Journal, 4(3), 1–9.
Rasyid, N. M., Aziz, S. A., & Tengah, R. Y. (2020). Goal orientation and preferred coaching styles of Malaysian sport school’s athletes. European Journal of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, 7(2), 3938–3951.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
Sabri, M. M. S. F., Yen, M., & Hian, T. C. (2016). Athletes’ Satisfaction With the Coaches Leadership Styles in Schools’ High Performance Sports Programme Athletes ’ Satisfaction With the Coaches Leadership Styles in Schools ’ High Performance Sports. Proceedings of the 2nd. International Conference on Arts, Social Sciences & Technology Penang, Malaysia, 3rd. – 5th.March 2012 Paper, April, I2442-1 upto I2442-12.
Sharma, R. (2015). Preferred Leadership Behaviours of Male and Female Badminton Players. International Journal of Science Culture and Sport, 3(10), 73–73. https://doi.org/10.14486/ijscs278
Sherman, C., Fuller, R., & Speed, H. (2000). Gender Comparisons of Preferred Coaching Behaviors in Australian Sports. Journal of Sport Behavior, 23(4), 389.
Singh, D., & Pathak, M. K. (2017). Role of motivation and its impact on the performance of a sports person. 4(4), 340–342.
Sorenson, T. A. (2018). Athlete motivation and leadership preferences in a collegiate football team. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 79(10-A(E)). http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2018-34218-129&%0Alang=de&site=ehost-live
Soyer, F., Sarı, İ., & Talaghir, L.-G. (2014). The Relationship between Perceived Coaching Behaviour and Achievement Motivation: A Research in Football Players. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 152(2012), 421–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.224
Syed Ahmad, S. H., & Parnabas, V. (2020). The Relationship Between Motivation and Leadership Style Among PKNS Football Academy Players. In Lecture Notes in Bioengineering (Issue June). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3270-2_48
Teques, P., Silva, C., Rosado, A., Calmeiro, L., & Serpa, S. (2020). Refining the Short Version of the Leadership Scale for Sports: Factorial Validation and Measurement Invariance. Psychological Reports. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120953560
Tso, M. (2020). Rugby losing ground at high schools as students turn to other sports. Stuff. https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/119251701/rugby-losing-ground-at-high-schools-as-students-turn-to-other-sports.
Published
2022-07-20
Issue
Section
Articles
